The document discusses various mental health topics across the lifespan from childhood to adulthood, including disorders like ADHD, depression, PTSD, and dementia. Common mental illnesses affect a significant portion of the population, and are treated through medication and therapy. The sexualization of girls in media is also examined due to its harmful effects on self-esteem and mental health.

1. Health: Part 2

2. Mental health

3. Mental illness
• A mental disorder can include harmful behavior,
unrealistic thought and perceptions,
inappropriate emotions, and unpredictable
behavior.
• Mental disorders can range from mild to severe
and are often co-morbid.
• It is estimated that 20% of all children and
adolescents have at least one mental disorder.
• There are many categories of mental disorders.
– The early childhood section of the chapter focused on
ADHD.

4. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
• A chemical imbalance in the brain may be one
cause of ADHD.
• Symptoms:
– Difficulty regulating attention
– Impulsivity
– Hyperactivity
• 5% of children are diagnosed with ADHD
• Psychotropic medication is often prescribed

5. Mental health
• The section on middle childhood focused
upon oppositional defiant disorder (ODD).
– ODD is a conduct disorder
– Approximately 15% of school-age children are
diagnosed with ODD.
– Cause is unknown
– Often treated with therapy and parent training

6. Mental health
• The reading on adolescence
focused upon eating disorders:
– Anorexia nervosa
– Bulimia nervosa
• Take a moment and discuss what
you learned about these disorders
from your homework.

7. Mental health in adulthood
• This chapter focused upon depression.
• Approximately 9.5% of all U.S. adults suffer from
depression.
– One out of every ten college students has been diagnosed
with depression.
– The median age for the onset of depression is 30 years.
• Genetic, biochemical, psychological, and
environmental factors may all play a role in depression.
• Medication and therapy can help treat depression.
• Depression is serious and may lead to suicidal thoughts
and attempts.

8. Mental health and adulthood
• This chapter also examined post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD).
• PTSD is a type of anxiety disorder in response
to witnessing or experiencing a traumatic and
terrifying event.
• Approximately 8% of adults in the U.S. will
experience PTSD during their life.

9. PTSD
• It is a disorder that may not appear
immediately after a traumatic experience, but
take time to develop.
• Three categories of PTSD symptoms:
– Re-experiencing the event
– Avoidance
– Hyperarousal

10. Mental health
• Dementia
– Alzheimer’s disease
• Chronic and degenerative
• Exact cause unknown, but genetics may play a
role
• No cure, but drugs can slow progression and help
with some symptoms
• Caring for someone with Alzheimer’ is taxing, yet
fulfilling

11. Parkinson’s disease
• Parkinson’s disease is a degenerative brain
condition.
– Involves cell impairment in the substantia nigra
area of the brain and eventually leads to death.
• These cells produce dopamine.
• It is not until 80% of these cells have become impaired
or died that an individual begins to show the symptoms
of Parkinson’s disease.
– Around 85% of diagnosed cases are in individuals
over the age of 65.

13. Stem cells
• Embryonic stems cells initially come from a
human embryo, which ceases to live as a
result of obtaining the cell.
• Somatic stem cells can be obtained from
adults (bone marrow, fat, olfactory bulb, or
reprogrammed skin cells), umbilical cord
blood, placenta (after birth), and amniotic
fluid stem cells).

14. Stem cells
Embryonic stem cells Somatic stem cells
Difficult to induce growth into the desired cell Some have already begun specialization, so
type or tissue inducing growth into the desired cell type or
tissue can be easier
Immunogenic – because the cells come from Not immunogenic – if the stem cells are
embryos or fetuses with their own unique DNA, harvested from the recipients own body (e.g.,
rejection of this donor tissue by the recipient is skin, fat, bone marrow, etc.), rejection is not an
likely issue.
Tumorigenic – tend to produce or promote Non-tumorigenic – Tend not to produce or
growth of tumors due to difficulty in controlling promote growth of tumors because it is easier to
their proliferation and growth control their growth
No current disease treatments or cures have been Several dozen diseases have been treated or cured
developed using embryonic stem cells using somatic stem cells, including certain
cancers, auto-immune diseases, cardiovascular
diseases, ocular disorders, immunodeficiencies,
neural degenerative diseases and injuries, blood
disorders, metabolic disorders, liver disease, and
other wounds and injuries.

