This document describes a challenging case study conducting market research interviews in remote and politically unstable areas of Colombia. Researchers faced significant security obstacles, infrastructure barriers, and contractual difficulties. Methodological adjustments were required, including dividing the sample over multiple waves, interviewing in groups for safety, and designing questionnaires to avoid revealing sensitive information. Despite obstacles, researchers were able to gather valuable perception data for the military by developing specialized skills and maintaining close communication throughout the flexible research process. The experience demonstrated the importance of anticipating challenges and adapting methodology when working in unstable regions.
Mining facts from the plant science iteraturepetermurrayrust
Much of the plant science literature consists of valuable factual information with a range of well-defined "facets". These include Species, diseases, and (phyto)chemicals. The presentation shows how this information can be extracted automatically from the current literature and includes instructions for the use of ContentMine software
Mining facts from the plant science iteraturepetermurrayrust
Much of the plant science literature consists of valuable factual information with a range of well-defined "facets". These include Species, diseases, and (phyto)chemicals. The presentation shows how this information can be extracted automatically from the current literature and includes instructions for the use of ContentMine software
Mandatory Key Disclosure and Self Incrimination in CanadaAnna Manley
This presentation was given by Anna Manley at the Atlantic Security Conference on April 16, 2015. The content addresses the rights of Canadians at the Canadian border and at home in the context of informational privacy. It attempts to answer the question: Can a government agency compel me to give up my password or encryption key?
Watch the following segment from the The Bill of Rights A Livi.docxnealwaters20034
Watch
the following segment from the "
The Bill of Rights: A Living Document
" video.
Interpretation of Right to Privacy
Write 150 word response about the video. What was the video about? What did you think was interesting? What did you learn from the video? Was there anything you agreed with or disagreed with? Explain your thoughts. No title page. Need to cite reference to support yor answer
Citation for video
The Bill of Rights: A living document
[Video file]. (1997). Retrieved April 16, 2017, from http://fod.infobase.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?wID=18566&xtid=8097
Video Transcript
WHAT OFFENSIVE MUSIC. THAT SHOULD BE BANNED.
ACTUALLY IT CAN'T BE BECAUSE
IT'S PROTECTED UNDER THE FIRST AMENDMENT
WHICH GUARANTEES FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION.
THE FIRST AMENDMENT GIVES PEOPLE THE RIGHT
TO OFFEND OTHERS?
IT'S A BIT MORE COMPLICATED THAN THAT.
THE FRAMERS OF THE CONSTITUTION WERE FIRM
BELIEVERS THAT THE GOVERNMENT HAD NO RIGHT
TO INTERFERE WITH OR INHIBIT AN INDIVIDUAL'S RIGHT
TO SAY WHAT THEY WANT OR PRINT WHAT THEY WANT.
THEY THOUGHT IT WAS IMPERATIVE THAT OUR
NEW COUNTRY BE A PLACE WHERE PEOPLE CAN EXPRESS
THEIR IDEAS AND BELIEFS NO MATTER WHAT THEY ARE.
HOWEVER, THEY KNEW THERE WOULD BE TIMES WHEN
CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS WOULD HAVE TO APPLY.
THEY LEFT THE DECISION OF WHEN AND WHAT KIND
OF LIMITATIONS UP TO THE SUPREME COURT.
WELL, ULTIMATELY IT'S THE SUPREME COURT, IN A LEGAL
SENSE, THAT DECIDES WHAT THE BILL OF RIGHTS MEANS.
I GUESS EVEN BEYOND THAT IT'S THE AMERICAN PEOPLE
THAT SOONER OR LATER DETERMINE
WHAT THE BILL OF RIGHTS MEANS IN TERMS OF
WHAT THEY'RE PREPARED TO ACCEPT.
BUT THE REASON WHY THE BILL OF RIGHTS
IS SUBJECT TO DIFFERENT INTERPRETATIONS
IS THAT IT LISTS DIFFERENT RIGHTS
BUT IT DOESN'T DEFINE THEM.
IN 1919, THE COURT DID IN FACT PUT A RESTRICTION
ON THE RIGHT TO FREE SPEECH AND FREE PRESS.
THEY CAME UP WITH A TEST THAT WOULD SERVE
AS A STANDARD FOR ALL CASES.
THIS WAS THE CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER TEST
WHICH PROTECTED ALL FORMS OF SPEECH
UNLESS IT CLEARLY POSED A THREAT TO SOMEONE.
NOW, OVER TIME, THE TEST HAS BECOME MORE STRINGENT
BECAUSE CLEARLY YOU CAN HAVE DIFFERENT JUDGES
HAVING DIFFERENT IDEAS AS TO HOW CLEAR SOMETHING IS
OR HOW PRESENT SOMETHING IS.
THE CURRENT INTERPRETATION IS THAT THE DANGER
REALLY HAS TO BE EXTREMELY IMMINENT.
DOES THE FIRST AMENDMENT APPLY TO HIGH SCHOOL KIDS?
YOU BET.
IN THE CASE TINKER VERSUS DES MOINES INDEPENDENT
SCHOOL DISTRICT, THE SUPREME COURT GRANTED
A JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT THE RIGHT TO WEAR
A BLACK ARM BAND TO PROTEST THE VIETNAM WAR,
DECLARING THAT STUDENTS ARE ALSO PROTECTED
UNDER THE FIRST AMENDMENT.
