This document summarizes information about migration patterns and policies along the Mexico-Guatemala border. It finds that most migrants transiting through Mexico are from Central America and are seeking to enter the US without proper documentation. Their journey involves riding on freight trains and facing numerous dangers, as well as potential exploitation by criminal groups and corrupt authorities. While Mexico has various policies and agencies aimed at managing migration and protecting migrants, its detention centers are often criticized for abusive conditions. The document also notes increasing US influence on Mexico's immigration system and security approach to the southern border.
UDG virtual - Actividad 3 - Etapa 1 - Equipo 1 - Lic. Tecnologias e Informacionivan88a
Curso de Seleccion de Licenciaturas
Actividad 3 - Etapa 1
Presentacion Final Equipo 1
Lic. Tecnologias e Informacion
--La otra frontera ''El tren del infierno''--
Thousands of migrants travel through Mexico each year hoping to reach the United States, enduring immense dangers along the way. They face threats of beatings, kidnapping, rape, and murder from criminal gangs. If they survive reaching the US border, many will have experienced a harrowing journey through Mexico fraught with risk of serious harm from criminal organizations and complicit government officials.
The Chicano Movement began in the 1960s with the goals of achieving equal rights and opportunities for Mexican Americans in the areas of farm workers' rights, education, and voting/politics. Key events and organizations included Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta founding the United Farm Workers union to advocate for farm workers, student walkouts to protest discriminatory education systems, and the formation of La Raza Unida Political Party to fight for Hispanic voting rights. The movement had lasting impacts through the establishment of Chicano studies programs, increased political representation, and continued advocacy around issues of importance to the Mexican American community such as immigration and affirmative action.
Unit 7 section 2 lesson 3 the rights revolution expandsMrsSmithGHS
1) The document discusses the expansion of civil rights for diverse groups in the 1960s-1970s, including Latinos, Native Americans, consumers, and people with disabilities.
2) Key Latino and Native American activists and movements fought for equal treatment and representation, including Cesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers union, the Chicano Movement, and the American Indian Movement.
3) Laws were passed to protect the rights of consumers, guarantee equal access to education for those with disabilities, and grant Native Americans greater control over their lands and resources.
Mexican immigration to the United States has been a significant issue since the early 1900s. Push factors in Mexico like the Mexican Revolution and poverty drove many to immigrate for opportunities in the US. While some jobs were available, Mexican immigrants faced poor working conditions, discrimination, and anti-immigration policies. Over time, Mexican immigration continued and Mexican-American communities grew, contributing to the US economy and culture despite facing challenges and prejudice.
This document discusses illegal immigration and birthright citizenship in the United States. It begins by defining illegal immigrants and noting that illegal children represent 5.4% of all US children. It then discusses how and why illegal immigrants cross the US-Mexico border, often paying smugglers and risking dangerous journeys. Many initially came for work but some women now come to give birth with the intention of their children receiving birthright citizenship. The document explores arguments for and against birthright citizenship for children of illegal immigrants, and whether the 14th Amendment should be revised. It provides statistics on jobs related to immigration enforcement and inspection.
The document provides a timeline of key events in U.S. immigration history from the early 20th century through today. It details laws and policies that restricted immigration such as the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and National Origins Act of 1924. It also covers social movements like the Americanization movement of the 1910s that aimed to assimilate immigrants. The timeline traces the establishment and evolution of immigration and naturalization laws over time, including the Bracero program, Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, Immigration Act of 1965, and more recent acts and policies.
UDG virtual - Actividad 3 - Etapa 1 - Equipo 1 - Lic. Tecnologias e Informacionivan88a
Curso de Seleccion de Licenciaturas
Actividad 3 - Etapa 1
Presentacion Final Equipo 1
Lic. Tecnologias e Informacion
--La otra frontera ''El tren del infierno''--
Thousands of migrants travel through Mexico each year hoping to reach the United States, enduring immense dangers along the way. They face threats of beatings, kidnapping, rape, and murder from criminal gangs. If they survive reaching the US border, many will have experienced a harrowing journey through Mexico fraught with risk of serious harm from criminal organizations and complicit government officials.
