Gertrude Simmons Bonnin
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Gertrude Simmons Bonnin was a Native American author and activist born in 1876 on the Yankton Sioux Reservation in South Dakota. She changed her name to Zitkala-Ša, meaning Red Bird. After her fiancé died, she began writing autobiographical works about her experiences growing up Native American and being sent to a white boarding school where her culture and individuality were suppressed. Later in life she advocated for Native American rights and founded her own organization, becoming one of the most prominent Native American activists of the early 20th century.
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- 3. Father was a white man that left before she was born.
- 4. She changed her name to Zitkala Ša, “Red Bird”
- 5. She lived in the “transitional” period in Native American history. It was a difficult time for Native Americans, the U.S. government was trying for an official policy of “detribalization” .
- 7. In 1916 the family moved to Washington D.C. where she took up her elected position as secretary of the Society of the American Indian
- 8. She founded her own organization in 1926, the National Council of American Indians
- 9. She fell into a coma and died in 1938
- 11. She was loved and respected by the elders
- 12. She listened to the stories that the elders told
- 14. “The Cutting of My Long Hair”
- 15. Individuality was taken away by forced routines
- 16. Went back home after three years but she then felt alienated from Native American society because of her education
- 18. My Mother’s Curse upon White Settlers
- 20. the grandmother questions her grandson about suitable women for him to take as his wife
- 21. father talks about the son becoming a warrior
- 22. Nine winters pass
- 23. Son does not become a warrior or a husband
- 24. He was sent to teach Christianity
- 26. “Native Preacher” addresses them cousin, and asks why they do not attend church
- 27. The person would rather worship outside in the “natural gardens” where the animals and plants are.
- 28. Claims that if that is what Paganism is, “then at present, at least, I am a Pagan”