Marlowe carefully chose geographic locations in his plays that would be meaningful to early modern English audiences. Places like Tamburlaine's conquered lands moving east to west or Barabas living in Mediterranean trade cities. These locations highlighted protagonists transgressing moral and physical boundaries. Marlowe was interested in new geography becoming more scientifically accurate through tools like Ortelius' atlas, as the concept of "oikumene" or ordered world was shifting. Oikumene represented the distinction between one's homeland and foreign lands, and crossing its borders through travel was seen as transgressive and a loss of identity. In Marlowe's plays, the relationship between protagonists' identities and their movement between geographies is explored.
The document provides a brief overview of how representations of the human figure have evolved in art history from prehistory to the Renaissance. In prehistoric art, figures were simplified and lacked realistic proportions or movement. Ancient Egyptian art made figures more representational. Ancient Greek art progressed from stylized pottery figures to highly realistic sculptures. Byzantine art featured elongated, stylized figures. The Renaissance was the first time two-dimensional art realistically depicted the human form with correct proportions.
The toponyms on anthropomorphic maps were generated by configuring the gigantic virtual body of a god or goddess over the area to be mapped. The name of each body part became the name of the area under that part. This produced a scale 1:1 map-without-paper on which each place name automatically indicated its approximate location, direction and size with respect to every other place on the same map whose name was produced this way. The Phoenician (Western Semitic) body-part names for most of the areas in West Asia and North Africa have persisted until modern times.
This document appears to be a newsletter or magazine from a company called Unipro. It discusses various topics in a bimestrial (twice-monthly) publication. The document provides information to readers about Unipro and keeps them up to date on company activities and initiatives.
The document provides a brief overview of how representations of the human figure have evolved in art history from prehistory to the Renaissance. In prehistoric art, figures were simplified and lacked realistic proportions or movement. Ancient Egyptian art made figures more representational. Ancient Greek art progressed from stylized pottery figures to highly realistic sculptures. Byzantine art featured elongated, stylized figures. The Renaissance was the first time two-dimensional art realistically depicted the human form with correct proportions.
The toponyms on anthropomorphic maps were generated by configuring the gigantic virtual body of a god or goddess over the area to be mapped. The name of each body part became the name of the area under that part. This produced a scale 1:1 map-without-paper on which each place name automatically indicated its approximate location, direction and size with respect to every other place on the same map whose name was produced this way. The Phoenician (Western Semitic) body-part names for most of the areas in West Asia and North Africa have persisted until modern times.
This document appears to be a newsletter or magazine from a company called Unipro. It discusses various topics in a bimestrial (twice-monthly) publication. The document provides information to readers about Unipro and keeps them up to date on company activities and initiatives.
Lorem ipsum is placeholder text commonly used to demonstrate the visual form of a document without relying on meaningful content. It allows designers to design pages visually without needing final content. The Latin words, "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet", are used to generate sentences that appear reasonable but are not coherent.
Παρουσίαση του τρόπου χρήσης του Facebook από τους καταναλωτές και των τρόπων προσέγγισής τους από τους marketeers.
Μέρος του άρθρου: http://insights.gr/2012/06/facebook-ad-guide/
The document provides information on Iran's geography, demography, and economic opportunities for investment and trade after sanctions. It summarizes that Iran is located in Western Asia, bordering several countries, and has a population of around 80 million people concentrated mostly in Tehran. It also notes that many economic sectors are now open for foreign investment and trade after sanctions, including opportunities in oil/gas, manufacturing, infrastructure projects, and export of Iranian goods to other countries.
La evidencia SENA es un conjunto de datos que muestran que los seres humanos tienen una capacidad innata para la música. Los bebés pueden distinguir entre su propia lengua materna y otras lenguas, y muestran preferencia por canciones en su lengua materna. Adicionalmente, los seres humanos de todas las culturas disfrutan y participan en actividades musicales.
This document is a blank page that was produced by an Autodesk educational product. The page contains no text or images, only a watermark stating it was produced by an Autodesk educational product in the top left corner, which is repeated four times across the blank page.
The document discusses virtual private networks (VPNs) and virtual private routed networks (VPRNs). It defines VPNs as private networks constructed within a public network infrastructure like the internet. VPRNs are IP-based layer 3 VPNs that emulate multi-site wide area routed networks over IP facilities. The document outlines requirements for VPNs and VPRNs like opaque transport, data security, QoS guarantees, and tunneling mechanisms. It also discusses different VPN categories and implementation issues for building VPRNs.