The Chicano Movement began in the 1960s with the goals of achieving equal rights and opportunities for Mexican Americans in the areas of farm workers' rights, education, and voting/politics. Key events and organizations included Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta founding the United Farm Workers union to advocate for farm workers, student walkouts to protest discriminatory education systems, and the formation of La Raza Unida Political Party to fight for Hispanic voting rights. The movement had lasting impacts through the establishment of Chicano studies programs, increased political representation, and continued advocacy around issues of importance to the Mexican American community such as immigration and affirmative action.
Unit 7 section 2 lesson 3 the rights revolution expandsMrsSmithGHS
1) The document discusses the expansion of civil rights for diverse groups in the 1960s-1970s, including Latinos, Native Americans, consumers, and people with disabilities.
2) Key Latino and Native American activists and movements fought for equal treatment and representation, including Cesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers union, the Chicano Movement, and the American Indian Movement.
3) Laws were passed to protect the rights of consumers, guarantee equal access to education for those with disabilities, and grant Native Americans greater control over their lands and resources.
Mexican immigration to the United States has been a significant issue since the early 1900s. Push factors in Mexico like the Mexican Revolution and poverty drove many to immigrate for opportunities in the US. While some jobs were available, Mexican immigrants faced poor working conditions, discrimination, and anti-immigration policies. Over time, Mexican immigration continued and Mexican-American communities grew, contributing to the US economy and culture despite facing challenges and prejudice.
This document discusses illegal immigration and birthright citizenship in the United States. It begins by defining illegal immigrants and noting that illegal children represent 5.4% of all US children. It then discusses how and why illegal immigrants cross the US-Mexico border, often paying smugglers and risking dangerous journeys. Many initially came for work but some women now come to give birth with the intention of their children receiving birthright citizenship. The document explores arguments for and against birthright citizenship for children of illegal immigrants, and whether the 14th Amendment should be revised. It provides statistics on jobs related to immigration enforcement and inspection.
The document provides a timeline of key events in U.S. immigration history from the early 20th century through today. It details laws and policies that restricted immigration such as the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and National Origins Act of 1924. It also covers social movements like the Americanization movement of the 1910s that aimed to assimilate immigrants. The timeline traces the establishment and evolution of immigration and naturalization laws over time, including the Bracero program, Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, Immigration Act of 1965, and more recent acts and policies.
Running head EMERGING ISSUES HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE1EMERGING.docxSUBHI7
Running head: EMERGING ISSUES: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 1
EMERGING ISSUES: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 9
Emerging Issues: Historical Perspective
Peter Odhiambo
Introduction to Public Policy Analysis – PAD 510
Strayer University
October 24, 2016
Emerging issues: Historical Perspective
Introduction
Immigration policy has been an ongoing subject of congressional attention for many years and a topic of concern for majority of U.S. citizens.50,000 slaves smuggled in the United States became the first "Illegal Aliens" when foreign slave trade became illegal in 1808. Prior to this period, the authors of the US Constitution gave full protection to foreign slave trade, which at that time was a major source of immigration. They prohibited interference with the trade for twenty years, and either the domestic slave trade or slavery itself was interfered with, after the trade was made illegal by Congress, at President Jefferson's invitation, when that period expired. (Daniels, 2004). Today, the United States is experiencing an influx of illegal immigration than any period in its history. It is estimated that 850,000 new illegal immigrants arrive in the country each year, with Mexico leading the pack with 59% of the country's total (Center for Immigration Studies, 2015).
This paper discusses the historical perspective of the time when the illegal immigration policy was implemented, highlighting the problem and urgency of the policy and analyzing the social, economic and political environments for the time the policy was implemented. It further critiques the policy for its effectiveness over time, as well as identifying emerging issues for further policy development.
