Great events which mouded life silurian period pictures pictures
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The document discusses early plant and sea life from the Silurian period. It mentions the first plant with leaves called Baragwanathia, the first vascular plant called Cooksonia, early sea scorpions called Eurypterus, crinoid remnants found in fossils, and the variety of species that lived on the Silurian sea floor.
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Trials & Tribulations Chapter 7 - Silurian period
SILURIAN PERIOD HAS MANY FIRSTS TO ITS CREDIT .ITIS KNOWN FOR FURTHER MARCH ON GONDWANA LAND BY MANY TYPES OF ORGANISMS ,FOR FIRST VASCULAR PLANTS , FIRST GNAWED FISHES FIRST FRESH WATER FISHES FIRST BONY FISHES ,INVASION OF LAND BY ARTHROPODA FIRST FOSSILS OF TERRETRIAL FUNGI ,TALLEST FUNGI AND SO ON SO FORTH .
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IT IS A LIST OF
WONDERS OF NATURE SERIES OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY ME ON WEEBLY.COM .
SOME OF THESE BOOKS ARE ON SCRIBD.COM AND SOME ON SLIDE SHARE .NET AS WELL;
ALL COVER SCIENTIFIC TOPICS; 2 BOOKS ARE IN ENGLISH AND REST IN BILINGUAL ( ENGLISH/HINDI ) FORMAT ;
ALL IN SEMI POETIC STYLE
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ALL COVER SCIENTIFIC TOPICS; 2 BOOKS ARE IN ENGLISH AND REST IN BILINGUAL ( ENGLISH/HINDI ) FORMAT ;
ALL IN SEMI POETIC STYLE
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ITS USE FOR GENERATING ELECTRICITY IS ALSO EMERGING AS ANOTHER USEFUL FEATURE .FOR SCIENTISTS IT IS A MODEL ORGANISM FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH TO LEARN ABOUT INTRA CCELLULAR PROCESSES OF EUKARYOTES AND GENETICS
CHAMPION LILLIPUTS - ALGAE SMALLEST - B BIGELOII SNIP PD.docx
ALGAE ARE SMALL ORGANISMS AS A WHOLE BUT b BIGELOII HAVE THE DISTINCTION OF BEING THE SMALLEST ;ITS FAME HOWEVER RESTS ONITS ABILITY TO EAT BACTERIA OF ALMOST THE SAME SIZE BY SEMI EXTRA CELLUALAR CYTOSIS .
CHAMPION LILLIPUTS - AZOLLA ANABAENA SYMBIOSIS - SNIP.docx
IT IS A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF A UNIQUE SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN A FERN AND AND A BACTERIUM WHICH IS CONTINUING FRO MESOZOIC TIMES UNINTERRUPTED TILL DATE AND I S PASSED ON FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION VIA SPORES ;IT HAS BEEN VARIOUSLY CALLED PERFACT MARRIAGE OR INTIMATE FRIENDSHIP
Champion lilliputs - Azolla Anabaena symbiosis - Agriculturistmusa.com.docx
IT IS ALL ABOUT A UNIQUE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A FERN AND A BACTERIA- A MILLIONSOF YEARS OLD RELATIONSHIP WHICH HAS CONTIUED UNINTERRUPTED FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION TILL DATE AND CONTINUED FROM BIRTH TO DEATH IN EACH GENERATION AND PASSED ON TO NEXT VIA SPORES .
CHAMPION LILLIPUTS - SMALLEST : ANGIOSPERMS ; GYMNOSPERMS ;PTERIDPHYTES ;BR...
CHAMPIONS ARE THOSE WHICH EXCEL IN SOME FIELD AND OUTBIDDING NEAREST RIVALS SHOWING THEY ARE THE BEST AND REACH THE TOP ;EXCELLENCE IS NOT THE PRESERVE OF THE TALLEST BIGGEST LARGESTOR HIGHEST -IT CAN BE EXHIBITED EVEN THE SMALLEST SHORTEST OR LIGHTEST;HERE INTERESTING EXAMPLES HAVE BEEN GIVEN FROM ALL TYPES DESCRIBING THEIR SPECIAL FEATURES AND CONSIDERING THEM CHAMPIONS ON THE BASIS OF SCIENTIFICALLY ESTABLISHED FACTS
CHAMPION UNICELLULAR ALGA -ACETABULARIA SNIP PD.docx
IT IS ALL ABOUT AN UNUSUAL ALGA
UNICELLULAR BUT NOT SIMPLE
LOOKS LIKE A TINY PLANT WITH STEM LIKE STALK ROOT LIKE RHIZOIDS AND LEAF LIKE CAP ;A VERY LARGE SINGLE NUCLEUS IN RHIZOID ! WHAT A SURPRISE .
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Exoelectrogens - Micro Algae - Chlorella - SNIPED.docx
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CHAMPION FUNGI -PHELLINUS ELLIPSOIDEUS - LARGEST FRUITING BODY - SNIP PD.docx
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CHAMPION LILLIPUTS - YEAST -SMALLEST FUNGI SNIP.docx
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RNA INTERFERENCE: UNRAVELING GENETIC SILENCING
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
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MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
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