Presentation made by a group of 2nd ESO students in the English as a foreign language class. The aim of the project was to work in a collaborative way to learn more about a person who had had an important role in human history.
Franz Joseph Haydn was an influential Austrian composer during the Classical period. He was born in 1732 and died in 1809. Some of his most famous compositions include the orchestral works Symphony No. 94 "Surprise" and Symphony No. 101 "The Clock", as well as his string quartets "The Joke" and "The Frog". Haydn worked as a Kapellmeister for the wealthy Esterházy family for most of his career and helped develop many Classical forms including the symphony and string quartet.
This document provides a biography and overview of the work of T.S. Eliot, an American-British poet. It notes that Eliot was educated at Harvard and the Sorbonne, where he was influenced by French Symbolists. His early poems like "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" explored themes of modern life like vacuity and difficulty of communication. In 1922, Eliot published his landmark poem "The Waste Land," which commented on the futility of civilization after WWI through its depiction of emptiness and confusion. Eliot later converted to Anglicanism and became a British citizen. His later plays and poems like "Four Quartets" expressed his turning to Christianity to find meaning
Theatre History from the Middle Ages to the English RenaissanceAixa Rodriguez
The document provides an overview of theatre history from the Middle Ages through the English Renaissance. It describes how during the Middle Ages, theatre was used by the church to communicate religious messages to the public through mystery and morality plays. It then discusses the developments during the Italian Renaissance, including the introduction of scenery, proscenium stages, and stock characters and improvisation in Commedia dell'arte plays.
The document provides an overview and analysis of James Joyce's works Dubliners and Ulysses. It summarizes that Dubliners portrays a "paralysed city" enslaved politically by the English, spiritually by the church, and emotionally by family and conventions. Ulysses shows how patriotic rhetoric masks intolerance and selfishness. Both books create an Irish national conscience by showing reality. Joyce's works are modernist as he meticulously collects and analyzes thoughts and impressions caused by outer events in his characters' inner worlds. His stories open in medias res and portray characters through introspection rather than description, with time perceived subjectively.
Module A Revision English Advanced HSC powerpointPoppyMayo
This document provides context about William Shakespeare's play The Tempest and Margaret Atwood's novel Hag-Seed, which is a modern retelling of The Tempest. It discusses the historical contexts of Renaissance humanism, colonialism, and feminism that are relevant to understanding both works. It also analyzes Atwood's reconstruction of the character Miranda to give her more agency and independence beyond her role in Shakespeare's original play.
This document discusses the depiction of reproduction and sexuality in art throughout history. It begins by exploring ancient fertility figures and symbols meant to aid human reproduction. Examples shown include the Venus of Willendorf and Cycladic figures. It then examines depictions of idealized human couples from various cultures, including the Dogon primordial couple and the Arnolfini Portrait. The document also analyzes representations of lovemaking, sexuality, and the human form from different time periods and regions, such as Shunga prints, works by Koons and O'Keeffe, and photographs by Mapplethorpe and Opie. Finally, it looks at images related to pregnancy, childbirth, and progeny in cultures like the Maya
The Romantic Movement from 1798-1837 was a reaction against social and economic changes brought by the Industrial Revolution. Writers depicted strong individuals with passions and emotion as the main force, rather than reason. The movement included Passive and Revolutionary Romanticists. Passive Romanticists like William Wordsworth idealized the past and nature, believing religion connected man to nature and God. Revolutionary Romanticists like Byron and Shelley brought revolution to poetry, looking to the future and advocating for new social classes, though their works expressed pessimism. Wordsworth's Lyrical Ballads used everyday language and situations to arouse imagination, and he wrote nature as a metaphor for the human soul in works like The P
Leonard Lehrer's artwork is deeply influenced by history and memory. He layers images, references, and techniques from various eras and cultures to allow both personal and collective histories to influence the present. Specifically, the works depict formal gardens and motifs from the Alhambra and other historical sites. They also feature representations of Lehrer's daughter Anna-Katrina, commemorating her memory and her role in shaping his artistic perspective. The blending of historical elements represents Lehrer's view that history is fluid and nonlinear, with various influences interacting across time.
