The student attempted to synthesize two benzene compounds starting with bromobenzene. Nitration of bromobenzene was successful but multiple attempts at a Grignard reaction failed. The target was changed to reduction of the nitro group on para-bromonitrobenzene using SnCl2, yielding 0.497g of para-bromoaniline. Further reactions were not completed due to time constraints but nitro group reduction was successful based on NMR analysis.
This document discusses amines, which are organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. Amines can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of hydrogen atoms replaced. They have important commercial uses as intermediates in making medicines and fibers. Diazonium salts are also discussed as intermediates used to synthesize aromatic compounds like dyes.
This presentation was delivered on the 21st March 2013 at SINTEF in Trondheim, Norway. It looks at the developing bioeconomy with a focus on the biobased chemical and polymers market.
IPA is a colorless, flammable liquid with a slight odor. It is miscible in water and soluble in common organic solvents. Its largest uses are as a solvent and chemical intermediate. Specifically, it is widely used in paints, inks, cleaners, disinfectants, and cosmetics due to its ability to dissolve oils and evaporate quickly. It also has medical uses as a rubbing alcohol and antiseptic.
"With the great leap forward of China’s economy, amines industry in China has gone through rapid development in the past 20 years. China now can produce most amines such as aniline, methyl amine, ethylamine, ethanolamine, but their developments vary from one to another. Some amines are rather competitive in the world such as aniline and methyl amine, meanwhile some others can not satisfy domestic downstream requirement, such as diethanolamine, and glyphosate producers in China even mainly adopts imported diethanolamine.
To unveil the inner part of the industry, CCM has carried out survey on certain amines products such as ethanolamine and methyl amine in the past. This time, CCM will conduct a comprehensive survey on the overall amines industry in China, integrating the previously formulated reports.
Besides ethanolamine and methyl amine, CCM will focus on following kinds of amines:
Major amines products with large output, such as aniline, ethyl amine, ethylene diamine, urotropine, etc.
High-added value amines products, such as amide, isopropanolamine, cyclohexylamine, hexamethylendiamine, homopiperazine, p-phenylenediamine, etc.
Amines with large import or export volume.
Major promising amines in the future."
This document provides an updated initial environmental examination of the Phai-Kha-Mang sub-watershed development project in Lao PDR, which is financed by the Asian Development Bank. The project aims to strengthen watershed management, increase crop productivity, improve livestock and fishery management, and preserve and restore forest resources. Potential environmental impacts of project activities are analyzed and mitigation measures are identified. Key activities include capacity building, crop improvement, forest restoration, livestock management, irrigation, and poverty reduction. The document assesses physical, ecological, economic and social aspects of the environment and existing policies and institutions relevant to environmental management.
The student attempted to synthesize two benzene compounds starting with bromobenzene. Nitration of bromobenzene was successful but multiple attempts at a Grignard reaction failed. The target was changed to reduction of the nitro group on para-bromonitrobenzene using SnCl2, yielding 0.497g of para-bromoaniline. Further reactions were not completed due to time constraints but nitro group reduction was successful based on NMR analysis.
This document discusses amines, which are organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. Amines can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of hydrogen atoms replaced. They have important commercial uses as intermediates in making medicines and fibers. Diazonium salts are also discussed as intermediates used to synthesize aromatic compounds like dyes.
This presentation was delivered on the 21st March 2013 at SINTEF in Trondheim, Norway. It looks at the developing bioeconomy with a focus on the biobased chemical and polymers market.
IPA is a colorless, flammable liquid with a slight odor. It is miscible in water and soluble in common organic solvents. Its largest uses are as a solvent and chemical intermediate. Specifically, it is widely used in paints, inks, cleaners, disinfectants, and cosmetics due to its ability to dissolve oils and evaporate quickly. It also has medical uses as a rubbing alcohol and antiseptic.
"With the great leap forward of China’s economy, amines industry in China has gone through rapid development in the past 20 years. China now can produce most amines such as aniline, methyl amine, ethylamine, ethanolamine, but their developments vary from one to another. Some amines are rather competitive in the world such as aniline and methyl amine, meanwhile some others can not satisfy domestic downstream requirement, such as diethanolamine, and glyphosate producers in China even mainly adopts imported diethanolamine.
To unveil the inner part of the industry, CCM has carried out survey on certain amines products such as ethanolamine and methyl amine in the past. This time, CCM will conduct a comprehensive survey on the overall amines industry in China, integrating the previously formulated reports.
Besides ethanolamine and methyl amine, CCM will focus on following kinds of amines:
Major amines products with large output, such as aniline, ethyl amine, ethylene diamine, urotropine, etc.
High-added value amines products, such as amide, isopropanolamine, cyclohexylamine, hexamethylendiamine, homopiperazine, p-phenylenediamine, etc.
Amines with large import or export volume.
Major promising amines in the future."