AND THERE'S BEAUTIFUL LANGUAGE FROM THE SUPREME
COURT WHICH SAYS THE RIGHTS OF THE CITIZEN
DON'T END AT THE SCHOOLHOUSE GATE,
AND ITS BEAUTIFUL LANGUAGE.
WHAT WE'VE SEEN SINCE THAT CASE IS THE SUPREME COURT
HAS NOT BEEN WILLING TO EXTEND MANY OTHER RIGHTS
TO KIDS IN SCHOOL SETTINGS.
UNDER THE CURRENT INTERPRETATION OF THE
FIRST AMENDMENT, STUDE.
An illustration of student-teacher collaboration in the subject of News Writing and Reporting, Students engaged in the discussion on Investigative Journalism
Transition Words for Essays with Examples Englishan. Transition Statements For Persuasive Essays For High School. Transition Definition and Useful Examples of Transitions in Writing .... 004 Essay Example Transition Words In College Essays Thatsnotus. Mrs. Ormans Classroom: Common Core Tips: Using Transitional Words in .... 013 Transition Words And Phrases 274134 Essay Thatsnotus. 005 Good Transitions For Essays Essay Example Transition Words .... Transitions and Transitional Devices - Using transitions allows readers .... Transition Words for Essays: Great List amp; Useful Tips 7ESL. 007 Essay Example Transitional Words For An Argumentative Recommended .... 010 Good Essay Transitions Thatsnotus. List of Transitional Words for Writing Essays Word Processor Essays. 021 Essay Example Slide1 Transitions For Thatsnotus. transitions Transition words for essays, Transition words, Good essay. 025 List Of Transition Words For Writing 731722 Essay Example In .... Transition Words and Definitions, Transition Words For Essays - English .... 008 Good Transition Words For An Essay Example Phrases Essays .... Conclusion Transitions For Essays Progressive Smart Quiz. 016 Essay Example Transitionalphrases Transition Words And Phrases For .... Transition Words and Phrases: Useful List amp; Examples - Beauty of the world. List Of Transition Words And Phrases For Essays: Essay Transition Words .... Ultimate Guide To Starter Sentences for Essays. 001 Good Essay Transitions Thatsnotus. How to Write an Essay Introduction with Sample Intros. 008 Transitions Essays Good Essay Revising And Editing Transition Words .... 002 Essay Example Transition Words For Essays Thatsnotus. Admission Essay: Good transitions for an essay. Narrative Essay: Transition paragraph in cause and effect essay. 008 Transitions For Essays Essay Example Transition Words Thatsnotus. Marvelous Transition Words For Argumentative Essays Thatsnotus. How to Write an Essay: Transitions with Worksheet. 016 Essay Example Transitions 008066186 1 Thatsnotus. 023 Good Essay Transitions Example Awesome Collection Of Transition .... 022 Transitional Words And Phrases Help An Essay To Flow More Smoothly ... Transitions Essays Transitions Essays
Chapter 6 – Field Notes and ReportingField notes are t.docxrobertad6
Chapter 6 – Field Notes and Reporting
Field notes are the shorthand written record made by police officers from the time
they arrive at the scene until the assignment is completed. The following factors they arrive at the scene until the assignment is completed. The following factors
form the importance of field notes.
Field Notes are More Reliable Than an Officer’s Memory
It only takes a short period of time for some important details to slide away from
your memory and the only way to combat this potential loss of information is to rely
on field notes which you previously prepared.
Field Notes are the Primary Information Source for the Incident/Offense Report
Because the first-responding officer is usually the person who writes any incident
report which is required by the situation, field notes are important because they
represent the information which forms the content of the incident report.
Detailed Field Notes May Reduce the Need to Re-contact the Parties Involved
Once in a while, victims and witnesses get annoyed and even angry when they are
re-contacted by an officer who obviously did not take good field notes when he/she
talked to them earlier and therefore cannot complete the incident report without
additional information.
Field Notes Can be Used to Defend the Integrity of the Incident/Offense Report.
During courtroom testimony you may refer to field notes to refresh you recollection
of the events.
In terms of the incident report, the basic questions which the first-responding
officer to a crime scene needs to find answers for are the blank spaces on the officer to a crime scene needs to find answers for are the blank spaces on the
face of an incident report. Typically this includes information about who the
victims and witnesses are and how to contact them, the specifics associated
with the crime, and descriptions of the suspect.
There are also numerous other questions which must be asked called interrogatory
questions. These include: what, when where, who, how, and why. Although no
single set of questions can meet the needs for investigating all types of crime, there
are six primary questions which have long be recognized in the field for being very
useful.
While the exact layout for incident reports typically varies from one
jurisdiction to another, they all have a “face” with blanks into which the jurisdiction to another, they all have a “face” with blanks into which the
officer conducting the preliminary investigation enters basic case
information. These blanks require information about the type of crime
committed, the complainant, victim, witnesses, and offenders, and other
details. Additional investigative information is written in the blank space
available on the reverse of the face or on a page which may be referred to as
“continuation.”
For roughly a decade, there has been a voluntary program underway which is
moving police departments away from the basi.
