Hardware: Input Devices Keyboards, Pointing and Touch Devices

Department of Computing (FCIT) - Indus University, Karachi 1

INDUS
UNIVERSITY
Department of Computing (FCIT) - Indus University, Karachi 2

Organizing computer facility
There are 3 types of computer facility that includes:
Department of Computing (FCIT) - Indus University, Karachi
1. Centralized computing facility
2. Decentralized computing facility
3. Distributed Computing facility

Centralized computing facility
• Centralized computing refers to a system where all
processing and data storage is handled by a
single, central device or system. This central device is
responsible for processing all requests and managing
all data, and all other devices in the system are
connected to it and rely on it for their computing
needs.
• One example of a centralized computing system is a
traditional mainframe system, where a central
mainframe computer handles all processing and data
storage for the system. In this type of system, users
access the mainframe through terminals or other
devices that are connected to it

COMPONENT
S
There are several key components of a Centralized Computing
System
• Central Device or System: The central device or system handles
all processing and data storage for the system.
• Clients: The clients are devices or systems that request and
receive services from the central device or system.
• Network: The network connects the central device or system and
the clients, allowing them to communicate and exchange data.
The architectureof a centralized computing system is typically a
client-
server architecture, where the central device or system acts as a
server and the other devices in the system act as clients.

Advantage
s
• Simplicity: Centralized systems are relatively simple, as all processing and data
storage is
handled by a single device or
system.
• Cost: Centralized systems may be cheaper to set up and maintain, as they require
fewer
devices or
systems.
• Performance: Centralized systems may offer faster performance, as all processing
and data
storage is handled by a single, powerful device or
system.
Disadvantage
s
• Single Point of Failure: If the central device or system fails, the entire system
may go
down, as all processing and data storage relies on the central
device.
• Limited Scalability: Centralized systems may be limited in their ability to scale, as
they are
dependent on the capabilities of the central device or
system.
• Limited Flexibility: It may be more difficult to reconfigure or adapt a centralized
system to
meet changing needs or
requirements.

Decentralized computing facility
• A decentralized network distributes workload among
several servers without having a single central
server to manage network activity. Each of these
servers can act as an independent central server.
• Decentralization is known as the distribution of
functions among several units. It is an interconnected
system where no single entity has complete authority.
It is the architecture in which the workloads, both
hardware, and software, are distributed among several
workstations.

Is Decentralization secured?
Decentralization is highly secured. Since there is no central authority,
there is no central server. Each user’s server act as a central server.
Therefore there are multiple servers. Hacking all the servers is not a
feasible option. Therefore many organizations are now switching to a
decentralized network. The prime example is Google. The products of
Google from online search to mobile Android are given the freedom to
work independently.

Advantages
• Decentralization eliminates the single point of failure, as the load is
now
distributed amongst all the servers present on the network,
meaning no single server possesses all the required resources.
• It is easily scalable.
• The decentralized network offers more privacy as information
passes through different servers.
Disadvantages
• The performance of the network decreases as the number of
networks on the system increases.
• Data may be lost during transit.
• It is more expensive and difficult to deploy.
• It is difficult to maintain due to multiple servers.

Distributed Computing facility
Distributed computing refers to a system where processing and data
storage is distributed across multiple devices or systems, rather than
being handled by a single central device. In a distributed system, each
device or system has its own processing capabilities and may also store
and manage its own data. These devices or systems work together
to perform tasks and share resources, with no single device serving
as the central hub.
One example of a distributed computing system is a cloud
computing system, where resources such as computing power, storage,
and networking are delivered over the Internet and accessed on
demand. In this type of system, users can access and use shared
resources through a web browser or other client software.

COMPONENTS
• There are several key components of a Distributed
Computing System
• Devices or Systems: The devices or systems in a distributed
system have their own processing capabilities and may
also store and manage their own data.
• Network: The network connects the devices or systems in
the distributed system, allowing them to communicate and
exchange data.
• Resource Management: Distributed systems often have some
type
of resource management system in place to allocate and
manage shared resources such as computing power,
storage, and networking.

Advantage
s
• Scalability: Distributed systems are generally more scalable than centralized
systems, as
they can easily add new devices or systems to the network to increase processing
and
storage
capacity.
• Reliability: Distributed systems are often more reliable than centralized systems, as
they
can continue to operate even if one device or system
fails.
• Flexibility: Distributed systems are generally more flexible than centralized systems,
as they
can be configured and reconfigured more easily to meet changing computing
needs.
Disadvantage
s
• Complexity: Distributed systems can be more complex than centralized systems, as
they
involve multiple devices or systems that need to be coordinated and
managed.
• Security: It can be more challenging to secure a distributed system, as security
measures
must be implemented on each device or system to ensure the security of the entire
system.
• Performance: Distributed systems may not offer the same level of performance
as
centralized systems, as processing and data storage is distributed across multiple
devices or
system
s.

EXAMPLES
1. Centralized computing facility
2. Decentralized computing facility
3. Distributed Computing facility

Centralized computing facility
• A majority of the web applications we access on a daily basis
are
centralized, meaning that they are owned by a single entity who
is
responsible for configuring and managing the software code. This code
can be executed on an individual computer, server or even a group of
computers. systems like Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, Dropbox
and Google Drive are examples of centralized systems.
• Wikipedia. Consider a massive server to which we send our requests
and the server responds with the article that we requested. Suppose
we enter the search term ‘junk food’ in the Wikipedia search bar. This
search term is sent as a request to the Wikipedia servers (mostly
located in Virginia, U.S.A) which then responds back with the articles
based on relevance. In this situation, we are the client node, Wikipedia
servers are the central server.

• Bitcoin. Let’s take Bitcoin for example because it is the most
popular use case of decentralized systems. No single
entity/organization owns the bitcoin network. The network is a
sum of all the nodes who talk to each other for maintaining
the amount of bitcoin every account holder has.
• Cryptocurrency – Nodes joined to become a part of a system in
which digital currency is exchanged without any trace and
location of who sent what to whom. However, in bitcoin, we
can see the public address and amount of bitcoin transferred,
but those public addresses are mutable and hence difficult
to trace.
Decentralized computing facility

Distributed Computing facility
• Google search system. Each request is worked upon by hundreds of
computers that crawl the web and return the relevant results. To
the user, Google appears to be one system, but it actually is
multiple computers working together to accomplish one single
task (return the results to the search query).
• Multiplayer online games

Hardware: Input Devices Keyboards, Pointing and Touch Devices

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