This document provides an updated initial environmental examination of the Phai-Kha-Mang sub-watershed development project in Lao PDR, which is financed by the Asian Development Bank. The project aims to strengthen watershed management, increase crop productivity, improve livestock and fishery management, and preserve and restore forest resources. Potential environmental impacts of project activities are analyzed and mitigation measures are identified. Key activities include capacity building, crop improvement, forest restoration, livestock management, irrigation, and poverty reduction. The document assesses physical, ecological, economic and social aspects of the environment and existing policies and institutions relevant to environmental management.
This document provides an updated initial environmental examination of the Phai-Kha-Mang sub-watershed development project in Lao PDR, which is funded by the Asian Development Bank. The project aims to strengthen watershed management, increase crop productivity, improve livestock and fishery management, and preserve and restore forest resources. Potential environmental impacts of project activities are analyzed and mitigation measures are identified. Key activities include capacity building, agriculture extension, forest restoration, and improved water resources management. The document assesses the physical, ecological and socioeconomic environment of the project area and existing environmental policies and regulations.
This document provides information on commercial scale shiitake mushroom cultivation. It discusses growing shiitakes in logs with a 12 month incubation period that can be harvested for 5 years, as well as growing in sawdust with nutrients and a 4-5 month incubation period that can be harvested for 5 months. It also mentions ideas for drying mushrooms and exporting them, as well as semi-controlled organic cultivation.
This document provides information on commercial scale shiitake mushroom cultivation. It discusses growing shiitakes in logs with a 12 month incubation period and harvesting twice monthly for 5 years. Alternatively, growing in sawdust with nutrients results in a shorter 4-5 month incubation and lasts 5 months with twice monthly harvesting. It also mentions ideas for drying mushrooms and semi-controlled organic cultivation for export.
This business plan is for Delta Agro-Forestry Promotion and Import-Export Sole Co., Ltd, which aims to produce and sell bio-fertilizers in Laos. The company sees opportunities in Laos' agricultural sector as most farmers currently use chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The government also supports increasing fertilizer use and production. Delta plans to establish a bio-fertilizer production facility, partner with farmers, input suppliers, and exporters, and sell its products domestically and abroad. It expects its natural and affordable products will increase yields, reduce costs, and improve food security for farmers and the country. The plan provides financial projections that estimate Delta will be profitable and financially sustainable over the next five
This report summarizes a study of tea production in Phongsaly Province, Laos. Some key findings:
1) Phongsaly has the most developed tea sector in Laos, with over 1,362 hectares under cultivation planned to increase to 1,362 hectares by 2014. Tea cultivation was traditionally done at low intensity but has increased with investment.
2) Yields have been substantially lower than China due to low density planting and lack of improvements in soil, water retention and pruning techniques. However the industry has proven resilient by diversifying production.
3) Prices declined sharply in 2003, reducing farmer incomes. As a result, production volumes are now significantly lower than the 2007 peak and
This report summarizes a study of tea production in Phousan area, Peak district, Xiengkhoung province. It finds that over 40 hectares are currently under tea cultivation across two villages, with annual production estimated at nearly 4 tonnes. Tea was initially planted in the 1930s and has recently been rehabilitated. While cultivation methods are traditional, resulting in low yields, potential exists to improve techniques and expand production. The area's tea is considered high quality due to suitable soils and climate.
1. The study assessed wild tea resources found growing in forests in Hongsa Tea Mountain in Sayaboury Province, Laos.
2. Field surveys estimated about 30 hectares of tea resources in Ban Nam Kean village and 13 hectares in Ban Pakhouyang village.
3. A small-scale black tea processing trial was conducted using autumn-picked tea leaves from Ban Pakhouyang. The processed tea received positive feedback from cuppers for its strong flavor but yield was very low.
The project completion report summarizes the Northern Area Rural Power Distribution Project in Laos. The project involved constructing 115kV transmission lines, substations, and medium- and low-voltage distribution systems to provide electricity to rural areas in northern Laos. Key outputs included installing 10,464km of transmission lines and completing environmental mitigation works. The project was completed on budget with all funds disbursed. Sustainability is preliminarily assessed as likely due to community support and government commitment to operations and maintenance. The project achieved its objectives of expanding power access in a relevant, effective, and efficient manner.
This report provides a needs assessment of the agriculture and natural resources sector in Laos, including lessons learned from past ADB interventions. It finds that the southern provinces have good potential for agriculture but lack infrastructure and technical skills. Foreign investment is increasing through land concessions but lacks oversight. The proposed project would strengthen sector policies, land use planning, and clearance of unexploded ordnance. It would build capacity for planning at national, provincial and district levels. The project aims to improve livelihoods and reduce poverty through support for trade and contract farming arrangements between smallholders and agribusiness.
This business plan is for Delta Agro-Forestry Promotion and Import-Export Sole Co., Ltd, which aims to produce and sell bio-fertilizers in Laos. The company sees opportunities in Laos' agricultural sector as most farmers currently use chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The government also supports increasing fertilizer use and production. Delta plans to establish a bio-fertilizer production facility, partner with farmers, input suppliers, and exporters, and sell its products domestically and abroad. It expects its natural and affordable products will increase yields, reduce costs, and improve food security for farmers and the country. The plan provides financial projections that estimate Delta will be profitable and financially sustainable over the next five
This document summarizes a study on public expenditures in the agricultural sector in Lao PDR. It finds that while agricultural development has contributed greatly to reducing poverty, data and budget systems are poorly organized, making it difficult for the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry to effectively manage expenditures. Key issues include inadequate recurrent budgets, lack of program-based information, and donor funds being separately reported. The study recommends strengthening MAF's capacity for data collection, public spending reviews, and impact assessment to better align agriculture spending with national policy priorities.