Army Experiences - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. The Effect Of War On Soldiers - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Military bearing essay. Military Bearing informative webapi.bu.edu .... 1500 Word Essay On Army Values — — Essay on Military Accountability. 018 Soldier Essay Example ~ Thatsnotus. Persuasive essay on military service. Argumentative research paper Mandatory Military Service for all Males Essay. Mandatory Military Service Essay - PHDessay.com. ⇉Why I Want to Be an Army Officer Essay Example | GraduateWay. Research paper: Military essays. How To Write A Military Essay: Best Tips From Experts - Tutoriage. Buy Essay Online - military essay samples - 2017/10/09. Essay Mandatory Military Service - Should Military Service Be Mandatory?. Essay On Following Orders In The Army - Why Following Orders in the .... The Way of Life of a Soldier - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. ⇉The Military Changed My Life for the Better Essay Example | GraduateWay. Seven Army Values Essay – Telegraph. Essay about military service - Select Expert Custom Writing Service. 002 Army Rotc Essays Resume Reserve Officers Training Corps United .... 008 Standards And Discipline In The Army Essay On L Soldier ~ Thatsnotus. 1500 Word Essay On Army Values - — Discipline the Navy Has a Stated .... Why I want to be an Army Officer Essay Example. Essay on military training recruiting. 002 Essay On Army Information Paper ~ Thatsnotus. Military Argumentative Essay - CELLESSAY.
IRAC Worksheet
IRAC Format
Facts:
ISSUE:
#1:
#2:
#3
RULE of LAW:
ANALYSIS:
CONCLUSION:
worldwide.erau.edu
All rights are reserved. The material contained herein is the copyright property of Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, Florida, 32114. No part of this material may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written consent of the University.
image2.png
image3.png
Policing in America
Police officers are the gatekeepers of criminal justice. They are the ones that initiate criminal proceedings against those accused of crimes and send them on their journey through the criminal justice system. Policing has evolved immensely over the centuries. Since the inception of policing in 1066, we have seen a transformation from ill-equipped, untrained, corrupt, and unsupervised watchmen to the highly trained and supervised police agencies we see today.
Question 1: Using Chapter 4, "Police in Society: History and Organization," of your textbook, complete the table below.
History of the
Police
Time Period
Overview of the
Time Period – What Defined It
Strengths of
This Time Period
Weaknesses of
This Time Period
Key Developments
(list two per time period)
1066–1600
(example)
Policing initially began as villages protecting each other from thieves and marauders. This system was overseen by a constable, appointed by the local nobleman. This system expanded into the watch system that patrolled larger cities and towns. Watchmen patrolled at night to protect against robberies, burglaries, and fires. They reported to a constable making up a sort of primitive police agency.
Citizens were responsible for keeping their cities and villages safe. Giving citizens this responsibility made it tougher for criminals to commit a crime undetected.
While the people of the village were responsible for reporting crimes, there was no formal training involved and no oversight to ensure that those responsible for preventing crimes were not the same ones committing crimes.
1. Back then, counties were known as shires, and head law enforcement agents in a county were known as shire reves, which is where we get the modern-day term
sheriff.
2. In 1326, the Justice of the Peace was created and the role of law enforcement expanded beyond just reporting crimes. Justices then also served warrants, investigated crimes, and supervised the local watchmen.
1800–1900
1900–1960
1960–1980
1980–present
(Community Policing period)
Question 2: Which ONE of the above time periods do you believe has had the greatest impact on policing, and why? Be sure to include your rationale.
(
Type answer here) -
Question 3: Social media and technology have greatly affected policing in the past ten years. Please review the links provided for this week on technol.
Mandatory Key Disclosure and Self Incrimination in CanadaAnna Manley
This presentation was given by Anna Manley at the Atlantic Security Conference on April 16, 2015. The content addresses the rights of Canadians at the Canadian border and at home in the context of informational privacy. It attempts to answer the question: Can a government agency compel me to give up my password or encryption key?
Watch the following segment from the The Bill of Rights A Livi.docxnealwaters20034
Watch
the following segment from the "
The Bill of Rights: A Living Document
" video.
Interpretation of Right to Privacy
Write 150 word response about the video. What was the video about? What did you think was interesting? What did you learn from the video? Was there anything you agreed with or disagreed with? Explain your thoughts. No title page. Need to cite reference to support yor answer
Citation for video
The Bill of Rights: A living document
[Video file]. (1997). Retrieved April 16, 2017, from http://fod.infobase.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?wID=18566&xtid=8097
Video Transcript
WHAT OFFENSIVE MUSIC. THAT SHOULD BE BANNED.
ACTUALLY IT CAN'T BE BECAUSE
IT'S PROTECTED UNDER THE FIRST AMENDMENT
WHICH GUARANTEES FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION.
THE FIRST AMENDMENT GIVES PEOPLE THE RIGHT
TO OFFEND OTHERS?
IT'S A BIT MORE COMPLICATED THAN THAT.
THE FRAMERS OF THE CONSTITUTION WERE FIRM
BELIEVERS THAT THE GOVERNMENT HAD NO RIGHT
TO INTERFERE WITH OR INHIBIT AN INDIVIDUAL'S RIGHT
TO SAY WHAT THEY WANT OR PRINT WHAT THEY WANT.
THEY THOUGHT IT WAS IMPERATIVE THAT OUR
NEW COUNTRY BE A PLACE WHERE PEOPLE CAN EXPRESS
THEIR IDEAS AND BELIEFS NO MATTER WHAT THEY ARE.
HOWEVER, THEY KNEW THERE WOULD BE TIMES WHEN
CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS WOULD HAVE TO APPLY.
THEY LEFT THE DECISION OF WHEN AND WHAT KIND
OF LIMITATIONS UP TO THE SUPREME COURT.