Discuss the historical perspective of the time when the policy was implemented
The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) captured Amnesty and enforcement as the two major facets of this legislation. One of two stipulations was necessary for an alien to be granted amnesty by IRCA. The applicants must have resided in the United States continually since January 1982 or had completed 90 days of agricultural work between May 1985 and May 1986. (Center for Immigration Studies, 2015). Approximately 3 million people, comprising 94% of all applicants, gained legal status through this initiative. The illegal Immigrant Reform Act and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA)was passed by the Congress in 1996. The act beefed up border controls by ensuring the engagement of more Border Patrol and Immigration and Naturalization Service Agents. A border fence was planned for San Diego and severe repercussions were increased for persons entering the country illegally. With hopes of easing worksite enforcement, an automated employment verification pilot program was created. IIRIRA also allowed state police officers to enforce immigration law using the 287(g) program. The increased enforcement by IIRIRA did not bear much f ...
This document provides an overview of U.S. immigration policy from 1790 to the present. It discusses how stereotypes and fears influenced the development of exclusionary policies over time, from the Alien and Sedition Acts to the National Origins System and Bracero Program. While immigration was initially encouraged, the gold rush and increased Catholic immigration led to restrictive laws like the Chinese Exclusion Act. The document concludes by noting how the immigration debate continues today regarding issues like amnesty, border security, and proposed legislation.
This document provides an overview of U.S. immigration policy from 1790 to the present. It discusses how stereotypes and fears influenced the development of exclusionary policies over time, from the Alien and Sedition Acts to the National Origins System and Bracero Program. While immigration was initially encouraged, the gold rush and increased immigration from Ireland and China led to nativist opposition. The document traces the implementation of the quota system in the 1920s, shifts in immigration demographics after 1965, and current debates around illegal immigration and proposed reforms.
This document provides information on human migration patterns from several sections of a human geography textbook. It discusses historical migration trends from Europe to North America between 1846-1939. It also describes the British Home Children program that sent impoverished British children to Canada from 1869-1930. Regional migration within areas like Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas is examined. Factors influencing migration include economic opportunities, family reunification, conflict/war, and natural disasters. The role of governments in shaping migration through policies around immigration, asylum, refugees, and border control is also summarized. Specific examples provided include the impact of 9/11 on US asylum policy and Canada's Temporary Foreign Workers Program.
The document discusses immigration issues in Chicago. It summarizes a May Day protest of 20,000 people in Chicago supporting immigrant rights that was backed by over 100 organizations. It also lists recent news articles about the influx of migrants arriving in Chicago and the resources strained by it. The document provides information on three Chicago-based immigrant advocacy organizations and proposes solutions like pathways to citizenship and integrating immigrants into the workforce.
The document summarizes the history and experiences of Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans in the United States. It discusses how the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo established citizenship for Mexican Americans but they still faced loss of land and lack of legal protections. Large-scale Mexican immigration was driven by economic factors on both sides of the border. Puerto Ricans gained U.S. citizenship but have no voting representation and face economic struggles on the island. Both groups experience higher levels of poverty and unemployment compared to whites.
The document summarizes the history and experiences of Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans in the United States. It discusses how the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo established citizenship for Mexican Americans but they still faced loss of land and lack of legal protections. Large-scale Mexican immigration was driven by economic factors on both sides of the border. Puerto Ricans became US citizens in 1917 but still face colonial status without full representation. Both groups experience higher poverty and unemployment than white Americans.
The document summarizes the history and experiences of Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans in the United States. It discusses how the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo established citizenship for Mexican Americans but they still faced loss of land and lack of legal protections. Large-scale Mexican immigration was driven by economic factors on both sides of the border. Puerto Ricans became US citizens in 1917 but still face issues of unequal representation and economic dependence on the US. Both groups experience higher levels of poverty and unemployment than white Americans.
President Lyndon Johnson launched the War on Poverty as part of his Great Society programs in the 1960s to address issues of poverty, healthcare access, education, and civil rights in the U.S. Through new programs and legislation such as Medicaid, Medicare, the Higher Education Act, and the Immigration and Nationality Act, Johnson aimed to improve living standards and opportunities for Americans struggling with poverty, lack of healthcare, inadequate education, and discrimination. While the Great Society did not eliminate poverty, it had meaningful impacts by delivering healthcare to millions and improving education and legal protections.