This report analyzes cattle farming and beef certification systems in Xieng Khouang Province, Laos. It finds that the province's current cattle production system differs significantly from international grass-fed beef certification standards. Specifically, Xieng Khouang cattle are raised with minimal healthcare and slaughtering practices that would not meet food safety standards for export markets. The report recommends strategies for Xieng Khouang farmers to improve cattle breeding and grazing, adopt organic practices, and develop slaughtering and marketing systems needed to achieve grass-fed or organic beef certification. This would allow access to higher-price international markets and provide more income for farmers. The report provides cost estimates for certification fees to assist farmers in evaluating options.
1) Organic agriculture is gaining ground globally with over 37 million hectares of certified organic agricultural land. The largest areas are in Oceania, Europe, Latin America, and North America.
2) The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) works with the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FIBL) in Germany to oversee organic certification globally according to uniform standards.
3) Several countries have more certified organic agricultural land than previously reported, including Uganda, South Africa, and Saudi Arabia.
This document provides an updated initial environmental examination of the Phai-Kha-Mang sub-watershed development project in Lao PDR, which is funded by the Asian Development Bank. The project aims to strengthen watershed management, increase crop productivity, improve livestock and fishery management, and preserve and restore forest resources. Potential environmental impacts of project activities are analyzed and mitigation measures are identified. Key activities include capacity building, agriculture extension, forest restoration, and improved water resources management. The document assesses the physical, ecological and socioeconomic environment of the project area and existing environmental policies and regulations.
This document provides information on commercial scale shiitake mushroom cultivation. It discusses growing shiitakes in logs with a 12 month incubation period that can be harvested for 5 years, as well as growing in sawdust with nutrients and a 4-5 month incubation period that can be harvested for 5 months. It also mentions ideas for drying mushrooms and exporting them, as well as semi-controlled organic cultivation.
This document provides information on commercial scale shiitake mushroom cultivation. It discusses growing shiitakes in logs with a 12 month incubation period and harvesting twice monthly for 5 years. Alternatively, growing in sawdust with nutrients results in a shorter 4-5 month incubation and lasts 5 months with twice monthly harvesting. It also mentions ideas for drying mushrooms and semi-controlled organic cultivation for export.
This business plan is for Delta Agro-Forestry Promotion and Import-Export Sole Co., Ltd, which aims to produce and sell bio-fertilizers in Laos. The company sees opportunities in Laos' agricultural sector as most farmers currently use chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The government also supports increasing fertilizer use and production. Delta plans to establish a bio-fertilizer production facility, partner with farmers, input suppliers, and exporters, and sell its products domestically and abroad. It expects its natural and affordable products will increase yields, reduce costs, and improve food security for farmers and the country. The plan provides financial projections that estimate Delta will be profitable and financially sustainable over the next five
This report summarizes a study of tea production in Phongsaly Province, Laos. Some key findings:
1) Phongsaly has the most developed tea sector in Laos, with over 1,362 hectares under cultivation planned to increase to 1,362 hectares by 2014. Tea cultivation was traditionally done at low intensity but has increased with investment.
2) Yields have been substantially lower than China due to low density planting and lack of improvements in soil, water retention and pruning techniques. However the industry has proven resilient by diversifying production.
3) Prices declined sharply in 2003, reducing farmer incomes. As a result, production volumes are now significantly lower than the 2007 peak and
This report summarizes a study of tea production in Phousan area, Peak district, Xiengkhoung province. It finds that over 40 hectares are currently under tea cultivation across two villages, with annual production estimated at nearly 4 tonnes. Tea was initially planted in the 1930s and has recently been rehabilitated. While cultivation methods are traditional, resulting in low yields, potential exists to improve techniques and expand production. The area's tea is considered high quality due to suitable soils and climate.
1. The study assessed wild tea resources found growing in forests in Hongsa Tea Mountain in Sayaboury Province, Laos.
2. Field surveys estimated about 30 hectares of tea resources in Ban Nam Kean village and 13 hectares in Ban Pakhouyang village.
3. A small-scale black tea processing trial was conducted using autumn-picked tea leaves from Ban Pakhouyang. The processed tea received positive feedback from cuppers for its strong flavor but yield was very low.
The project completion report summarizes the Northern Area Rural Power Distribution Project in Laos. The project involved constructing 115kV transmission lines, substations, and medium- and low-voltage distribution systems to provide electricity to rural areas in northern Laos. Key outputs included installing 10,464km of transmission lines and completing environmental mitigation works. The project was completed on budget with all funds disbursed. Sustainability is preliminarily assessed as likely due to community support and government commitment to operations and maintenance. The project achieved its objectives of expanding power access in a relevant, effective, and efficient manner.