WELL, ULTIMATELY IT'S THE SUPREME COURT, IN A LEGAL
SENSE, THAT DECIDES WHAT THE BILL OF RIGHTS MEANS.
I GUESS EVEN BEYOND THAT IT'S THE AMERICAN PEOPLE
THAT SOONER OR LATER DETERMINE
WHAT THE BILL OF RIGHTS MEANS IN TERMS OF
WHAT THEY'RE PREPARED TO ACCEPT.
BUT THE REASON WHY THE BILL OF RIGHTS
IS SUBJECT TO DIFFERENT INTERPRETATIONS
IS THAT IT LISTS DIFFERENT RIGHTS
BUT IT DOESN'T DEFINE THEM.
IN 1919, THE COURT DID IN FACT PUT A RESTRICTION
ON THE RIGHT TO FREE SPEECH AND FREE PRESS.
THEY CAME UP WITH A TEST THAT WOULD SERVE
AS A STANDARD FOR ALL CASES.
THIS WAS THE CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER TEST
WHICH PROTECTED ALL FORMS OF SPEECH
UNLESS IT CLEARLY POSED A THREAT TO SOMEONE.
NOW, OVER TIME, THE TEST HAS BECOME MORE STRINGENT
BECAUSE CLEARLY YOU CAN HAVE DIFFERENT JUDGES
HAVING DIFFERENT IDEAS AS TO HOW CLEAR SOMETHING IS
OR HOW PRESENT SOMETHING IS.
THE CURRENT INTERPRETATION IS THAT THE DANGER
REALLY HAS TO BE EXTREMELY IMMINENT.
DOES THE FIRST AMENDMENT APPLY TO HIGH SCHOOL KIDS?
YOU BET.
IN THE CASE TINKER VERSUS DES MOINES INDEPENDENT
SCHOOL DISTRICT, THE SUPREME COURT GRANTED
A JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT THE RIGHT TO WEAR
A BLACK ARM BAND TO PROTEST THE VIETNAM WAR,
DECLARING THAT STUDENTS ARE ALSO PROTECTED
UNDER THE FIRST AMENDMENT.
AND THERE'S BEAUTIFUL LANGUAGE FROM THE SUPREME
COURT WHICH SAYS THE RIGHTS OF THE CITIZEN
DON'T END AT THE SCHOOLHOUSE GATE,
AND ITS BEAUTIFUL LANGUAGE.
WHAT WE'VE SEEN SINCE THAT CASE IS THE SUPREME COURT
HAS NOT BEEN WILLING TO EXTEND MANY OTHER RIGHTS
TO KIDS IN SCHOOL SETTINGS.
UNDER THE CURRENT INTERPRETATION OF THE
FIRST AMENDMENT, STUDE.
An illustration of student-teacher collaboration in the subject of News Writing and Reporting, Students engaged in the discussion on Investigative Journalism
Transition Words for Essays with Examples Englishan. Transition Statements For Persuasive Essays For High School. Transition Definition and Useful Examples of Transitions in Writing .... 004 Essay Example Transition Words In College Essays Thatsnotus. Mrs. Ormans Classroom: Common Core Tips: Using Transitional Words in .... 013 Transition Words And Phrases 274134 Essay Thatsnotus. 005 Good Transitions For Essays Essay Example Transition Words .... Transitions and Transitional Devices - Using transitions allows readers .... Transition Words for Essays: Great List amp; Useful Tips 7ESL. 007 Essay Example Transitional Words For An Argumentative Recommended .... 010 Good Essay Transitions Thatsnotus. List of Transitional Words for Writing Essays Word Processor Essays. 021 Essay Example Slide1 Transitions For Thatsnotus. transitions Transition words for essays, Transition words, Good essay. 025 List Of Transition Words For Writing 731722 Essay Example In .... Transition Words and Definitions, Transition Words For Essays - English .... 008 Good Transition Words For An Essay Example Phrases Essays .... Conclusion Transitions For Essays Progressive Smart Quiz. 016 Essay Example Transitionalphrases Transition Words And Phrases For .... Transition Words and Phrases: Useful List amp; Examples - Beauty of the world. List Of Transition Words And Phrases For Essays: Essay Transition Words .... Ultimate Guide To Starter Sentences for Essays. 001 Good Essay Transitions Thatsnotus. How to Write an Essay Introduction with Sample Intros. 008 Transitions Essays Good Essay Revising And Editing Transition Words .... 002 Essay Example Transition Words For Essays Thatsnotus. Admission Essay: Good transitions for an essay. Narrative Essay: Transition paragraph in cause and effect essay. 008 Transitions For Essays Essay Example Transition Words Thatsnotus. Marvelous Transition Words For Argumentative Essays Thatsnotus. How to Write an Essay: Transitions with Worksheet. 016 Essay Example Transitions 008066186 1 Thatsnotus. 023 Good Essay Transitions Example Awesome Collection Of Transition .... 022 Transitional Words And Phrases Help An Essay To Flow More Smoothly ... Transitions Essays Transitions Essays
Chapter 6 – Field Notes and ReportingField notes are t.docxrobertad6
Chapter 6 – Field Notes and Reporting
Field notes are the shorthand written record made by police officers from the time
they arrive at the scene until the assignment is completed. The following factors they arrive at the scene until the assignment is completed. The following factors
form the importance of field notes.
Field Notes are More Reliable Than an Officer’s Memory
It only takes a short period of time for some important details to slide away from
your memory and the only way to combat this potential loss of information is to rely
on field notes which you previously prepared.