Overview of Social Change movements of the 1960s & 1970s including Latinos, Native Americans, Asian Americans, Women and others. Modified from "An Era of Social Change 1960s" by reghistory.
Enhancing Awareness In the Hispanic Community Through Strategic Outreach & Wi...Raiza Mendoza
This document discusses outreach efforts to promote organ donation among Hispanic communities in Illinois. It provides statistics on the growing Hispanic population in Illinois and the US. It then outlines some key challenges to outreach including language barriers, undocumented immigrants being ineligible to register, lack of health insurance, and cultural myths. The rest of the document describes the specific outreach strategies used by Gift of Hope Organ & Tissue Donor Network, including establishing a Hispanic Hospital & Community Council, participating in health fairs and media campaigns, and partnering with organizations. The document emphasizes adopting a culturally sensitive approach and maintaining a long-term community presence to increase organ donor registration among Hispanics.
The Chicano Civil Rights Movement emerged in the 1960s in response to the discrimination faced by Mexican Americans. It aimed to achieve equal rights and treatment for the Mexican American community through organized protests and legal battles. Some of its key goals included restoring land grants, increasing farmworkers' rights, improving education, and gaining equal voting and political rights. The movement protested the disproportionate number of Mexican American casualties in the Vietnam War and fought discrimination in employment, education, and other areas. It accomplished several important legal victories and helped develop pride and consciousness in Mexican American identity and culture.
The document discusses the large scale migration of African Americans out of the rural South between 1900-1970, known as the Great Migration. It describes the push factors like poor economic opportunities, Jim Crow laws and lynchings in the South that encouraged migration, as well as the pull of jobs in Northern cities. Over 6 million African Americans left the South during this period, radically transforming the demographics of both the South and Northern cities.
This document summarizes the history of Mexican migration to the United States from the 19th century to present day. It discusses key events and policies that have impacted migration patterns, including:
- The Mexican-American War and subsequent territorial losses that moved the border north.
- The establishment of the Bracero guest worker program from 1942-1964 that brought hundreds of thousands of Mexican laborers annually.
- The passage of immigration reform acts in 1986 and 1996 that legalized some undocumented immigrants but also increased border enforcement and restrictions.
- Bilateral discussions between the U.S. and Mexico throughout the 20th-21st centuries to establish frameworks for legal and orderly migration while protecting migrant rights.
Guide on the use of Artificial Intelligence-based tools by lawyers and law fi...Massimo Talia
This guide aims to provide information on how lawyers will be able to use the opportunities provided by AI tools and how such tools could help the business processes of small firms. Its objective is to provide lawyers with some background to understand what they can and cannot realistically expect from these products. This guide aims to give a reference point for small law practices in the EU
against which they can evaluate those classes of AI applications that are probably the most relevant for them.
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Running head EMERGING ISSUES HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE1EMERGING.docxSUBHI7
Running head: EMERGING ISSUES: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 1
EMERGING ISSUES: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 9
Emerging Issues: Historical Perspective
Peter Odhiambo
Introduction to Public Policy Analysis – PAD 510
Strayer University
October 24, 2016
Emerging issues: Historical Perspective
Introduction
Immigration policy has been an ongoing subject of congressional attention for many years and a topic of concern for majority of U.S. citizens.50,000 slaves smuggled in the United States became the first "Illegal Aliens" when foreign slave trade became illegal in 1808. Prior to this period, the authors of the US Constitution gave full protection to foreign slave trade, which at that time was a major source of immigration. They prohibited interference with the trade for twenty years, and either the domestic slave trade or slavery itself was interfered with, after the trade was made illegal by Congress, at President Jefferson's invitation, when that period expired. (Daniels, 2004). Today, the United States is experiencing an influx of illegal immigration than any period in its history. It is estimated that 850,000 new illegal immigrants arrive in the country each year, with Mexico leading the pack with 59% of the country's total (Center for Immigration Studies, 2015).
This paper discusses the historical perspective of the time when the illegal immigration policy was implemented, highlighting the problem and urgency of the policy and analyzing the social, economic and political environments for the time the policy was implemented. It further critiques the policy for its effectiveness over time, as well as identifying emerging issues for further policy development.