This report provides a needs assessment of the agriculture and natural resources sector in Laos, including lessons learned from past ADB interventions. It finds that the southern provinces have good potential for agriculture but lack infrastructure and technical skills. Foreign investment is increasing through land concessions but lacks oversight. The proposed project would strengthen sector policies, land use planning, and clearance of unexploded ordnance. It would build capacity for planning at national, provincial and district levels. The project aims to improve livelihoods and reduce poverty through support for trade and contract farming arrangements between smallholders and agribusiness.
This business plan is for Delta Agro-Forestry Promotion and Import-Export Sole Co., Ltd, which aims to produce and sell bio-fertilizers in Laos. The company sees opportunities in Laos' agricultural sector as most farmers currently use chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The government also supports increasing fertilizer use and production. Delta plans to establish a bio-fertilizer production facility, partner with farmers, input suppliers, and exporters, and sell its products domestically and abroad. It expects its natural and affordable products will increase yields, reduce costs, and improve food security for farmers and the country. The plan provides financial projections that estimate Delta will be profitable and financially sustainable over the next five
This document summarizes a study on public expenditures in the agricultural sector in Lao PDR. It finds that while agricultural development has contributed greatly to reducing poverty, data and budget systems are poorly organized, making it difficult for the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry to effectively manage expenditures. Key issues include inadequate recurrent budgets, lack of program-based information, and donor funds being separately reported. The study recommends strengthening MAF's capacity for data collection, public spending reviews, and impact assessment to better align agriculture spending with national policy priorities.
This report analyzes cattle farming and beef certification systems in Xieng Khouang Province, Laos. It finds that the province's current cattle production system differs significantly from international grass-fed beef certification standards. Specifically, Xieng Khouang cattle are raised with minimal healthcare and slaughtering practices that would not meet food safety standards for export markets. The report recommends strategies for Xieng Khouang farmers to improve cattle breeding and grazing, adopt organic practices, and develop slaughtering and marketing systems needed to achieve grass-fed or organic beef certification. This would allow access to higher-price international markets and provide more income for farmers. The report provides cost estimates for certification fees to assist farmers in evaluating options.
1) Organic agriculture is gaining ground globally with over 37 million hectares of certified organic agricultural land. The largest areas are in Oceania, Europe, Latin America, and North America.
2) The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) works with the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FIBL) in Germany to oversee organic certification globally according to uniform standards.
3) Several countries have more certified organic agricultural land than previously reported, including Uganda, South Africa, and Saudi Arabia.
4. ບ່ອນອີງ: ສະຖານບັນຄົ້ນຄົ້ວ
Research Institutes
• International Labor Organization (ILO), Switzerland
• International Union Food Commercial Worker
(IUFCW), Switzerland.
• Environment Protection Agency, USA.
• United State Drug Agriculture (USDA), USA.
5. ການສຶກສາຜົນຮ້າຍຂອງຢາຂ້າຫ້ຽາ ບາງຊະນິດ ທີ່ຈົດທະບຽນ ແລະ
ບໍ່ຈົດທະບຽນທີ່ ກົມປູກຝັງ, ກະຊວງກະສິກໍາ ໃນປະຈຸບັນ
ຊື່ສາມັນ %
ສານອອກ
ລິດ
ຊື່ການຄ້າ ປະເພດນໍາໃຊ້ ຜູ້ນໍາເຂົ້າ ປະເທດ ວັນອອກ
ທະບຽນ
ເລກທີ່ ວັນໝົດ
ກໍານົດ
Common Name a.l content
(%)
Trade name Type of
application
Importer Country Date of
issue
Registration
No
Data of
Expiry
Glyphosate 41% W/W Lyphoxim 41 SL,
Roud up
Mosanto
Rodeo
Pond master
ຂ້າຫ້ຽາ
Herbicide
Saigon Plant
Protection Ltd
ຫວຽດນາມ 7/12/2007 00026P/ກປຝ 25/5/2009
Paraquat
Dichloride
276 g/l Pesle 276SL ຂ້າຫ້ຽາ
Herbicide
Saigon
Pesticide Co
ຫວຽດນາມ 5/7/2006 00054P/ກປຝ 4/7/2008
Atrazine ຂ້າຫ້ຽາ
Herbicide
6. GLYPHOSATE
STATUS: ISO 1750 (published)
IUPAC: N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine
CAS: N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine
REG. NO.: 1071-83-6
FORMULA: C3H8NO5P
ACTIVITY: herbicides (organophosphorus herbicides)
NOTES:
When this substance is used as an ester or a salt, its identity should
be stated, for example glyphosate-diammonium [69254-40-6],
glyphosate-dimethylammonium [34494-04-7], glyphosate-
isopropylammonium [38641-94-0], glyphosate-monoammonium [40465-
66-5], glyphosate-potassium [70901-20-1], glyphosate-sesquisodium
[70393-85-0], glyphosate-trimesium [81591-81-3].
