Downloaded 10 times
Uploaded bymauriciobaracoa
H dconcepts
This document discusses the concept and measurement of human development. It begins by outlining the presentation's aims to explain the human development concept and how it differs from other development approaches. It then provides a brief history of the human development concept dating back to Aristotle. Key aspects of the human development approach are explained, including its focus on expanding people's freedoms and choices. The document contrasts the human development approach with concepts like economic growth, human rights, basic needs, the Millennium Development Goals, and PRSPs. It also introduces some of the indices used to measure human development, such as the HDI, HPI, GDI, and GEM.
H dconcepts
- 1. Concept and Measurement ofHuman Development Alison Kennedy Chief of Statistics Human Development Report Office, New York HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshopon Measuring Human Development HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September--2007 Nairobi – September 2007
- 2. Aim of Presentation •To answer two key questions – What is the Human Development Concept? – How does HD differ from other development approaches? • To provide a brief introduction to HD Measurement Issues HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007
- 3. History of theHuman Development Concept • Dates back at least to Aristotle (384 -322 BC) – “wealth is evidently not the good we are seeking, for it is merely useful and for the sake of something else” – Aristotle distinguished a good political arrangement from a bad one by the extent to which it enabled people to lead “a flourishing life” HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007
- 4. History of theHuman Development Concept • Re-discovered and presented in the first Global Human Development Report in 1990 by distinguished economist Mahbub ul Haq • And expanded and widely used since then in particular with many inputs over the years from Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007
- 5. What is HumanDevelopment? • A theory and approach that integrates economic, social and political development. • Stresses two aspects: – the formation of human capabilities; and – the utilisation of acquired capabilities (or their functionings) HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007
- 6. What is HumanDevelopment? • Both a goal and a process of enlarging people’s capabilities, freedom and choices resulting in: – Long and healthy lives – Access to knowledge and the power to use it – Decent standards of living – Active community participation and autonomy in personal decision-making HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007
- 7. What is HumanDevelopment? • Contrasts with a common view that poverty is purely deprivation of income • Rests on four essential pillars: – Equality – Productivity – Empowerment – Sustainability HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007
- 8. How is HDdifferent from other approaches? • Main premise – Basic purpose of development is to enlarge people’s choices – Open-ended & holistic/integrated • Relevant to rich and poor countries • It is action-oriented – Looks for practical changes. HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007
- 9. HD and EconomicGrowth • Economic growth is important – increases a nation’s total wealth – enhances potential to reduce poverty and address other social problems • However, whether economic growth will enhance human development or not depends on how that growth is generated HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007
- 10. HD and EconomicGrowth • Economic growth may be achieved alongside: – greater inequality - ruthless growth – higher unemployment - jobless growth – weakened democracy - voiceless growth – loss of cultural identity - rootless growth – over-exploitation of resources needed for future generations - futureless growth HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007
- 11. HD and HumanRights • Much in common, complementary: – Promoting freedom, well-being and dignity • Human rights - intrinsic part of HD • Human rights - support HD through social justice and government accountability • But HD approach is a tool to realise all human rights HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007
- 12. HD and BasicNeeds • Both focus on poverty and public action • But, Basic Needs focuses – mainly on nutrition, education, health, housing, etc. not full set of HD choices. – human freedom is underplayed – More welfare-oriented with emphasis on supplying goods and services rather than on what they allow people to do – people seen as beneficiaries of development but not also as agents of change HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007
- 13. HD and MDGs •MDGs are human development goals and core HD indicators • However, MDGs do not reflect all the key dimensions of HD • The MDGs highlight the distance to be travelled, HD focuses on how to attain the goals. • HD is concerned with equity of choice and opportunity HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007
- 14. HD and PRSPs •Both HD and PRSPs – conceptualise poverty as multidimensional and – emphasise national ownership but • PRSPs have had limited impact in generating meaningful discussions outside narrow official circles • One key message from the Bank’s own review is: “a need for more open discussions on alternative policy choices” (IMF and World Bank, 2005) • HD stresses independence of analysis HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007