Discuss the historical perspective of the time when the policy was implemented
The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) captured Amnesty and enforcement as the two major facets of this legislation. One of two stipulations was necessary for an alien to be granted amnesty by IRCA. The applicants must have resided in the United States continually since January 1982 or had completed 90 days of agricultural work between May 1985 and May 1986. (Center for Immigration Studies, 2015). Approximately 3 million people, comprising 94% of all applicants, gained legal status through this initiative. The illegal Immigrant Reform Act and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA)was passed by the Congress in 1996. The act beefed up border controls by ensuring the engagement of more Border Patrol and Immigration and Naturalization Service Agents. A border fence was planned for San Diego and severe repercussions were increased for persons entering the country illegally. With hopes of easing worksite enforcement, an automated employment verification pilot program was created. IIRIRA also allowed state police officers to enforce immigration law using the 287(g) program. The increased enforcement by IIRIRA did not bear much f ...
This document provides an overview of U.S. immigration policy from 1790 to the present. It discusses how stereotypes and fears influenced the development of exclusionary policies over time, from the Alien and Sedition Acts to the National Origins System and Bracero Program. While immigration was initially encouraged, the gold rush and increased Catholic immigration led to restrictive laws like the Chinese Exclusion Act. The document concludes by noting how the immigration debate continues today regarding issues like amnesty, border security, and proposed legislation.
This document provides an overview of U.S. immigration policy from 1790 to the present. It discusses how stereotypes and fears influenced the development of exclusionary policies over time, from the Alien and Sedition Acts to the National Origins System and Bracero Program. While immigration was initially encouraged, the gold rush and increased immigration from Ireland and China led to nativist opposition. The document traces the implementation of the quota system in the 1920s, shifts in immigration demographics after 1965, and current debates around illegal immigration and proposed reforms.
This document provides information on human migration patterns from several sections of a human geography textbook. It discusses historical migration trends from Europe to North America between 1846-1939. It also describes the British Home Children program that sent impoverished British children to Canada from 1869-1930. Regional migration within areas like Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas is examined. Factors influencing migration include economic opportunities, family reunification, conflict/war, and natural disasters. The role of governments in shaping migration through policies around immigration, asylum, refugees, and border control is also summarized. Specific examples provided include the impact of 9/11 on US asylum policy and Canada's Temporary Foreign Workers Program.
The document discusses immigration issues in Chicago. It summarizes a May Day protest of 20,000 people in Chicago supporting immigrant rights that was backed by over 100 organizations. It also lists recent news articles about the influx of migrants arriving in Chicago and the resources strained by it. The document provides information on three Chicago-based immigrant advocacy organizations and proposes solutions like pathways to citizenship and integrating immigrants into the workforce.
The document summarizes the history and experiences of Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans in the United States. It discusses how the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo established citizenship for Mexican Americans but they still faced loss of land and lack of legal protections. Large-scale Mexican immigration was driven by economic factors on both sides of the border. Puerto Ricans gained U.S. citizenship but have no voting representation and face economic struggles on the island. Both groups experience higher levels of poverty and unemployment compared to whites.
The document summarizes the history and experiences of Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans in the United States. It discusses how the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo established citizenship for Mexican Americans but they still faced loss of land and lack of legal protections. Large-scale Mexican immigration was driven by economic factors on both sides of the border. Puerto Ricans became US citizens in 1917 but still face colonial status without full representation. Both groups experience higher poverty and unemployment than white Americans.
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President Lyndon Johnson launched the War on Poverty as part of his Great Society programs in the 1960s to address issues of poverty, healthcare access, education, and civil rights in the U.S. Through new programs and legislation such as Medicaid, Medicare, the Higher Education Act, and the Immigration and Nationality Act, Johnson aimed to improve living standards and opportunities for Americans struggling with poverty, lack of healthcare, inadequate education, and discrimination. While the Great Society did not eliminate poverty, it had meaningful impacts by delivering healthcare to millions and improving education and legal protections.