STRUCTURE:
PRONUNCIATION: glī-fō-sāt Guide to British pronunciation
INCHI:
InChI=1/C3H8NO5P/c5-3(6)1-4-2-10(7,8)9/h4H,1-
2H2,(H,5,6)(H2,7,8,9)/f/h5,7-8H
9. Glyphosate
Physical Properties:
Appearance: Glyphosate is a colorless crystal at
room temperature
Chemical Name: N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine
CAS Number: 1071-83-6
Molecular Weight: 169.08
Water Solubility: 12,000 mg/L @ 25 C
Solubility in Other Solvents: i.s. in common
organics (e.g., acetone, ethanol, and xylene)
Melting Point: 200 C
Vapor Pressure: negligible
10. GLYPHOSATE
Inert Ingredients in Glyphosate Formulations
ສ່ວນປະກອບຫຼັກຂອງ ສູດສານ ໄກຼໂຟເຊດ
• Inerts known to be included in glyphosate products include ammonium
sulfate, benziothiazolone, 3-iodo-2-propynl butylcarbamate (IPBC),
isobutane, methyl pyrrolidinone, pelargonic acid, sodium sulfite,
sorbic acid, and isopropylamine. All of these chemicals are associated
with skin irritation, gastric and respiratory problems.
• ສັງເກດຊື່ບັນດາສານເຄມີທີ່ເປັນສ່ວນປະສົມຂອງ ຢາຂ້າຫ້ຽາ ໄກຼໂຟ
ເຊດ ຂ້າງເທີງນີ້ ລວມແຕ່ມີຜົນກະທົບຕໍ່ຜິວໜັງ, ລະບົບຫ່ຽອຍ
ອາຫານ ແລະເຮັດໃຫ້ລະບົບຫາຍໃຈມີບັນຫາ.
11. GLYPHOSATE
• Trade and Other :
Names ຊື່ການຄ້າ ແລະອື່ນໆ:
– ຊື່ການຄ້າຂອງສານ ໄກຼໂຟເຊດ ລວມມີ: Gallup,
Landmaster, Pondmaster, Ranger, Roundup,
Rodeo, and Touchdown, Mosanto…etc
– It may be used in formulations with other
herbicides.
ນອກນັ້ນອາດໃຊ້ໃນຮູບການ ແບບສານເຄມີຂ້າຫ້ຽາ
ອື່ນໆ..
14. ສານໄກຼໂຟເຊດ
GLYPHOSATE
• Environmental Effects ຜົນກະທົບຕໍ່ສີ່ງແວດລ້ອມ
• EPA acknowledges that the material does have the potential to contaminate
surface waters. If glyphosate reaches surface water, it is not broken down
readily by water or sunlight14. The half-life of glyphosate in pond water ranges
from 70 to 84 days15.
• ອົງການປົກປ້ອງສິ່ງແວດລ້ອມ (EPA) ຍອມຮັບວ່າໄກຼໂຟເຊດ ມີໂອກາດສູງທີ່ຈະປົນເປື້ອນຕໍ່ນໍ້າ
ໜ້າດີນ ຖ້າຫາກວ່າສານດັ່ງກ່າວນີ້ລົງສູ່ນໍ້າໜ້າດີນ, ໄກຼໂຟເຊດ ບໍ່ສາມາດສະລາຍຕົວ ດ້ວຍນໍ້າ
ແລະແສງອາທິດ. ໄກຼໂຟເຊດ ສາມາດຄົງຢູ່ໃນນໍ້າໄດ້ ເຄີ່ງຊິວິດ ປະມານ 70 ຫາ 84 ວັນ.
• Glyphosate is moderately persistent in soil, with an average half-life of 47 days,
although there are studies reporting field half lives of up to 174 days16.
• ສານໄກຼໂຟເຊດ ສາມາດຄົງຢູ່ໃນດີນໃດ້ ໂດຍສະເລັ່ຽ ເຄີ່ງຊີວິດ ຫຼື 47 ວັນ, ແຕ່ອີງຕາມການສຶກ
ສາໄດ້ລາຍງານວ່າ ເຄີ່ງຊີວິດຂອງການຄົງຕົວຂອງສານດັງກ່າວ ແມ່ນ 174 ວັນ.
• Residues of glyphosate have been known to persist for months in anaerobic
soils deficient in microorganisms.
• ຮູ້ກັນວ່າ ສານໄກຼໂຟເຊດ ສາມາດຄົງຢູ່ ຫຼື ຕົກຄ້າງ ໃນດີນປອກໂຫຼ້ນທີ່ມີຈຸລີນຊີໜ້ອຍ ໄດ້ນານ
ເຖີງຫຼາຍເດືອນ.
15. ສານໄກຼໂຟເຊດ GLYPHOSATE
• Environmental Effects ຜົນກະທົບຕໍ່ສີ່ງແວດລ້ອມ
• Much of the belief about glyphosate’s environmental safety is based on the expectation that
residues will be “immobile in soil,” and therefore the chemical will not contaminate groundwater.
