The document discusses the tension between healthcare innovation and rising costs over the past 50 years. Major innovations like organ transplants, IVF, and genetic sequencing have improved outcomes but increased expenses. Healthcare costs have risen significantly as a percentage of GDP in countries like the UK, putting pressure on public and private insurance systems. Looking ahead, emerging technologies may help control costs through telemedicine, remote monitoring, and personalized care, but will also raise ethical questions around funding care for aging populations and conditions resulting from lifestyle choices.