Glaucoma is a group of eye disorders that cause damage to the optic nerve, resulting in vision loss. It is typically associated with elevated pressure inside the eye (intraocular pressure). The two major types are open-angle glaucoma and narrow-angle glaucoma, referring to the drainage angle inside the eye. Most types cause no symptoms until noticeable vision loss occurs. Treatment involves lowering intraocular pressure through eye drops, laser treatment, or surgery depending on severity. Maintaining healthy lifestyle habits such as exercise, diet rich in vitamins and omega-3 fatty acids, and avoiding smoking may help reduce glaucoma risk.

1. GLAUCOMA
DocMode – “From Learning to Practice”

2. Definition:-
• Glaucoma is often called the "silent thief of sight," because most of its types typically cause no
pain and produce no symptoms until noticeable vision loss occurs.
What is glaucoma?
• Glaucoma is a group of related eye disorders that cause damage to the optic nerve that carries
information from the eye to the brain.
• In most cases, glaucoma is associated with higher-than-normal pressure inside the eye — a
condition called ocular hypertension. But it can also occur when intraocular pressure (IOP) is
normal.
• If untreated or uncontrolled, glaucoma first causes peripheral vision loss and eventually can
lead to blindness.
• In most types of glaucoma, elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is associated with damage to
the optic nerve in the back of the eye. Glaucoma is the second-leading cause of blindness
worldwide (behind cataracts).

3. Types of glaucoma
• The two major categories of glaucoma are open-angle glaucoma and narrow angle
The "angle" in both cases refers to the drainage angle inside the eye that controls the
of the watery fluid (aqueous) which is continually being produced inside the eye.
• If the aqueous can access the drainage angle, the glaucoma is known as open angle
glaucoma. If the drainage angle is blocked and the aqueous cannot reach it, the glaucoma
known as narrow angle glaucoma.
Glaucoma symptoms
• Most types of glaucoma typically cause no pain and produce no symptoms until noticeable
vision loss occurs, but with acute angle-closure glaucoma, one experiences sudden
like blurry vision, halos around lights, intense eye pain, nausea and vomiting.
• If you have these symptoms, see an eye doctor so steps can be taken to prevent permanent
vision loss.

4. Diagnosis, screening and tests for glaucoma
• During routine eye exams, a tonometer is used to measure your intraocular pressure, or IOP.
Your eye typically is numbed with eye drops, and a small probe gently rests against your
surface. Other tonometer send a puff of air onto your eye's surface.
• An abnormally high IOP reading indicates a problem with the amount of fluid (aqueous
humor) in the eye. Either the eye is producing too much fluid, or it's not draining properly.
• Normally, IOP should be below 21 mmHg (millimeters of mercury) — a unit of measurement
based on how much force is exerted within a certain defined area.
• If your IOP is higher than 30 mmHg, your risk of vision loss from glaucoma is 40 times
than someone with intraocular pressure of 15 mmHg or lower. This is why glaucoma
treatments such as eye drops are designed to keep IOP low.
• Then, at specified intervals, additional images and measurements are taken to make sure no
changes have occurred that might indicate progressive glaucoma damage.

5. Glaucoma treatments
• Treatment for glaucoma can involve surgery, laser treatment or medication, depending on
severity. Eye drops with medication aimed at lowering IOP are usually tried first to control
glaucoma.
• Because glaucoma is often painless, people may become careless about strict use of eye
that can control eye pressure and help to prevent permanent eye damage.
• In fact, not complying to prescribed glaucoma medication program one of the major
for blindness caused by glaucoma. If you find that the eye drops you are using for glaucoma
are uncomfortable or inconvenient, never discontinue them without first consulting your eye
doctor about a possible alternative therapy.
Exercise may cut glaucoma risk
• According to a recent European study, exercise lessens the chance that some people will
develop glaucoma because it helps improve blood flow in your body and your eyes.

6. • In addition to regular exercise and an active lifestyle, you also can reduce your risk for
glaucoma by not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, and eating a varied and healthy diet.
Vision” Foods to Support Eye Health
Dark green, yellow, and orange fruits and vegetables:
• These foods contain carotenoids, which may defend against several medical conditions,
including glaucoma. Lutein and zeaxanthin are especially important for vision health. They are
found in dark, leafy greens such as spinach, collard greens and kale, as well as in yellow corn,
okra, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, mango, green beans, sweet potatoes, lima beans, squash,
green, yellow and orange bell pepper and egg yolks.
Fruits and vegetables abundant in vitamin C:
• These foods include green peppers, citrus fruits, tomatoes, broccoli, strawberries, sweet and
white potatoes, leafy greens and cantaloupe.
Foods containing vitamin E:
• These foods include eggs, fortified cereals, fruit, wheat germ, green leafy vegetables, nuts, nut
oils, vegetable oils and whole grains.

7. Foods containing vitamin A:
• Eat liver, sweet potatoes, carrots, mangoes, milk, and egg yolks.
Foods with vitamin D:
• The main dietary sources are cod liver oil, “oily” fish, fortified milk and cereal, and egg yolks.
Foods with omega-3 fatty acids:
• Wild salmon, sardines, walnuts, flax seeds, and chia seeds are good sources.

8. THANKYOU
Visit us at - https://docmode.org/about
ANKITA THAKUR
MACJ ROLL NO – 10
KPB HINDUJA COLLEGE OF COMMERCE