• ເຊື່ອກັນວ່າ ສານໄກຼໂຟເຊດ (glyphosate) ປອດໃພຕໍ່ສິ່ງແວດລ້ອມ ແລະບໍ່ເປັນສານປົນ
ເປື້ອນຕໍ່ນໍ້າໃຕ້ດີນສານໄກຼໂຟເຊດ , ຍ້ອນຄໍາວ່າ “ປອດໃພ ” ແລະ“ເປັນມິດກັບສິ່ງແວດລ້ອມ
”
• Round-Up is another matter Advertised by Monsanto Corporation as safe and environmentally friendly,
it has become the most widely used herbicide today.
• Round-Up ຫຼື ສານໄກຼໂຟເຊດ ກໍ່ເຊ່ັນດຽວກັນ, ທີ່ໂຄສະນາດ້ວຍ ບໍລິສັດ Monsanto
Corporation ວ່າເປັນຜະລິດຕະພັນທີ່ປອດໃພ ແລະເປັນມິດກັບສິ່ງແວດລ້ອມນັ້ນ ໄດ້
ກາຍເປັນຕົ້ນເຫດທີ່ມີການນໍາໃຊ້ສານເຄມີນີ້ຢ່າງກວ້າງຂວາງນີທຸກມື້ນີ້.
• Monsanto was sued by New York state for claiming Round- Up is "safe" and "environmentally friendly."
The suit ended in a settlement with Monsanto paying a quarter million dollars and agreeing to cease and
desist from using the terms " safe" and "environmentally friendly" in advertising.
• ໃນປີ 2008 ລັດ ນີວຢອ໊ກ(New York state) ຟ້ອງ ບໍລິສັດ Monsanto Corporation ທີ່
ໂຄສະນາວ່າ ຜະລິດຕະພັນ Round- Up “ປອດໃພ ” ແລະ“ເປັນມິດກັບສິ່ງແວດລ້ອມ ”
ການຟ້ອງຮ້ອງດັ່ງກ່າວໄດ້ສີນສຸດລົງໂດຍການຕັດສີນ ໃຫ້ ບໍລິສັດ Monsanto Corporation
ຈ່າຍຄ່າເສັຽຫາຍ ຕົກເປັນເງີນ 25 ລ້ານດອນລາ ຫະລະລັດ ແລະຢຸດໃຊ້ ຄໍາໂຄສະນາວ່າ
“ປອດໃພ ” “ເປັນມິດກັບສິ່ງແວດລ້ອມ ”
16. ສານໄກຼໂຟເຊດ GLYPHOSATE
Non-target Animals
• Glyphosate use directly impacts a variety of nontarget animals including insects,
earthworms, and fish, and indirectly impacts birds and small mammals17.
• ການໃຊ້ສານ ໄກຼໂຟເຊດ ມີຜົນກະທົບໂດຍກົງ ຕໍ່ສັດທີ່ບໍ່ແມ່ນເປົ້າໝາຍ ລວມທັງແມງໄມ້,
ຂີ້ກະເດືອນ, ປາ ແລະມີຜົນກະທົບທໃນທາງອອ້ມຕໍ່ ສັດປີກ ແລະສັດລ້ຽງລູກດ້ວຍນົມຂະໜາດ
ນ້ອຍ.
• A study conducted by the International Organization for Biological Control found that
exposure to RoundupTM killed over 50 percent of three species of beneficial insects –
a parasitoid wasp, a lacewing and a ladybug18.
• ຈາກການສຶກສາຂອງ International Organization for Biological Control ພົບວ່າ ສານ
ໄກຼໂຟເຊດ ຂ້າ ຫຼື ທໍາລາຍສັດທີ່ເປັນປະໂຫຽດເຖີງ 50% - ໂຕຫໍ່າ, ແມງອີ່ເຕົ່າ ແລະແມງໄມ້
ກີນສັດອື່ນ.
• Repeated applications of glyphosate significantly affected the growth and survival of
earthworms19 . Studies have also shown that glyphosate, and in particular the inert
ingredients in the formulation of RoundupTM are acutely toxic to fish20.
• ການນໍາໃຊ້ ສານໄກຼໂຟເຊດ ຊໍ້າກັນຫຼາຍຄັ້ງ ມີຜົນກະທົບເຖີງ ການເຕີບໂຕຂອງຂີ້ກະເດືອນ
ແລະການຢູ່ລອດ. ການສຶກສາຍັງສະແດງໃຫ້ເຫັນວ່າ ສານ ໄກຼໂຟເຊດ ແລະສວ່ນປະກອບ
ຂອງຜະລິດຕະພັນເລົ່ານີ້ ມີຜົນກະທົບຕໍ່ສັດນໍ້າ (ປາ)
17. GLYPHOSATE ສານໄກຼໂຟເຊດ
ຜົນກະທົບຕໍ່ມະນຸດ
Assistant Professor of Biology Rick Relyea at the University of
Pittsburgh, 2005
• Glyphosate herbicides can have a range of impacts on human health,
including genetic damage, skin tumours, thyroid damage, anaemia,
headaches, nose bleeds, dizziness, tiredness, nausea, eye and skin
irritation, asthma and breathing difficulties.