- 15. The Human DevelopmentConcept • Is an holistic approach covering all aspects of development – combines economic growth, basic needs and capabilities approaches – the vantage point is widening people’s choices and the enrichment of their lives – therefore it • measures differently • analyses problems differently • But issues and measurement have to be situated within national development contexts HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007
- 16. Measuring Human Development •What is distinctive? – Holistic view – examining a topic from all angles – Addresses new issues – globalisation, political and cultural freedom, human security – Emphasis on equity and the marginalised – requiring disaggregation to geographical, demographic, ethnic or other sub-groups of society HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007
- 17. Measuring Human Development •Why seek an alternative to measuring GDP or GNI growth? – A single variable – or simple set of variables – does not capture the multidimensionality of human development – Some choices do not depend on income or wealth (eg poor countries can be democratic, rich countries can be in conflict) – National income covers good and ill (eg income from guns as well as from technological developments) HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007
- 18. Sub-Saharan Africa 0.900 0.800 Greater economicthan human development BOT 0.700 SWA CV Economic development 0.600 LTO GMB 0.500 STP 0.400 ETP 0.300 SL 0.200 Greater human than economic development 0.100 0.000 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 Human development 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007
- 19. Sub-Saharan Africa 0.900 Greater 'humanwealth' 0.800 CV 0.700 NAM TAN Human wealth 0.600 SA BOT 0.500 SL SWA 0.400 0.300 Greater human development 0.200 0.100 0.000 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 Human development HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007
- 20. Composite indicators andindices A composite indicator is: ‘A simplistic presentation and comparison of performance in a given area to be used as a starting point for future analysis.’ OECD, discussion of composite indicators HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007
- 21. The family ofHD indices • The HDI (Human Development Index) - a summary measure of (achievement of) human development • The HPI (Human Poverty Index) - a deprivation measure of the level of human poverty • The GDI (Gender-related Development Index) - the HDI adjusted for gender inequality • The GEM (Gender Empowerment Measure) - Measures gender equality in economic and political participation and decision making HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007
- 22. HDI (and GDI)concept • Measures achievement in human development • Three equivalent themes – Long and healthy life – Access to knowledge – A decent – not excessive – standard of living • GDI ‘discounts’ HDI for gender inequalities HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007
- 23. HPI concept • Measuresdeprivation rather than achievement • Again three equivalent themes: – Vulnerability to death – Exclusion from the world of knowledge – Lack of access to basic provisions HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007
- 24. GEM concept • Measuresopportunities rather than capabilities • Three concepts – Parliamentary empowerment – Occupational/legislative empowerment – Economic empowerment HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007
- 25. Which indicators? • Needto reflect the concept • Must be available – and comparable - for a large number of countries/regions/districts • Preferably reflect recent changes • Preferably updated on a regular basis HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007
- 26. HDI and GDI •Long and healthy life - life expectancy at birth • Access to knowledge - adult literacy rate - combined gross enrolment ratio • A decent standard of living - GDP per capita (in PPP $) for HDI - estimated earned income (PPP $) for GDI HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007
- 27. HPI • Vulnerability toearly death – Probability of not surviving to age 40 • Exclusion from the world of knowledge – Adult illiteracy rate • Lack of access to basic provisions – Population without access to improved water – Percentage of children underweight for age HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007
- 28. GEM • Parliamentary empowerment –Percentage shares of parliamentary seats • Occupational/legislative empowerment – Percentage shares of legislators & managers – Percentage shares of professional and technical workers • Economic empowerment – Estimated earned income (PPP $) HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007
- 29. HDI GDI HPI GEM 44/45 37/45 43/45 3/45 Mauritius Mauritius Mauritius S Africa S Africa SAfrica Namibia Namibia Namibia Namibia Botswana Botswana Ghana Tanzania Ghana Ghana Uganda Botswana Madagascar Madagascar Madagascar Uganda Uganda Botswana Swaziland Kenya Swaziland Seychelles HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007
- 30. HDI GDI HPI Lesotho Lesotho Kenya Zimbabawe Zimbabwe Tanzania Kenya Swaziland Eritrea Gambia Nigeria Eritrea GEM Malawi Nigeria Nigeria Gambia Tanzania Tanzania Zambia Zambia Zambia Zimbabwe Malawi Malawi Lesotho Ethiopia Sierra Leone SierraLeone Sierra Leone Ethiopia HDRO/RBA Regional Technical Workshop on Measuring Human Development Nairobi – September - 2007