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- The establishment of the Bracero guest worker program from 1942-1964 that brought hundreds of thousands of Mexican laborers annually.
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Guatemalan Transitory Migrants in Mexico: The Migrant Experience and the Shaping of Immigration Policies
1.
2. KEY TERMS
• Transitory Migrants: Their main goal is to transit through
Mexico, usually to get to the United States
• EMIF Sur: Survey on Migration in the Southern Border of
Mexico
• INM: National Institute of Migration
• Coyote/Pollero: Human smugglers
• La Bestia: Freight trains used by migrants to transit
through Mexico
• CDM: Migratory Detention Centers
3. THE MEXICO-
GUATEMALA BORDER
• 1882 Mariscal-Herrera
Treaty
• Along the Mexican
states of Chiapas,
Tabasco, Campeche
& Quintana Roo
• 1,149 km (713.96 mi)
• Jungle, rivers and
mountains
• 10 ports of entry Usumacinta River, view from Chiapas
(Photo Credit: Jacob Rus via Creative Commons License)
4. GUATEMALAN
IMMIGRANT PROFILE –
EMIR SUR 2011
• The majority of those surveyed were between 20 and 39
years of age
• 31% of migrants had a middle school education or higher
• 96.3% know how to read & write
• 57.8% come from urban areas
• 33.7% speak an indigenous language
• 70% worked in the last month prior to migrating
• Only 3.2% of those who had work experience did not
work for one month prior to migrating
• 73% was assisted by a “pollero”
• 50.3% are the heads of their household
• 99.2% were undocumented
• 24.4% had previous migration experience
• 52.7% intend to attempt to cross again
6. LA BESTIA
Migrants traveling on La Bestia
(Photo Credit: Peter Haden via Creative Commons License)
La Bestia routes through Mexico
(Photo Credit: Servicio Jesuita a Migrantes Mexico)
7. LA BESTIA
• Allows migrants
to transit quickly
& without
paying money
• Dangers
include:
• Mutilation
• Death
• Robberies
• Assault
• Extortions
• Sexual Assault
(mostly women)
Migrants traveling on La Bestia
(Photo Credit: Jorge Sagastume via Creative Commons License)
8. POLICE
• Supposed to turn
undocumented migrants
over to Migratory
Services
• Often accused of
exploiting migrants
• Bribes
• Collaborations with
gangs and other criminal
groups
• Documentation Network
of Migrant Defender
Organizations
• Mexican authorities
committed 18% of
reported crimes
committed against
migrants
Reported Police Abuse
Federal
Police
Municipal
Police
Unidentified
Authorities
State Police
Mexican
Army
INM
**Data from Documentation Network of Migrant Defender Organizations
9. GRUPOS BETA
• Pilot program
established in 1990
• 21 groups in 9 states
• “Vocation,
Humanitarianism and
Loyalty”
• Mission: protect
migrants’ rights &
physical integrity
regardless of
migratory status
• Give out pamphlets
informing migrants
on their rights and
dangers
Grupos Beta in the desert ready to help migrants
(Photo Credit: INM)
10. MIGRANT
PROTECTION
• 21 Grupos Beta
• More than 60 shelters
• Dining halls
• Estancias (Stays)
• NGOs
• Limited capacity to
serve a population of
about 300,000 Mexican,
Central American and
other migrants
(Migrantes en Prisión: La incriminación de migrantes en México, 6-7)
Migrants waiting outside a shelter in Mexico City
(Photo Credit: Flickr user greensefa via Creative Commons License)
11. “The narrative is repeated periodically and at
an exasperating pace during this serious
humanitarian crisis: supposedly police officers
have been professionalized, immigration
agents are being certified and the protocols of
evaluation are increasingly stringent, in
addition to that, according to government
discourse, there is a commitment to the
respect of migrants’ human rights. However,
this narrative is exhausted, the strategies are
not functional for the necessities, because the
catalogue of crimes committed against these
populations has not been reduced, but
worsened, according to enumerations by
shelters, the defenders of migrants,
organizations of civil society and other actors.”