Lorem ipsum is placeholder text commonly used to demonstrate the visual form of a document without relying on meaningful content. It allows designers to design pages visually without needing final content. The Latin words, "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet", are used to generate sentences that appear reasonable but are not coherent.
Παρουσίαση του τρόπου χρήσης του Facebook από τους καταναλωτές και των τρόπων προσέγγισής τους από τους marketeers.
Μέρος του άρθρου: http://insights.gr/2012/06/facebook-ad-guide/
The document provides information on Iran's geography, demography, and economic opportunities for investment and trade after sanctions. It summarizes that Iran is located in Western Asia, bordering several countries, and has a population of around 80 million people concentrated mostly in Tehran. It also notes that many economic sectors are now open for foreign investment and trade after sanctions, including opportunities in oil/gas, manufacturing, infrastructure projects, and export of Iranian goods to other countries.
La evidencia SENA es un conjunto de datos que muestran que los seres humanos tienen una capacidad innata para la música. Los bebés pueden distinguir entre su propia lengua materna y otras lenguas, y muestran preferencia por canciones en su lengua materna. Adicionalmente, los seres humanos de todas las culturas disfrutan y participan en actividades musicales.
This document is a blank page that was produced by an Autodesk educational product. The page contains no text or images, only a watermark stating it was produced by an Autodesk educational product in the top left corner, which is repeated four times across the blank page.
The document discusses virtual private networks (VPNs) and virtual private routed networks (VPRNs). It defines VPNs as private networks constructed within a public network infrastructure like the internet. VPRNs are IP-based layer 3 VPNs that emulate multi-site wide area routed networks over IP facilities. The document outlines requirements for VPNs and VPRNs like opaque transport, data security, QoS guarantees, and tunneling mechanisms. It also discusses different VPN categories and implementation issues for building VPRNs.
Presentation made by a group of 2nd ESO students in the English as a foreign language class. The aim of the project was to work in a collaborative way to learn more about a person who had had an important role in human history.
Franz Joseph Haydn was an influential Austrian composer during the Classical period. He was born in 1732 and died in 1809. Some of his most famous compositions include the orchestral works Symphony No. 94 "Surprise" and Symphony No. 101 "The Clock", as well as his string quartets "The Joke" and "The Frog". Haydn worked as a Kapellmeister for the wealthy Esterházy family for most of his career and helped develop many Classical forms including the symphony and string quartet.
This document provides a biography and overview of the work of T.S. Eliot, an American-British poet. It notes that Eliot was educated at Harvard and the Sorbonne, where he was influenced by French Symbolists. His early poems like "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" explored themes of modern life like vacuity and difficulty of communication. In 1922, Eliot published his landmark poem "The Waste Land," which commented on the futility of civilization after WWI through its depiction of emptiness and confusion. Eliot later converted to Anglicanism and became a British citizen. His later plays and poems like "Four Quartets" expressed his turning to Christianity to find meaning
Theatre History from the Middle Ages to the English RenaissanceAixa Rodriguez
The document provides an overview of theatre history from the Middle Ages through the English Renaissance. It describes how during the Middle Ages, theatre was used by the church to communicate religious messages to the public through mystery and morality plays. It then discusses the developments during the Italian Renaissance, including the introduction of scenery, proscenium stages, and stock characters and improvisation in Commedia dell'arte plays.
The document provides an overview and analysis of James Joyce's works Dubliners and Ulysses. It summarizes that Dubliners portrays a "paralysed city" enslaved politically by the English, spiritually by the church, and emotionally by family and conventions. Ulysses shows how patriotic rhetoric masks intolerance and selfishness. Both books create an Irish national conscience by showing reality. Joyce's works are modernist as he meticulously collects and analyzes thoughts and impressions caused by outer events in his characters' inner worlds. His stories open in medias res and portray characters through introspection rather than description, with time perceived subjectively.
Module A Revision English Advanced HSC powerpointPoppyMayo
This document provides context about William Shakespeare's play The Tempest and Margaret Atwood's novel Hag-Seed, which is a modern retelling of The Tempest. It discusses the historical contexts of Renaissance humanism, colonialism, and feminism that are relevant to understanding both works. It also analyzes Atwood's reconstruction of the character Miranda to give her more agency and independence beyond her role in Shakespeare's original play.
