This document discusses grade lasers and their uses. It begins by defining a grade laser as a rotating laser that can slope a laser plane to a specified grade. It then discusses the different types of lasers, including gas, chemical, solid-state, semiconductor, gas dynamic, and helium-cadmium lasers. The document provides a brief history of lasers and an explanation of the laser working principle. It describes features of grade lasers such as suitability for machine control and automatic axis alignment. Applications discussed include microscopy, target designation, and military uses. Advantages include measurement techniques, while disadvantages include high costs and potential thermal and recast layer effects.

1. Himel, Yasin [12-21408-2]
Waliullah,Md[12-21519-2]
Pial,Md.Nazrul Islam [12-21414-2]
Islam,Alamin [12-20486-1]
Patowary,Ashadul[12-21412-2]
Prepared for our course instructor
Rethwan Faiz
Starting With The Name Of AlmightyStarting With The Name Of Almighty
American International University-BangladeshAmerican International University-Bangladesh

2. Grade laser:
• Accurate & reliable rotating laser
• Allow a rotating laser plane to be sloped to
a specified grade
• Grade lasers facilitate accurate and its
operations are very fast compare to others

3. Fig: Grade Laser

4. Types of grade laser:
• Gas lasers
• Chemical lasers
• Solid-state lasers
• Semiconductor laser
• Gas dynamic laser
• Helium–cadmium
(HeCd) metal-vapor
laser

5. History of Laser:
• Idea by “Charles Townes & Arthur
Schalow” in 1958.
• Invented by “Theodor Maimon” in
1960.

6. • Light
• Amplification
• Stimulated
• Emission
• Radiation

7. Working Principle:
• Monochromatic, coherent & highly
collimated.
• Laser beam have a fixed phase
relationship.
• Lasers has low divergence.
• Focused a very small spot

8. Features of a grade laser:
• Suitability for machine control
• Remote control capability
• Plane lock
• Automatic axis alignment
• Grade bump
• Vertical Mode

9. Parameter of a laser & its
characteristic:
• Auto-leveling capability
• Display & controls
• Housing ruggedness
• Rotation speed
• Power supply

10. Application:
• Microscopy:
1. obtain blur-free images of thick
specimens at various depths.
2. Laser capture micro section.

11. Application:
• Target designator:
Another military use of lasers is as a laser target
designator. This is a low-power laser pointer used to
indicate a target for a precision-guided munition, typically
launched from an aircraft.

12. Application:
• Military uses of lasers include applications
such as target designation and ranging,
defensive countermeasures,
communications.

13. Advantages:
• A wide variety of interferometric techniques
• Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy
• Atmospheric remote sensing
• Investigating nonlinear optics phenomena
• Holographic techniques employing lasers
also contribute to a number of measurement
techniques.

14. Disadvantages:
• High capital investment.
• Thermal effects. Due to heating, a HAZ may be
present around the hole, particularly with
pyrolitic processes (i.e. those involving heat
generation for material removal via melting and
evaporation).
• With pyrolitic processes, due to the melting and
evaporation of material, a recast layer and dross
build up at the entrance and exit of the hole may
be present. These reduce the repeatability and
quality (for example flow characteristics) of the
holes.

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