(Migrantes en Prisión: La incriminación de migrantes en México, 9)
MIGRANT
PROTECTION
(Photo Credit: Chuy Mendez Garza via Wikimedia
License)
12. • Migration Law of 1908
• Article 33 of the
Mexican Constitution
of 1917
• Migration Law of 1926
• General Law of
Population of 1936
MEXICAN IMMIGRATION
POLICIES
Original Cover of the Mexican Constitution of 1917
(Photo Credit: Wikipedia user Hpav7 via Wikimedia License)
13. • Merida Initiative
(2008)
• Migration Law
(2011)
• Southern
Border Plan
(2014)
MEXICAN IMMIGRATION
POLICIES
U.S. Secretary of Defense and U.S. Ambassador at the
Merida Initiative Plenary in 2010.
(Photo Credit: Master Sgt. Jerry Morrison, U.S. Air Force via Wikimedia Commons)
14. “Even when those who
cross this border have
options to enter the
country through legal
channels, many do not
utilize them, especially
transitory migrants who
compose a flow that is
predominantly
undocumented”
(EMIF Sur, 35)
MIGRATION LAW
(2011)
The 2011 Migration Law was enacted by Felipe Calderon’s administration.
(Photo Credit: World Economic Forum via Wikimedia Commons)
15. INM
• Currently, in charge
of implementing
immigration laws
• Reported that in 2001,
more than 1 million
undocumented
migrants were
trafficked through
Mexico’s southern
border
INM Office in Mexico
(Photo Credit: Thomas Lloyd via Creative Commons License)
16. DETENTION
EXPECTED
• Basic Rights
• Hygiene, nutrition &
health
• Right to seek refugee
• Right to be repatriated
voluntarily
• Protection from their
home country’s
consulate
• Right to visits from
family and legal
representatives
(Secretaría de gobernación)
HAPPENING
• Marginalization and
abuses in CDMs
• Similarity of CDMs
to prisons
• Detention is not
supposed to be a
punishment –
administrative
offense v. crime
• Protection from
consulates –
especially children
(National Human Rights Commission)
17. DEPORTATION
• 2014 Southern Border
Plan correlated w/
increase of 35% in
deportations
• Mexico and Guatemala
have an agreement
that ensures that
deportations occur
between 7am-5pm
through specific ports
of entry
• Guatemalan Consulate
involved in
deportation process
18. FINDINGS
• Similarity between the Mexican immigration system and
the United States’ system
• Both increasingly implementing security measures
• Mexico-Guatemala border as a divide between the
developed North and the poorer Central American
countries
• Increase in US involvement in Mexican immigration
matters
• Mexican collaboration with both the United States and
Guatemala
The reason that they are transitory migrants is that they are not trying to relocate to México, but transit through the country to get to the United States. Not all Guatemalan migrants who cross the Mexico-Guatemala border are transitory migrants. There is a large group of migrant workers who seek employment in the border area. The border itself is very porous and there is a constant flow going to both sides for commercial purposes, as well.
The Encuesta Sobre Migración en la Frontera Sur de Mexico (Survey on Migration in the Southern Border of Mexico, EMIF SUR) is an analysis of Mexico’s southern border produced by a collaboration between the National Institute of Migration (INM), Unidad de Política Migratoria (Migration Policy Unit), Consejo Nacional de Población (National Population Council), El Colegio de la Frontera Norte (College of the Northern Border, Colef Norte), the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Health, and the Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare.
Age: migrants part of labor force
Ed & Literacy: Have some education, not poorest of the poor
Urban areas
Indigenous language: can assume most of them aren’t indigenous; implications of being indigenous
**Coyotes charge from anywhere between $4,000-$10,000/person/journey according to British Newspaper (Daily Mail; http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2700946/From-bribing-drug-cartels-immigration-officials-paying-hotels-train-rides-Coyote-smugglers-reveal-costs-involved-smuggling-child-migrants-Central-America-U-S.html)
Look at the terrain – difficulty of crossing
Does not have a set schedule; sometimes it doesn’t arrive for 2 or more days which results in as many as 500 migrants accumulating along the tracks.