• ສານໄກຼໂຟເຊດ ສາມາດສ້າງຜົນກະທົບຕໍ່ສຸກຂຸພາບ ມະນຸດໄດ້ໃນຫຼາຍຮູບການ, ເຊັ່ນ
ພັນທຸກໍາຖືກທໍາລາຍ, ມະເລັງຜິວໜັງ, ຕ່ອມ thyroid ຖືກທໍາລາຍ, ໂລຫິດຈາງ, ປວດຫົວ,
ເລືອດດັ່ງອອກ, ວີນວຽນ, ເມື່ອຍລ້າຍ, ປວດຮາກ, ແສບຕາ ແລະຜີວໜັງ, ຂື້ຫືດ ແລະ
ຫາຍໃຈລໍາບາກ.
• Several studies have indicated a link between glyphosate herbicides and
non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma, a type of cancer.
• ຫຼຼາຍໆ ການສຶກສາ ຊີ້ໃຫ້ເຫັນວ່າ ຜົນພວງຈາກສານໄກຼໂຟເຊດ ກໍໃຫ້ເກີດ ມະເລັ່ງເມັດ
ເລືອດຂາວ
18. ສານໄກຼໂຟເຊດ GLYPHOSATE
• Impact Human ຜົນກະທົບຕໍ່ມະນຸດ 2008.
• A study done by David H. Monroe, an Industrial and Environmental Toxicologist, on
glycophosate products produced by Monsanto revealed contamination with 1,4 diaxane at
350 parts per million. 1,4-doxane is carcinogenic (cancer causing), and known to damage the
liver, kidneys, brain and lungs. A 1980 report by the EPA noted the following symptoms from
glycophosate exposure: bronchial constriction, pleuritic chest pain, nasal congestion, blurred
vision, corneal erosion, conjunctivitis, contact dermatitis, headaches, nausea, diarrhea,
abdominal pain, irritability, excessive sweating, vertigo, malaise, swelling of extremities and
nervous system disorders
• ການສຶກສາຂອງ David H. Monroe, an Industrial and Environmental
Toxicologist ກ່ຽກັບສານ ໄກຼໂຟເຊດ ຊຶ່ງເປັນຜະລິດຕະພັນຂອງ Monsanto 1,4
diaxane at 350 ppm parts per million ທເປົນເປື້ອນ ໃນອາຫານ, ນ ສາມາດກ
ເກີດມະເລັງໄດ, ນອກນນຍັງເຮັດໃຫຕັບ, ໄຂຫຼັງ, ສະໜອງ ແລະປອດເສັຽຫາຍ. ໃນ
ປີ 1980 ອົງການປົກປອງສງແວດລອມ EPA ໃດລາຍງານຜົນການວິໃຈວາ ຜູຖືກ
ສານ glycophosate bronchial constriction, pleuritic chest pain, nasal
congestion, blurred vision, corneal erosion, conjunctivitis, contact
dermatitis, headaches, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, irritability,
excessive sweating, vertigo, malaise, swelling of extremities and nervous
system disorders
19. ສານໄກຼໂຟເຊດ GLYPHOSATE
• Impact Human ຜົນກະທົບຕໍ່ມະນຸດ By Dr. Rick Magly
• According to the EPA, there have been reports of central nervous
system damage after exposure to Round-Up including: visual, hearing,
taste, and smell disturbances; balance disorders; muscle twitches;
seizures, paralysis, peripheral neuropathy; loss of motor skills and
digestive problems. The active ingredients in Round-Up include
Isopropylamine salt of glycophosate. Innert ingredients include
Polyoxyethylene alkylamine.
• ອີງໃສ່ການລາຍງານຂອງ ອົງການປົກປ້ອງສິ່ງແວດລ້ອມ EPA, ໄດ້ລາຍງານວ່າ ຜູ້ປ່ວຍ
ທີ່ຖືກສານ ໄກຼໂຟເຊດ ຫຼື Round-Up ລະບົບສູນກາງປະສາດຖືກທໍາລາຍ ມີບັນຫາດັ່ງນີ້
: ບັນຫາທາງສາຍຕາ, ລະບົບຟັງສຽງ, ລະບົບຊີມລົດ ແລະດົມກິ່ນ. ມີບັນຫາຕໍ່ການສົມ
ດູນ ເຊັ່ນ ເກິດການສັບສົນ, ກ້າມເນື້ອກະຕຸກ, ເປັນລົມ, ອໍາມະພາດ, ລະບົບປະສາດ
ພາຍນອກພິການ, ສູນເສັຽຄວາມທ່ຽງໃນການຂັບຂີ່ລັດຈັກ, ແລະລະບົບລະລາຍມີ
ບັນຫາ. ຍ້ອນປະຕິກີລິຍາ ການອອກລິດ ຂອງສານປະກອບ ໄກຼໂຟເຊດ ຫຼື Round-Up
ມີສ່ວນປະກອບຂອງ Isopropylamine salt of glycophosate ແລະສານເຄມີຕົ້ນຕໍ
ປະກອບດ້ວຍ Polyoxyethylene alkylamine.
