GWManitouSpringsReport

GEL3150 Hydrogeology Manitou Springs Graphing Assignment Page1
Name: Eric Clark Course Section: MW
Manitou Springs: Cation - Anion Balance Spreadsheet
Shoshone Spring
Ion Formula
weight
Charge Concen.
(mg/L)
Concen. (mmol/L) Concen.
(meq/L)
CATIONS
Potassium 39.1 1 75.8 1.94 1.94
Sodium 22.9 1 476 20.8 20.8
Calcium 40.1 2 461 11.5 23.0
Magnesium 24.3 2 69.8 2.87 5.74
Total = 37.09 51.46
ANIONS
Sulfate 96.1 -2 203.9 2.12 4.24
Bicarbonate 61.0 -1 2256.7 37.00 37.00
*Carbonate 60.0 -2 0 0.00 0.00
Chloride 35.5 -1 244 6.87 6.87
Total = 45.99 48.11
*pH = 6.57 - carbonate presence negligible
Temp. = 17.3o
C
Total Dissolved Solids = 2950 ppm
Piper Diagram Percentages
CATIONS
Sodium + Potassium 44 %
Calcium 45 %
Magnesium 11 %
ANIOINS
Sulfate 9 %
Bicarbonate + Carbonate 77 %
Chloride 14 %
Charge Balance Error = 3.4 %

Wheeler Spring
Ion Formula
weight
Charge Concen.
(mg/L)
(meq/L)
CATIONS
Potassium 39.1 1 66 1.69 1.69
Sodium 22.9 1 465 20.3 20.3
Calcium 40.1 2 450 11.2 22.4
Magnesium 24.3 2 71 2.92 5.84
Total = 36.14 50.28
ANIONS
Sulfate 96.1 -2 261 2.72 5.43
Bicarbonate 61.0 -1 2491.855 40.9 40.9
*Carbonate 60.0 -2 0 0.00 0.00
Chloride 35.5 -1 222 6.25 6.25
Total = 49.82 52.54
Temp. = 15.0o
C
CATIONS
Calcium 45 %
Magnesium 12 %
ANIOINS
Sulfate 10 %
Bicarbonate +
Carbonate 78 %
Chloride 12 %

Navajo Spring
Ion Formula
weight
Charge Concen.
(mg/L)
(meq/L)
CATIONS
Potassium 39.1 1 63 1.61 1.61
Sodium 22.9 1 438 19.1 19.1
Calcium 40.1 2 446 11.1 22.2
Magnesium 24.3 2 70.4 2.90 5.79
Total = 34.76 48.78
ANIONS
Sulfate 96.1 -2 205 2.13 4.27
Bicarbonate 61.0 -1 2162.455 35.5 35.5
*Carbonate 60.0 -2 0 0.00 0.00
Chloride 35.5 -1 223 6.28 6.28
Total = 43.86 46.00
Temp. = 15.6o
C
CATIONS
Calcium 46 %
Magnesium 12 %
ANIOINS
Sulfate 9 %
Bicarbonate +
Carbonate 77 %
Chloride 14 %

Cheyenne Spring
Ion Formula
weight
Charge Concen.
(mg/L)
Concen.
(mmol/L)
Concen.
(meq/L)
CATIONS
Potassium 39.1 1 67.9 1.74 1.74
Sodium 22.9 1 452 19.7 19.7
Calcium 40.1 2 450 11.2 22.4
Magnesium 24.3 2 69.7 2.87 5.74
Total = 35.56 49.66
ANIONS
Sulfate 96.1 -2 190 1.98 3.95
Bicarbonate 61.0 -1 2247.855 36.9 36.9
*Carbonate 60.0 -2 0 0.00 0.00
Chloride 35.5 -1 224 6.31 6.31
Total = 45.14 47.11
Temp. = 15.7o
C
CATIONS
Calcium 45 %
Magnesium 12 %
ANIOINS
Sulfate 8 %
Bicarbonate +
Carbonate 78 %
Chloride 13 %

Stratton Spring
Ion Formula
weight
Charge Concen.
(mg/L)
Concen.
(mmol/L)
Concen. (meq/L)
CATIONS
Potassium 39.1 1 52.2 1.34 1.34
Sodium 22.9 1 331 14.5 14.5
Calcium 40.1 2 355 8.85 17.7
Magnesium 24.3 2 66.9 2.75 5.51
Total = 27.40 39.00
ANIONS
Sulfate 96.1 -2 135 1.40 2.81
Bicarbonate 61.0 -1 1900.155 31.2 31.2
*Carbonate 60.0 -2 0 0.00 0.00
Chloride 35.5 -1 178 5.01 5.01
Total = 37.57 38.97
Temp. = 12.8o
C
CATIONS
Calcium 45 %
Magnesium 14 %
ANIOINS
Sulfate 7 %
Bicarbonate +
Carbonate 80 %
Chloride 13 %