This document discusses the depiction of reproduction and sexuality in art throughout history. It begins by exploring ancient fertility figures and symbols meant to aid human reproduction. Examples shown include the Venus of Willendorf and Cycladic figures. It then examines depictions of idealized human couples from various cultures, including the Dogon primordial couple and the Arnolfini Portrait. The document also analyzes representations of lovemaking, sexuality, and the human form from different time periods and regions, such as Shunga prints, works by Koons and O'Keeffe, and photographs by Mapplethorpe and Opie. Finally, it looks at images related to pregnancy, childbirth, and progeny in cultures like the Maya
The Romantic Movement from 1798-1837 was a reaction against social and economic changes brought by the Industrial Revolution. Writers depicted strong individuals with passions and emotion as the main force, rather than reason. The movement included Passive and Revolutionary Romanticists. Passive Romanticists like William Wordsworth idealized the past and nature, believing religion connected man to nature and God. Revolutionary Romanticists like Byron and Shelley brought revolution to poetry, looking to the future and advocating for new social classes, though their works expressed pessimism. Wordsworth's Lyrical Ballads used everyday language and situations to arouse imagination, and he wrote nature as a metaphor for the human soul in works like The P
Leonard Lehrer's artwork is deeply influenced by history and memory. He layers images, references, and techniques from various eras and cultures to allow both personal and collective histories to influence the present. Specifically, the works depict formal gardens and motifs from the Alhambra and other historical sites. They also feature representations of Lehrer's daughter Anna-Katrina, commemorating her memory and her role in shaping his artistic perspective. The blending of historical elements represents Lehrer's view that history is fluid and nonlinear, with various influences interacting across time.
Paper 3 the literary theory or criticism Western poetic-1monikamakwana5
The document discusses the differences between classicism and romanticism in literature. Classicism favored rationality, restraint, and strict forms, and was influenced by Greek and Roman works from 17th-18th centuries. Romanticism emphasized inspiration, subjectivity, and the individual beginning in the late 18th century. It highlights characteristics of each movement and notable poets from both traditions like Wordsworth, Shakespeare, and Homer.
Paper 3 the literary theory or criticism Western poetic-1monikamakwana5
The document summarizes the key differences between classicism and romanticism in literature. Classicism favored rationality, restraint, and strict forms and was influenced by Greek/Roman works from 17th-18th centuries. Romanticism emphasized inspiration, subjectivity, and the individual and originated in the late 18th century. Some notable romantic poets included William Wordsworth and Lord Byron, while classical poets included Shakespeare, Aristotle, and John Milton. Examples of romantic and classical poems are also provided.
This document discusses the evolution of the painter's relationship to truth and reality. It begins with a brief history of painting in the 20th century and references Plato's view of the physical world as shadows versus Aristotle's view of the real world being evidenced by the senses. The document then provides summaries on prehistory and the origins of image making, the Old Testament's prohibition of images, Greek art and philosophy's views on truth and beauty, and touches on Christ and the humanity of Judas.
This document provides an overview and analysis of the relationship between painting and truth throughout history. It discusses how painting has evolved from early depictions in prehistory representing nature, to becoming a tool for propaganda under kings in early civilizations. It then analyzes depictions of nature and fertility in ancient myths, and how the Old Testament prohibited images and graven idols. The document considers how concepts of truth have changed over time and the challenges modern painters face in pursuing truth through their work.
Absurdity as theme in waiting for Godot and Swamp Dwellers architaba gohil
This document discusses the theme of absurdity in Samuel Beckett's play Waiting for Godot and Wole Soyinka's play Swamp Dwellers. It notes that both plays focus on characters who cannot find meaning or purpose in life. While the plays have similar themes of hopelessness and the search for meaning, they differ in their settings, cultures and techniques - with Beckett using a Western perspective and Soyinka an African one. The document analyzes similarities and differences between the two plays in exploring the universal human condition.
Fiction describes the narrative of imaginary events or personalities. The novel and short story are specifically connected to the narrative of imaginary characters or events, unlike historical narratives. A key difference between drama in the Elizabethan era and the emerging novel form was that novels had a greater degree of realism and saw individuals as products of changing historical and social contexts over time.
This document discusses humanity's evolving conceptions of our place in the cosmos through history and how technology is impacting our sense of community. It explores early ideas of unknown lands and legends, as well as key events like Apollo 11 and images like the pale blue dot that have shaped our modern view of Earth from space. While information technology helps transcend boundaries, it also risks exacerbating divisions if misused to spread propaganda or anonymous irresponsibility. The overarching theme is how our perspectives have changed as our observable world expanded through exploration, science and space imagery.