Field Notes are the Primary Information Source for the Incident/Offense Report
Because the first-responding officer is usually the person who writes any incident
report which is required by the situation, field notes are important because they
represent the information which forms the content of the incident report.
Detailed Field Notes May Reduce the Need to Re-contact the Parties Involved
Once in a while, victims and witnesses get annoyed and even angry when they are
re-contacted by an officer who obviously did not take good field notes when he/she
talked to them earlier and therefore cannot complete the incident report without
additional information.
Field Notes Can be Used to Defend the Integrity of the Incident/Offense Report.
During courtroom testimony you may refer to field notes to refresh you recollection
of the events.
In terms of the incident report, the basic questions which the first-responding
officer to a crime scene needs to find answers for are the blank spaces on the officer to a crime scene needs to find answers for are the blank spaces on the
face of an incident report. Typically this includes information about who the
victims and witnesses are and how to contact them, the specifics associated
with the crime, and descriptions of the suspect.
There are also numerous other questions which must be asked called interrogatory
questions. These include: what, when where, who, how, and why. Although no
single set of questions can meet the needs for investigating all types of crime, there
are six primary questions which have long be recognized in the field for being very
useful.
While the exact layout for incident reports typically varies from one
jurisdiction to another, they all have a “face” with blanks into which the jurisdiction to another, they all have a “face” with blanks into which the
officer conducting the preliminary investigation enters basic case
information. These blanks require information about the type of crime
committed, the complainant, victim, witnesses, and offenders, and other
details. Additional investigative information is written in the blank space
available on the reverse of the face or on a page which may be referred to as
“continuation.”
For roughly a decade, there has been a voluntary program underway which is
moving police departments away from the basi.
Army Experiences - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. The Effect Of War On Soldiers - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Military bearing essay. Military Bearing informative webapi.bu.edu .... 1500 Word Essay On Army Values — — Essay on Military Accountability. 018 Soldier Essay Example ~ Thatsnotus. Persuasive essay on military service. Argumentative research paper Mandatory Military Service for all Males Essay. Mandatory Military Service Essay - PHDessay.com. ⇉Why I Want to Be an Army Officer Essay Example | GraduateWay. Research paper: Military essays. How To Write A Military Essay: Best Tips From Experts - Tutoriage. Buy Essay Online - military essay samples - 2017/10/09. Essay Mandatory Military Service - Should Military Service Be Mandatory?. Essay On Following Orders In The Army - Why Following Orders in the .... The Way of Life of a Soldier - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. ⇉The Military Changed My Life for the Better Essay Example | GraduateWay. Seven Army Values Essay – Telegraph. Essay about military service - Select Expert Custom Writing Service. 002 Army Rotc Essays Resume Reserve Officers Training Corps United .... 008 Standards And Discipline In The Army Essay On L Soldier ~ Thatsnotus. 1500 Word Essay On Army Values - — Discipline the Navy Has a Stated .... Why I want to be an Army Officer Essay Example. Essay on military training recruiting. 002 Essay On Army Information Paper ~ Thatsnotus. Military Argumentative Essay - CELLESSAY.
IRAC Worksheet
IRAC Format
Facts:
ISSUE:
#1:
#2:
#3
RULE of LAW:
ANALYSIS:
CONCLUSION:
worldwide.erau.edu
All rights are reserved. The material contained herein is the copyright property of Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, Florida, 32114. No part of this material may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written consent of the University.
image2.png
image3.png
Policing in America
Police officers are the gatekeepers of criminal justice. They are the ones that initiate criminal proceedings against those accused of crimes and send them on their journey through the criminal justice system. Policing has evolved immensely over the centuries. Since the inception of policing in 1066, we have seen a transformation from ill-equipped, untrained, corrupt, and unsupervised watchmen to the highly trained and supervised police agencies we see today.
Question 1: Using Chapter 4, "Police in Society: History and Organization," of your textbook, complete the table below.
History of the
Police
Time Period
Overview of the
Time Period – What Defined It
Strengths of
This Time Period
Weaknesses of
This Time Period
Key Developments
(list two per time period)
1066–1600
(example)
Policing initially began as villages protecting each other from thieves and marauders. This system was overseen by a constable, appointed by the local nobleman. This system expanded into the watch system that patrolled larger cities and towns. Watchmen patrolled at night to protect against robberies, burglaries, and fires. They reported to a constable making up a sort of primitive police agency.
Citizens were responsible for keeping their cities and villages safe. Giving citizens this responsibility made it tougher for criminals to commit a crime undetected.
While the people of the village were responsible for reporting crimes, there was no formal training involved and no oversight to ensure that those responsible for preventing crimes were not the same ones committing crimes.
1. Back then, counties were known as shires, and head law enforcement agents in a county were known as shire reves, which is where we get the modern-day term
sheriff.
2. In 1326, the Justice of the Peace was created and the role of law enforcement expanded beyond just reporting crimes. Justices then also served warrants, investigated crimes, and supervised the local watchmen.
1800–1900
1900–1960
1960–1980
1980–present
(Community Policing period)
Question 2: Which ONE of the above time periods do you believe has had the greatest impact on policing, and why? Be sure to include your rationale.
(
Type answer here) -
Question 3: Social media and technology have greatly affected policing in the past ten years. Please review the links provided for this week on technol.
1. 1.
I AM VERY GLAD OF BEING HERE TO SHARE WITH YOU THIS CHALLENGING
CASE STUDY, WHICH I HOPE IS GOING TO BE INSPIRING TO ALL OF YOU AS
MARKET RESEARCHERS.