Advantages: [5 points]
 Easily referenced for quick values
 Numbers may be readily copied and
transported to other spreadsheets or data
tables (easily duplicated)
 Modifications may be made to a single
value, subsequently adjusting other values
it affects
Disadvantages: [5 points]
 Lack of graphical representation
 Errors may not be apparent with raw
numbers
 Cumbersome if working with very large
data sets
In general, the numbers as presented indicate that these springs are ion and mineral rich, particularly in
bicarbonate, potassium and calcium. The springs are well buffered to changes pH, indicative of common
local geologic features rich in calcium carbonate, such as limestone. Though Navajo Spring has a pH
value of 5.59, which is relatively low compared to the other springs. Perhaps a prevalent metallic source
is slightly increasing the acidity of the water or it may be the result of elevated outgassing of CO2 mixing
with the spring. For the purposes of characterizing the basic chemical composition of these waters, the
Vernier and YSI probes suffice in accuracy.
Citations:
Fetter, C.W. Applied Hydrology. 4th
Ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2001. Print.
Luiszer, Fred. “Speleogenesis of Cave of the Winds, Manitou Springs, Colorado.” Select Field Guides to
Cave and Karst Lands of the United States 15 (2009): 119-122. 6 May 2014.
“Manitou Springs List of Mineral Content.” Mineral Springs. Mineral Springs Foundation, Manitou
Springs Colorado. 5 May 2014. (http://manitoumineralsprings.org/information/).

[List advantages of the above representation
here. Can be in bullet format]
[-ERASE TEXT IN [ ] BEFORE SUBMITTAL -]
[List disadvantages of the above representation
here. Can be in bullet format]
[5 points]
[In 5 sentences or less interpret the above representation. What does it tell you? What do the side by
side comparisons mean? How can it be used for classification? What about relationships?]
Citations: [5 points]
[Give at least 3 acceptable citations /references. Either APA or MLA format. Do not mix formats / be
consistent]
 Relative proportions of ions is clearly
represented
 Makes graphical comparison between
samples easy
 Precise values are not possible to interpret
 Limited quantitative analysis
The above diagrams reveal that the proportions of common ions for each spring are quite similar and
this is no surprise considering their close proximity to one another and where they fit within the
surrounding geologic landscape. At first glance they all look like the same diagram, aside from Stratton
Spring, which is the most balanced in common ions. Classification may be determined by dominant ions,
balance between anions and cations or relative ratios of each ion in order for comparisons to be made.

Citations:
Luiszer, Fred. “Speleogenesis of Cave of the Winds, Manitou Springs, Colorado.” Select Field Guides to
Cave and Karst Lands of the United States 15 (2009): 119-122. 6 May 2014.

Stiff Diagrams
Shoshone Wheeler
Navajo Cheyenne
Stratton

 Quick visual comparison
 Easy to spot graphical errors (Navajo’s
bicarbonate level is way off!!)
 Shape recognition
Disadvantages:
 Summarizes data but isn’t precise
]
The stiff diagrams gracefully illustrate the chemical signatures of the water samples by not only
displaying the relative proportions of major ions, but by forming a polygon that makes visual
comparisons easy to distinguish. In this way the stiff diagrams acts as an ion balance diagram but
with the added advantage of producing various shapes by which samples may be classified. Again,
given that these samples are heavily influenced by the same geologic surroundings and chemical
mixing processes, the shapes of the diagrams are all the same. (Except for Navajo, which got chopped
in half due to a graphical error)
Citations: [5 points]
Luiszer, Fred. “Speleogenesis of Cave of the Winds, Manitou Springs, Colorado.” Select Field Guides
to Cave and Karst Lands of the United States 15 (2009): 119-122. 6 May 2014.

 Simultaneously displays several variables
 All sample data fits into one graph
 Easy visual comparison of ionic
relationships
 Diagram becomes crowded with a surplus
of data points
 Low precision for interpreting values
The Durov Diagram summarizes the ionic composition of water samples and reveals the high
carbonation and sodium/potassium content of the springs. The clusters simply indicate that these
samples are similar in their balance of major ions. Classification may be accomplished by designating
the dominant ion or ions for a sample based on its position within the diagram.

Citations: ]
 All sample data fits into one diagram
 Quick comparison of ionic balance
 Becomes crowded with many data values
 Shows proportions, not hard values

The above representation shows the cation and anion composition of each spring and utilizes the
diamond to contribute both anions and cations so that the dominant ionic composition of each spring
may be quickly observed. Clusters indicate a relationship between the sample sites, hinting at their
geologic influences and again, all the sites are very closely related. ]
Citations: ]

1.00
10.00
100.00
Concentration(Meq/L)
Parameter
Schoeller Diagram: 5 Selected Springs from
Manitou Springs, CO
Shoshone
Wheeler
Navajo
Cheyenne
Stratton
 Displays trends effectively
 Comparisons quickly attained
 Shows numbers and relationships
 Appears crowded with similar or excessive
data
]
The above Schoeller diagram is helpful because it displays the values of ion concentration and it also
makes comparison of ionic proportions very clear with the lines. The lines reveal the relationships
between the various sample sites. The lines are all essentially the same pattern and they have the
same slopes from point to point, indicating the similar ionic ratios that these springs sites have.

Citations: ]

GWManitouSpringsReport

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