The River of Life is a psycho-philosophical journey through the emotional geographies of existence. It is represented as a map divided into six regions, depicting both the physical and inner dimensions of life. The journey allows one to connect life experiences to real or imagined places through memory and imagination, engaging in philosophical reflection on themes of life, emotions, discovery and the potential for continued existence beyond death.
Human Cloning Should Not Be Allowed Under Any Circumstances. Persuasive .... Cloning Essay | Cloning | Offspring. Human cloning. - A-Level Science - Marked by Teachers.com. Human Cloning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays ....
This document discusses the relationship between drama and theater. It notes that drama is uniquely tied to performance and bringing the text to life for an audience. The theater shapes the interaction between the dramatic work and its community. Historically, drama originated from religious rituals and evolved differently in various cultures and eras based on the role and institution of theater in society. Over time, drama emerged as a commercial art form but was not always considered serious literature due to its performance origins. The document also explores dramatic genres such as tragedy and comedy and their defining characteristics.
The document provides context about Homer's Iliad, including that it was composed orally and reworked over centuries. It discusses how the Iliad reflected and helped define Greek society in Homer's Archaic Age. Specifically, it portrayed a society of powerful families/barons and helped establish ideas of Greek identity, history, and values like the heroic ideal, hubris, tragic flaw, and fate that shaped Greek thought.
The document provides background information on Greek theater. It describes the Theater of Dionysus in Athens, including its semicircular design and stone seating. It details how plays featured masks, costumes and a chorus that sang and danced. Over time, innovations like additional actors and painted sets were introduced. Plays were part of religious festivals and judged in competitions. The document also provides biographical details about Sophocles and discusses Aristotle's view of tragedy involving a flawed tragic hero. Key literary terms related to Greek theater are defined.
This document provides an overview of several American authors, including Edgar Allan Poe, Emily Dickinson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and J.D. Salinger. It summarizes their major works and themes. For Poe, it discusses his invention of detective and fantastic fiction genres and themes of death and the supernatural. For Dickinson, it outlines her unique poetic voice, individual style, and subjects of nature, God, and death. Regarding Hawthorne, it mentions his works explored themes of sin, guilt, and morality in New England. For Salinger, it notes his focus on dissatisfied youth facing a superficial modern world.
Anna Akhmatova was a leading Russian poet of the early 20th century known for her minimalist yet emotionally powerful style. She was a founder of the Acmeist movement which focused on clarity and directness of expression. Her works ranged from short lyric poems to longer cycles like Requiem, a tragic depiction of suffering under Stalinist terror. Requiem expressed her deep sorrow over personal and national losses during the purges as she waited for news of her imprisoned son. It reflected the universal despair of unjust human suffering and persevered with a message of hope. Later in life, her works explored deeper philosophical themes surrounding the mysteries of human existence.
Jonathan Culler's 1975 book Structuralist Poetics explores using linguistics to analyze literature by examining the conventions readers use to understand works. While it is impossible to establish rules governing writing, Culler argues conventions underlie readers' interpretations. His later books Pursuit of Signs and Framing the Sign develop this, examining how readers' underlying linguistic and cultural competencies inform their interpretations without considering ideology. Literary Theory introduces structuralism as studying unconscious structures in language, psyche and society, rather than seeking meaning or interpretation but how works can have the meanings they already have.
Ghosts in Literature: a Freudian approach on the concept of ghosts in literature
a brief touch on the presence of ghosts in literature and literary criticism
Mountain Language explores themes of meaninglessness and social protest in a prison representing an authoritarian state. The play is set in an unnamed prison holding prisoners for unnamed crimes against an unnamed state. Prison officials ban the prisoners' native language and cultural identity. Through absurdist elements and the breakdown of language and logic, Pinter illustrates the harsh realities of individual powerlessness and isolation within a repressive modern society.
1. The document discusses structuralism and its key concepts like signifier/signified relationships and the arbitrary nature of signs.
2. It contrasts structuralism with other approaches like formalism, psychoanalytic criticism, and intentional fallacy. Structuralism focuses only on the internal relations between textual elements rather than meanings outside the text.
3. Roman Jakobson played a key role in linking Russian formalism and structuralism through his work on the poetic function of language and metaphor/metonymy.