2.
THE VIDEO SHOWS THE CONTEXT OF COLOMBIA´S POLITICAL SITUATION, SO YOU ARE ABLE TO
IMAGINE HOW IT CAN BE TO CONDUCT RESEARCH IN ZONES WHERE THE GUERRILLA HAS BEEN
PRESENT FOR DECADES AND WHERE ONLY IN THE LAST FEW YEARS THE STATE HAS BEGUN TO
MAKE PRESENCE.
THESE ARE THE TOPICS I AM GOING TO COVER ALONG MY PRESENTATION. I WILL TELL YOU FIRST ABOUT SOME METHODOLOGICAL
CHARACHTERISTICS OF THE STUDY. THEN I WILL PRESENT THE THREE MAIN TYPES OF OBSTACLES WE HAD TO OVERCOME AND HOW
WE DID THAT, AND FINALLY I WILL LEAVE YOU WITH A MESSAGE THAT SUMMARIZES OUR LEARNING FROM THIS EXPERIENCE.
3.
INTERMS OF METHODOLOGY, HERE SOME IMPORTANT ISSUES I WOULD LIKE TO POINT OUT:
THIS IS A YEARLY STUDY
WE VISITED EACH YEAR 70 TOWNS LOCATED IN RED ZONES IN A TIMEFRAME OF 4 MONTHS
WE DIVIDED THE FIELD WORK IN WAVES AND I WILL TELL YOU LATER MORE ABOUT IT
WE CONDUCTED AROUND 7000 INTERVIEWS EACH TIME, WITH THE OBJECTIVE TO UNDERSTAND THE
PERCEPTION THE POPULATION HAS OF THE MILITARY FORCES AND OF THE WORK THEY HAVE BEEN DOING IN THEIR REGIONS.
LET´S SEE A VIDEO THAT WILL HELP YOU UNDERSTAND THE KIND OF SECURITY DIFFICULTIES
THAT WE FACED.
4.
A SET OF 4 “SECURITY RULES” THAT THE INTERVIEWERS HAD TO OBEY WERE DEFINED:
THE FIRST ONE WAS TO FOLLOW THEIR SENSE OF SURVIVAL. ANY TIME THEY FELT THREATENED
THEY SHOULD STOP WORKING. BY THREAT I MEAN ANY ABNORMAL SITUATION THEY PERCEIVED.
THINGS AS THE ONES DESCRIBED IN THE VIDEO: BEING FOLLOWED BY SOMEONE OR PERCEIVING
SOMETHING WAS GOING WRONG.
5.
THE SECOND RULE WAS TO IMPLEMENT ALTERNATIVE COLLECTION METHODS WHEN THE
SECURITY SITUATION OF THE MUNICIPALITY REMAINED UNSTABLE FOR MORE THAN TWO DAYS.
THERE WERE TWO POSSIBILITIES: CONDUCTING THE SURVEYS BY PHONE OR VISITING A
MUNICIPALITY HAVING A SIMILAR SIZE IN THE SAME GEOGRAPHICAL AREA.
2. 6.
A THIRD RULE WAS TO NEVER MENTION THE CLIENTS NAME. TO MENTION THE MILITARY FORCES
AS THE INSTITUTION CONDUCTING THE STUDY WOULD HAVE PUT THEM IMMEDIATELY IN A RISKY
SITUATION. THEY TALKED ABOUT YANHAAS AS AN INDEPENDENT INSTITUTION RUNNING THE
STUDY.
7.
THE FOURTH RULE HAD TO DO WITH HAVING A PERMANENT COMMUNICATION WITH THE
MILITARY FORCES AND WITH YANHAAS, LETTING US KNOW ABOUT ANY INCIDENT AS SOON AS IT
HAPPENED.
THEY HAD A CLEAR SCHEME ABOUT HOW TO PROCEED IN TERMS OF COMMUNICATION. THEY
KNEW WHO AND IN WHAT ORDER THEY SHOULD CALL.THEY COUNTED WITH A TOLL FREE
NUMBER TO CONTACT THE MILITARY FORCES DIRECTLY, FOR RECEIVING INSTRUCTIONS ABOUT
HOW TO ACT IN A PARTICULAR SITUATION.
8.
IN EVERY TOWN THEY VISITED, FIRST THING TO DO WAS TO GO TO THE POLICE STATION AND TELL
THEM ABOUT THEIR PRESENCE. THE POLICE DID NOT JOINTHEM WHEN MAKING THE INTERVIEWS,
BUT THEY WERE LOOKING AFTERTHEM FROM A DISTANCE.
9.
THERE WERE ALSO METHODOLOGYCAL ADJUSTMENTS WE HAD TO IMPLEMENT IN EVERY STAGE
OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS.
10.
IN TERMS OF SAMPLING, EVEN WHEN CONDUCTING FIELDWORK OUTSIDE URBAN AREAS,
MULTISTAGE SAMPLING IS USUALLY IMPLEMENTED. NEVERTHELESS, IN THIS CASE THE TOWNS
WERE SO SMALL AND THE SECURITY CONDITIONS SO DIFFICULT, THAT WE DID TWO THINGS:
FIRST, INTEVIEWERS WORKED IN GROUPS. THE SECURITY RECOMMENDATION WAS NOT TO BE
ALONE AT ANY TIME.