Migrants who travel on La Bestia are in a protection gap because law enforcement is virtually absent, making them vulnerable to extortion, violence, robbery, rape. These risks are added to the risks of mutilation and death that come with boarding the train while it’s in motion and riding for hours.
A study conducted by the Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (Latin American School of Social Sciences, FLACSO) found that 36% of the migrants that they surveyed had been victims of human rights violation, with a large population of Guatemalans stating that they had been suffered those violations on Mexican territory.
Survey migrants – Central American, few Mexican on journey in Mexico
Victims of crimes such as
52% robberies, 33% extortion, 4% kidnappings, 3% threatened, 1% human trafficking
167 cases; 35% involved the Fed. Police, 31% Municipal Police, 16% Unidentified authorities, 10% State Police, 4% Mexican Army, 4% INM
Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Tabasco, Chiapas & Oaxaca
6 groups in southern Mexico, 5 of them in Chiapas
Despite all of these resources, there are still many abuses and more needs to be done.
----- Meeting Notes (4/21/15 12:13) -----
Ben Anderson - Imagined Communities
how national consciousness forms
Currently, no laws prohibit Guatemalan migrants from transiting through the country. The problem is that many of the migrants cross into Mexican territory without authorization because they do not have the means to obtain it.
Migration Law of 1908: Set restrictions for admissions of foreigners- public health threats, anarchists, & people gov’t deemed ‘useless’
Article 33: Executive power to expel any foreigner whose presence is inconvenient or undesirable w/ no legal action
Migration Law of 1926: the first time that Mexico considered the trafficking of undocumented migrants a crime; created the registry used to document the inflows and outflows of nationals and migrants.
Ley de Población: categories classifying migrants- transmigrantes (transitory migrants), visitors, local visitors, immigrants, emigrant – control demographics
Merida Initiative: focuses on border security in terms of fighting drug-trafficking cartels and other security threats: US has given Mexico over $2.3 billion in security aid; in 2011, the US declared they would increase assistance to help both Mexico & Guatemala improve their border security (Washington Office on Latin America, WOLA)
2011 Migration Law: “The Migration Law states that the principles of Mexico’s migration policy is “Unrestricted respect to the human rights of migrants, nationals and foreigners, regardless of their origin, nationality, ethnicity and migratory status, with special attention to groups who are vulnerable, such as minors, women, indigenous people, adolescents and seniors, as well as people who have been victims of crimes.”
Southern Border Plan (2014): The purpose of the plan is to order Mexico’s southern border and protect migrant rights
Migration Law (2011) – includes visa for visitors and visa for transit that lasts up to 180 days, but have requirements that most Central American migrants can’t meet
most are economic migrants, but in order to get the visa, they must prove that they have the economic means to pay for their trip (travel, housing, food) or must have an invitation from an organization in Mexico to participate in an activity that they will not be paid for (CNN-Mexico: http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2012/11/16/la-nueva-ley-de-migracion-pide-requisitos-imposibles-a-migrantes).
Forma Migratoria de Visitante Local
Forma de Visitante sin permiso para realizar actividades remuneradas
1 million data (“La migración en la frontera sur: Su violencia y sus delitos” Salcido, 147)
Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos: stated their concern about the high rate of marginalization and abuses against migrants during their stay in migration stations in Mexico, as well as for the the lack of interest or inability to solve this phenomenon, which hasn't’t been addressed
Similarity to prisons: need better living conditions; detention centers have cells w/ metal bars, locks, beds are bases made out of cement
Plan Sur has resulted in an increase of 35% in deportations, (from 80,079 to 107,814 deportations) with the majority being from Central America; speaking in terms of children, the increase was by 117% between 2013-2014 (8,350 in 2013, 18,169 in 2014) (Boggs, WOLA) http://www.wola.org/commentary/update_on_mexico_s_southern_border_plan_new_routes_more_deportations_and_widespread_human
Even then, police corruption influences the # of deportations; take bribes, work w/ criminal organizations, etc.
“The Guatemalan border with Chiapas is now our southern border.” –Alan Bersin, Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security for International Affairs