Sylvia Plath’s Reflections as The Female Scorpion in Blue Jar and Lady Lazar...Haleh Esmailian
This document discusses Sylvia Plath's reflections as a female scorpion in her poems "Blue Jar" and "Lady Lazarus" based on her zodiac sign of Scorpio. It provides an overview of typical traits of female Scorpios, including a tendency towards bitterness, resentment, and desire for revenge when faced with injustice. It analyzes how Plath's experiences with losing her father at a young age, mental health struggles, and betrayal by her husband are reflected in her final works through themes of bitterness, melancholy, and eventual self-destruction, as is characteristic of Scorpios who follow a "gray lizard" path.
Umar Khayyam was an 11th century Persian scholar, philosopher, theologian and poet. He wrote extensively on mathematics, astronomy and metaphysics in Arabic. His Quatrains, written in Persian, became widely known in the Western world after being translated into English by Edward FitzGerald in 1859. Though Khayyam's authorship of some quatrains is uncertain, the persona in his poems expresses doubts about human ability to understand the universe. References by later Sufi poets connect the questioning persona to themes of Sufism, suggesting Khayyam's poetic voice reflects a skeptic seeking answers beyond the physical world.
Cummings' poem "i sing of Olaf glad and big" satirizes traditional war hero epics by making its hero, Olaf, a conscientious objector who is brutally beaten for his beliefs while refusing to fight back. The poem uses biting satire and irony to condemn both the violence inflicted on Olaf and the society and institutions, including the military, president, and even Christ, that allow such treatment to occur. By portraying Olaf's heroism as stemming from his unwillingness to abandon his principles rather than through actions of war, the poem challenges what constitutes true nobility and bravery.
George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a German philosopher born in 1770 who developed a complex philosophical system. He was a professor of philosophy at several universities. Some of his major works included Phenomenology of Mind, Phenomenology of Logic, and Philosophy of Right. Hegel believed that philosophy was a unique discipline dealing with unique objects and methods. He developed a dialectic logic that viewed thought as dynamic, self-transcending, and fundamentally dialectic. For Hegel, reality is constituted by our thoughts, even if our thoughts involve contradictions, as contradictions can be reconciled into a higher unity through dialectic reasoning. Hegel viewed reason as governing both our thinking and the world, with the rational being the real
1. Geography and identity inGeography and identity in
MarloweMarlowe
Haleh Esmailian
English Literature student
Tabtiz university, Iran
2. Foreign settings in early modernForeign settings in early modern
English dramaEnglish drama
• Vague and impreciseVague and imprecise
• Designed to generate a nebulous sense ofDesigned to generate a nebulous sense of
OthernessOtherness
• Evocatively alienEvocatively alien
• Shakespeare’s famously non-existent BohemianShakespeare’s famously non-existent Bohemian
shore in The Winter’s Taleshore in The Winter’s Tale
4. Locations are carefully chosen inLocations are carefully chosen in
Marlowe’s plays:Marlowe’s plays:
• Tamburlaine’s imperial conquests carry himTamburlaine’s imperial conquests carry him
from East to West, ever closer to an Englishfrom East to West, ever closer to an English
audienceaudience
• Barabas lives at the centre of MediterraneanBarabas lives at the centre of Mediterranean
tradetrade
• Faustus exists on the fault line of Protestant andFaustus exists on the fault line of Protestant and
Catholic conflictsCatholic conflicts
5. His intentions and/or motives forHis intentions and/or motives for
carefully choosing his locations:carefully choosing his locations:
• The late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries areThe late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries are
epochal moment in the histories of geography andepochal moment in the histories of geography and
cartography for which Marlowe’s interests werecartography for which Marlowe’s interests were
sustained.sustained.
-Tamburlaine’s many conquests are based upon Abraham-Tamburlaine’s many conquests are based upon Abraham
Ortelius’s influential atlas,Teatrum Orbis TerrarumOrtelius’s influential atlas,Teatrum Orbis Terrarum
(1570).(1570).
This was a sign of his interest in new geography andThis was a sign of his interest in new geography and
cartography according to the 20cartography according to the 20thth
century critic, Ethelcentury critic, Ethel
Seaton.Seaton.
6. • Reading his protagonists in geographicReading his protagonists in geographic
terms, are identified as transgressors ofterms, are identified as transgressors of
both moral and physical boundaries.both moral and physical boundaries.