SECOND: SOME TOWNS WERE SO SMALL, THAT A DIFFERENT WAY OF SCREENING THEM WAS
USED, JUST GOING OVER THE PLACE FROM DIFFERENT CARDINAL POINTS.
11.
IN 2010 WE WERE SUPPOSED TO VISIT FOUR TIMES 68 MUNICIPALITIES IN A TIMEFRAME OF FOUR
MONTHS, BUT WE FACED ACCESS, SECURITY AND INFRASTRUCTURE BARRIERS, ENDING UP
NEEDING MORE TIME THAN EXPECTED FOR COMPLETING THE SURVEYS. IN SOME CASES WE HAD
TO WAIT UNTIL THE APPROPRIATE TIME CAME TO VISITCERTAIN TOWNS.
3. WE ENDED UP DIVIDING THE SAMPLE AND VISITING HALF OF THE MUNICIPALITIES EACH WAVE IN
2010. IN 2011 OUR EXPERIECE WAS CONSIDERED AND FROM THE BEGINNING IT WAS DEFINED
THAT THERE WERE GOING TO BE MADE ONLY TWO WAVES.
THIS BROUGHT A DIFFICULTY IN CONTRACTUAL TERMS, WHICH ARE VERY DIFFICULT TO CHANGE WHEN YOU ARE WORKING WITH A
PUBLIC INSTITUTION. WE HAD TO JUSTIFY VERY CLEARLY WHY WE NEEDED TO MAKE THIS METHODOLOGICAL CHANGE.
12.
DUE TO THE EDUCATION LEVEL OF THE TARGET WE WERE INTERVIEWING, PARTICULAR CARE WAS
TAKEN IN TERMS OF THE LANGUAGE WE USED THROUGHOUT THE QUESTIONNAIRE. MILITARY
AND WAR TECHNICAL TERMS WERE AVOIDED.
13.
WHILE CONDUCTING THE FIELD WORK FOR THE FIRST TIME WE NOTICED THAT PEOPLE DO NOT
DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN MILITARY FORCES AND POLICE. WE ADDED A CLARIFICATION IN THE
QUESTIONNAIRE TELLING THEM THAT THE MILITARY WEAR CAMOUFLAGED CLOTHES, WHILE THE
POLICE DO NOT.
14.
ALSO RELATED TO THE QUESTIONNAIRE: AS YOU SAW IN THE VIDEO, MANY TIMES OUR
INTERVIEWERS WERE INTERCEPTED AND THE QUESTIONNAIRES WERE TAKEN AND REVISED BY
THE GUERRILLAS, SOMETHING THAT PUT THE INTERVIEWEES IN DANGER, SINCE THEIR IDENTITY
WAS REVEALED AND THEIR PARTICULAR ANSWERS COULD BE IDENTIFIED CLEARLY VIOLATING
MARKET RESEARCH CODES. TO SOLVE THIS SITUATION, WE DESIGNED A “PARALLEL” DOCUMENT
NUMBERED AS THE QUESTIONNAIRE, WHERE THE PERSONAL INFOMRATION OF THE
INTERVIEWEES WAS COLLECTED. SURVEYORS KEPT THAT DOCUMENT APART FROM THE MAIN
QUESTIONNAIRE.
IN THIS CASE, THE USE OF ADEQUATE WORDING RESULTS CRITICAL. WHEN WE FIRST DESIGNED
THE QUESTIONNAIRE AND BEGUN THE FIELD WORK, WE NOTICED THAT THROUGH THE
QUESTIONS IT WAS DEDUCED THAT THE MILITARY FORCES WERE THE OWNERS OF THE STUDY.
WE IMPLEMENTED MEASURES AS WHEN ASKING ABOUT THE IMAGE OF DIFFERENT INSTITUTIONS
LIKE THE GUERRILLAS AND MILITARY FORCES, WE INCLUDED OTHER TYPE OF INSTITUTIONS AS THE
CHURCH, THE TOWN HOSPITAL, ETC. AS DISTRACTORS.
ALL QUESTIONS ARE FORMULATED IN THIRD PERSON. WE DO NOT ASK “DO YOU AGREE WITH…”, BUT “DOES THE POPULATION IN THIS
TOWN AGREE WITH…”.
16.
IN 2011, BEFORE BEGINING THE FIELD WORK AGAIN, AN EXHAUSTIVE REVISION OF THE
QUESTIONNAIRE WAS MADE AND WE TRIED TO FIND WAYS TO SIMPLIFY IT, EVALUATING ALSO IF
IT WOULD BE POSSIBLE TO REDUCE THE NUMBER OF QUESTIONS OR ATTRIBUTES. WE RAN SOME
4. STATISCAL VALIDATIONS. IT WAS SURPRISING TO FIND IN MANY CASES THAT THE RESULTS OF THE
TESTS WERE VERYGOOD. AND I AM TELLING YOU THIS, BECAUSE IN THIS CASE THE INITIAL
REVISON OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE WAS SO EXHAUSTIVE AND WE THOUGHT SO MUCH ABOUT
HOW TO MAKE IT EASY, CLEAR, UNBIASED, ETC… THAT WE REALLY CAME UP WITH A GOOD
PRODUCT. THE TIME SPENT IN THIS PARTICULAR CASE IN THE DESIGN OF THE QUESTIONNAIRES
AS WELL AS ALL THE THOUGHTS PUT INTO IT WAS WORTH IT AND WAS REFLECTED IN THOSE
QUANTITATIVE MEASURES OF THE QUALITY OF THE INSTRUMENT.