20. ສານໄກຼໂຟເຊດ GLYPHOSATE
Alternatives to Glyphosate ທາງເລືອກຂອງການຢຸດໃຊ້ ສານ ໄກຼໂຟເຊດ:
Integrated Weed Management (IWM)
ການຈັດການ ວັດສະພຶດແບບປະສົມປະສານ
A good IWM program combines monitoring, proper landscape design,
mulching, mechanical and cultural methods, and includes the use of heat,
herbicidal soaps, and corn gluten meal.
ການຈັດການວັດສະພືດແບບປະສົມປະສານທີ່ດີ ການຕິດຕາມ ການອອກແບບ ທັດສະນິຍະ
ພາບຢ່າງເໝາະສົມ, ການໃຊ້ຫ້ຽາ ຊາກວັດສະພຶດ ແລະວິທີການໃນການປູກ, ລວມທັງການ
ໃຊ້ຄວາມຮ້ອນຂ້າຫ້ຽ້າ , ໃຊ້ສະບູຂ້າຫ້ຽາ ແລະກາວສາລີ.
Biological control of weeds, using beneficial insects or pathogens is also an
excellent approach.
ການຄວບຄຸມວັດສະພືດແບບຊີວະພາກ, ການນໍາໃຊ້ແມງໄມ້ທີ່ເປັນປະໂຫຽດ ຫຼື ເຊື້ອ້ຣາ ຫຼື
ເຫັດ ນັ້ນແມ່ນທາງເລືອກທີ່ແທດເມາະທີ່ສຸດ.
22. ບ່ອນອ້າງອີງຂໍ້ມູນ
Glyphosate Chemical Watch Fact Sheet Reference
1. Environmental Protection Agency. 1999. Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage:
1996 and 1997 Market Estimates. EPA-733-R-99-001. p. 21, Table 8. <http://
www.epa.gov/oppbead1/pestsales/97pestsales/97pestsales.pdf>
2. lbid. p. 22, Table 9.
3. Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides. 1998. “Herbicide Factsheet:
Glyphosate (Roundup).” Journal of Pesticide Reform 18(3):4.
4. Environmental Protection Agency. 1993. Glyphosate Reregistration Eligibility
Decision. p. viii. <http://www.epa.gov/REDs/old_reds/glyphosate.pdf>
5. Ibid.
6. Pesticide Action Network. 1997. Glyphosate fact sheet. For more information
about glyphosate visit <http://data.pesticideinfo.org/4DAction/GetRecord/PC33138>
7. NCAP. 1998. p. 5.
8. EPA. 1993.
9. California Pesticide Illness Surveillance Program Report – 1998. Table 4.
<http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/dprdocs/pisp/1998pisp.htm>
10. NCAP. 1998. p. 5, Table 1.
11. EPA. 1993.
12. Ibid.
13. NCAP. 1998. Citing EPA OPPTS, 1991, Second Peer Review of Glyphosate.
Memo from W. Dykstra and G.Z. Ghali, HED to R. Taylor, Registration Division
and L. Rossi, Special Review and Reregistration Division.
23. ບ່ອນອ້າງອີງຂໍ້ມູນ (ຕໍ່)
Glyphosate Chemical Watch Fact Sheet Reference (Continue)
14. EPA. 1993.
15. Extension Toxicology Network. 1996. Pesticide Information Profiles:
Glyphosate. <http://ace.orst.edu/cgi-bin/mfs/01/pips/glyphosa.htm>
16. Ibid.
17. NCAP. 1998. pp. 11-13.
18. Ibid. p. 11. Citing Hassan, S.A. et al. 1988. Results of the fourth joint pesticide
testing programme carried out by the IOBC/WPRS-Working Group “Pesticides
and Beneficial Organisms.” J. Appl. Ent. 105: 321-329.
19. Ibid. Citing Springett, J.A. and R.A.J. Gray. 1992. “Effect of repeated low
doses of biocides on the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa in laboratory culture.” Soil Biol. Biochem.
24(12): 1739-1744.
20. Ibid. p. 12. Citing Folmar, L.C., H.O. Sanders, and A.M. Julin. 1979. “Toxicity
of the herbicide glyphosate and several of its formulations to fish and
aquatic invertebrates.” Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 8: 269-278.
24. ບ່ອນອ້າງອີງຂໍ້ມູນ (ຕໍ່)
Glyphosate Chemical Watch Fact Sheet Reference (Continue)
E X T O X N E T
Extension Toxicology Network
Pesticide Information Profiles
A Pesticide Information Project of Cooperative Extension
Offices of Cornell University, Oregon State University, the
University of Idaho, and the University of California at Davis
and the Institute for Environmental Toxicology, Michigan
State University. Major support and funding was provided
by the USDA/Extension Service/National Agricultural
Pesticide Impact Assessment Program.
EXTOXNET primary files maintained and archived at Oregon
State University, Revised June 1996