15. Suicide
• Elderly, white males have a higher suicide rate
than any other age group.
• This rate has increased 25% between 1981
and 1997.

16. Take a moment and summarize what
you have learned up to this point.

17. Stress and adulthood
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18. Stress
• Stress refers to the physiological and psychological
reactions of an individual to demands made on him or
her.
– Stressors
• Physical disorders associated with stress:
– Heart disease
– Hypertension
– Migraine headaches
– Lowered immune system responsiveness
– Ulcers
– Gastroenteritis
– Asthma

19. Reactions to stress
• Personality
– Type A personality
– Type B personality
– http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/06/14/6
0minutes/rooney/main2930028.shtml
• Multiple stressful events in a short amount of
time
• Interpretation of life events

20. Stress among college students
• Stress is common among college students
(30% of freshman report substantial stress)
• Many factors contribute to stress in college
– Unhealthy behaviors
– Lack of social support
– Procrastination or perfectionistic tendencies

21. Develop healthy strategies for coping with
stress:
– Exercise – Time management
– Healthy diet skills
– Avoiding stimulants – Relaxation techniques
and drugs – Healthy social support
– Getting enough sleep system
– Counseling, if needed

22. BWGO
• List five current strategies that you use to deal
with stress. Than go back through the list and
decide if they are healthy strategies or
unhealthy strategies.

23. Promoting wellness

24. Promoting wellness in childhood
• Quality childcare
• Child abuse detection and prevention
• Poverty and hunger
• Regular medical, eye, and dental care
• Immunizations and vaccinations
• Parental monitoring

25. The next few slides show a popular
doll. These dolls are targeted for
the six to ten year-old range. Write
down your impressions of these
dolls below.

29. The following two costumes are
listed as teen costumes (so 12 and
13 year olds are potential
customers). Write down your
impressions of these costumes
below.

32. The media and sexuality
• The American Psychological Association
(among other organizations) has begun to
publicly campaign against the media’s
influence in the sexualization of girls based on
a plethora of research.

33. What is the sexualization of girls?
• When the content of media causes young girls
to begin to think of themselves as sexual
objects.
• APA defined sexualization as occurring “when
a person’s value comes only from her/his
sexual appeal or behavior, to the exclusion of
other characteristics, and when a person is
sexually objectified; e.g., made into a thing for
another’s sexual use.

34. What is causing young girls to become
sexualized?
• The content in/on:
– Television
– Music videos
– Music lyrics
– Magazines
– Movies
– Video games
– Internet
– Advertising
– Toys

35. What are the effects of sexualization on
girls and young women?
• Cognitive and Emotional Consequences
– Decrease in confidence & comfort with own body
– Emotional & self-image problems such as shame and
anxiety.
• Mental and Physical Health
– Eating disorders
– Low self-esteem
– Depression
• Sexual Development
– Difficulty in developing a healthy self-image

36. How do we help this end?
• Parents need to be protective and educative
• Schools should teach media literacy skills
• Society should fight for the media to replace
the sexualized images with ones showing girls
in positive settings.

37. Before we go on…
• Do you feel that sexualization is a problem in a
culture?
• How has sexualization impacted your
development (you don’t need to write this
one down, but think about it seriously for a
moment).

38. Promoting wellness in late childhood
and adolescence
• Sexualization of girls
– Serious consequences to girls
– Serious consequences to others
– Combating sexualization
• Exercise
• Sleep
• Establishing healthy behaviors

39. Promoting wellness in adulthood
• Maintaining an active lifestyle is important.
• Sleep problems may begin to develop in
middle adulthood, which can interfere with
cognitive, mental, and physical health.
• To improve sleep:
– Limit caffeine and alcohol consumption near
bedtime
– Exercise daily
– Control stress levels

40. BWGO
• What was one interesting thing you learned in
today’s lecture?
• What was one topic you wish I had covered,
but didn’t?
• What was one topic I covered that you wish I
hadn’t?