17.
3 OUT OF 10 INTERVIEWERS QUIT THIS WORK, FORCING US TO OUTSOURCE PART OF THE FIELD
WORK, WHAT WE USUALLY DON´T DO. WE HAD TO ORGANICE THE WORK TEAMS DIFFERENTLY,
HAVING ALWAYS ONE OF OUR OWN INTERVIEWERS WITH THE OUTSOURCED GOUPS,
SUPERVISING THEM.
18.
IN TERMS OF TRAINING, THERE WERE ALSO THINGS WE DID DIFFERENTLY. WE INCLUDED AS PART
OF THE PROJECT´S TRAINING A SPECIAL SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS SESSION, IN WHICH THE
SECURITY RULES WERE EXPOSED AND ALL PARTICULAR RECOMMENDATIONS WERE GIVEN. OUR
RESPONSABILITY WAS NOT ONLY IN TERMS OF THE QUALITY OF THE COLLECTION, BUT ALSO IN
TERMS OF THE INDIVIDUALS SAFETY.
19.
COMPLYING WITH MARKET RESEARCH GUIDELINES AND CODES IN A CASE LIKE THIS TURNS TO BE
ONE OF THE GREATEST CHALLENGES. THE BACKCHECKING WAS DIFFICULT TO DO BECAUSE OF
THE FEAR THE INTERVIEWEES FELT IN CONFIRMING VIA PHONE THEIR PARTICIPATION IN THE
STUDY. YOU CAN READ IN THE PAPER MORE DETAILS ABOUT HOW WE FINALLY DID IT.
20.
AS YOU CAN SEE IN THE SLIDE, THE NUMBER OF VARIABLES STUDIED IS LARGE, AS WELL AS THE
NUMBER OF SAMPLE POINTS. IT HAS ALSO BEEN CHALLENGING TO CONDENSE ALL THE
INFORMATION WE GET IN AN EXECUTIVE REPORT. WE DEFINED DIFFERENT TYPE OF INDICATORS
WHICH HAVE BEEN WELL VALUED BY THE MILITARY FORCES AND WHICH ALLOW THEM TO SEE
VERY QUICKLY THE IMPACT OF THEIR ACTIVITIES IN DIFFERENT TOWNS AND REGIONS.
WE USUALLY PRESENT THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY TO HIGH RANK OFFCIALS. THEY ARE USED TO
EVALUATE THE PERFORMANCE OF REGIONAL COMMANDERS. IN 2011 WE HAD ONE OF THE
COMMANDERS SAYING HE DOES NOT BELIEVE IN THE RESULTS, BECAUSE HIS IMPRESSION WAS
VERY DIFFERENT FROM WHAT WE WERE SHOWING. A FEW MONTHS AGO A DIFFICULT SITUATION
TOOK PLACE IN THAT REGION AND OUR MAIN CONTACT IN THE MILITARY FORCES CALLED US TO
LET US KNOW THAT OUR CREDIBILITY WAS VERY HIGH BECAUSE IT WAS SHOWN THAT OUR
RESULTS WERE REFLECTING THE REALITY OF THE SITUATION IN THE REGION.
5. LET ME SHOW YOU NOW THE KIND OF INFRASTRUCTURE ISSUES WE FACED, WHICH WAS THE
THIRD BIG OBSTACLE WE HAD TO OVERCOME.
21.
IN TERMS OF INFRASTRUCTURE, THE PROBLEMS RELATED TO THE TELEPHONE LINES HAVE BEEN
DIFFICULT. IT WAS THOUGHT THAT BECAUSE OF THE SECURITY CONDITIONS IT MIGHT BE EASIER
TO CONDUCT TELEPHONE INTERVIEWS IN SOME CASES, BUT IT ENDED UP BEING A BIG PROBLEM
FOR US. WE HAD TO BE VERY CREATIVE TO FIND WAYS OF HAVING SOME NUMBERS TO CALL, AS
THE ONE DESCRIBED ON THE SLIDE.
AT THE END, THE PERCENTAGE OF TELEPHONE INTERVIEWS WAS LESS THAN INITIALY DEFINED,
WHAT RAISED AGAIN CONTRACTUAL DIFFICULTIES.
ON THE OTHER HAND, THE EXPENSES OF THE STUDY GREW AND THE PROFITABILITY DROPED.
22.
HAVING NO NOMENCLATURE MADE US HAVE TO WRITE DOWN AS MUCH INFORMATION AS
POSSIBLE OF THE LOCATION OF THE HOUSES. ALL THIS TALKS ABOUT THE MANY ADDITIONAL
CAPABILITIES THAT THE INTERVIEWERS HAD TO DEVELOP. THEY REALLY HAD TO TAKE CARE OF
MANY DIFFERENT THINGS. AT THE END, THEY FELT VERY PROUD AND SATISFIED WITH THE WORK
THEY DID-
23.
THE INFRASTRUCTURE DIFFICULTIES LED MAINLY TO THE SUBSTITUTION OF SAMPLING POINTS
AND REQUIRED A VERY EFFICIENT COMMUNICATION FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEMS AND MAKING
DECISIONS QUICKLY, TO MINIMIZE THE IMPACT ON THE TIMETABLE OF THE STUDY.
I LEAVE YOU NOW WITH A FINAL VIDEO THAT SUMMARIZES THE MAIN
LESSONS WE LEARNED WITH THIS CHALLENGING STUDY. MANY THANKS.