7. Moral and physical
Boundaries
Of the
protagonists
“old” and “new”
geographies
World and local
geographies
Affective and rejected
geographies
8. The emergence of “NewThe emergence of “New
Geography” as a brand new andGeography” as a brand new and
serious scientific major caused:serious scientific major caused:
• A shift from imprecise and religious or mythopoeticA shift from imprecise and religious or mythopoetic
geography to an accurate and scientific one.geography to an accurate and scientific one.
• Increasingly precise representations of the worldIncreasingly precise representations of the world
by means of:by means of:
- Ortelius’s atlasOrtelius’s atlas
- mapping technologiesmapping technologies
- ever-widening distribution of printed geographicever-widening distribution of printed geographic
materialsmaterials
9. Marlowe’s plays in geographicalMarlowe’s plays in geographical
sense are considered to besense are considered to be
conspicuous productsconspicuous products
• Tamburlaine, feels like looking at theTamburlaine, feels like looking at the
map of the Mediterraneanmap of the Mediterranean
• The Jew of Malta, reveals geographicThe Jew of Malta, reveals geographic
precision and specificityprecision and specificity
• Dr. Faustus, sets out ‘to proveDr. Faustus, sets out ‘to prove
cosmography’cosmography’
10. John Gillies, who compellingly analysedJohn Gillies, who compellingly analysed
the concept ofthe concept of
“old geography”“old geography”
in Marlowe’s Tragedies, uses a termin Marlowe’s Tragedies, uses a term
calledcalled
‘‘oikumeneoikumene ‘ to clarify the‘ to clarify the
relationship between geography andrelationship between geography and
identity in his plays.identity in his plays.
11. What is ‘oikumene’ ?What is ‘oikumene’ ?
• Giambattista VicoGiambattista Vico’’s conception of an ancients conception of an ancient ‘‘poetic geographypoetic geography’’..
• predicated on the Greek notion.predicated on the Greek notion.
• A word thatA word that suggestively combines the senses ofsuggestively combines the senses of
- ““world” and “house”world” and “house”
- Strong sense of difference between ‘us’ and ‘them’Strong sense of difference between ‘us’ and ‘them’
- Distinction between ‘inhere’ and ‘out there’Distinction between ‘inhere’ and ‘out there’
12. • ‘‘In the beginning the Greek image of the wordIn the beginning the Greek image of the word
uikumene was literally bound by theiruikumene was literally bound by their
geographic “home”.geographic “home”.
• But later with further geographic knowledgeBut later with further geographic knowledge
available, the symbolic architecture of theavailable, the symbolic architecture of the
oikumene was simply exported.oikumene was simply exported.
• This flexibility ensured the word’s potency intoThis flexibility ensured the word’s potency into
the Renaissance.the Renaissance.
• As a result, it symbolizes ‘utter divorce andAs a result, it symbolizes ‘utter divorce and
difference’ between lands inside the settingdifference’ between lands inside the setting
frame and those outside it.frame and those outside it.
13. Oikumene in Renaissance:Oikumene in Renaissance:
• Passage beyond the bounds of the oikumene isPassage beyond the bounds of the oikumene is
symbolically and morally fraught.symbolically and morally fraught.
• lands beyond the oikumene are both sources oflands beyond the oikumene are both sources of
wonder and home to ‘the monstrous’ .wonder and home to ‘the monstrous’ .
• Thus voyaging beyond the bounds of theThus voyaging beyond the bounds of the
oikumene is linked with transgression associatedoikumene is linked with transgression associated
with encounters with the purely Others.with encounters with the purely Others.
• Passage through oikumene means leaving thePassage through oikumene means leaving the
ordered world behind.ordered world behind.
14. And here comes the concept ofAnd here comes the concept of
Identity and it’s relation toIdentity and it’s relation to
geography:geography:
• Since this old or poetic geography, oikumene, isSince this old or poetic geography, oikumene, is
both grounded inboth grounded in
and is the ground forand is the ground for
a conception of identity, the distinction betweena conception of identity, the distinction between
those inside the frame and those beyond it,those inside the frame and those beyond it,
builds the concept of identity in the protagonistsbuilds the concept of identity in the protagonists
who travel in and out of the borders of their ownwho travel in and out of the borders of their own
land and the other’s.land and the other’s.