This document discusses research methodology and provides definitions and types of research. It describes the key components of research including objectives, requirements, and challenges. It defines a literature review and outlines the steps to conduct one. Specifically, it provides: 1) Definitions of research methodology as a systematic approach to solving research problems and research as the investigation of finding solutions to problems. 2) An overview of the main types of research: descriptive, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, and empirical. 3) The objectives of research as gaining insights, generating knowledge, investigating situations or testing hypotheses. 4) The requirements for good research including clearly defined purpose, detailed process, stated aims and objectives, appropriate

1. R C PATEL INTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH, SHIRPUR
Guided By
Dr. Savita D. Patil Ma’am
Dept of Clinical Pharmacy
RCPIPER, Shirpur
Presented By
Dnyaneshwari Mate
Dept of Clinical Pharmacy
RCPIPER, Shirpur
General Research
Methodology
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2. CONTENTS
Introduction
Definition
Objective
Requirements of research
Practical difficulties
Review of literature
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3. Introduction
The term ‘RESEARCH’ consist of two words:
RESEARCH= RE + SEARCH
‘RE’ means again and again and ‘SEARCH’ means to find out something
following in the process
PERSON
Observes
Again & again
Phenomena
Collection of data
Analysis of data Conclusion
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4. Definitions
• Research Methods:-
All those methods/ techniques that are used for conductions of
research. Research methods or techniques, thus, refer to the
methods the researchers use in performing research operations.
• Research methodology:-
It is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It may be
understood as a science od studying how research is done
scientifically.
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5. DEFINITION
Research:
The research defined as a logical, scientific and systematic search for
new and useful information on a specific topic.
OR
It is investigation of finding solution to specific and social problems
through systematic analysis.
OR
Any gathering of data, information and facts for the advancement of
knowledge.
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6. Types of research
• Descriptive
• Applied
• Fundamental
• Quantitative
• Qualitative
• Conceptual
• empirical
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7. 1) Descriptive Research
This type of research provides accurate portrayal of characteristics of a particular
individual, situation or group. Also known as statistical research. It deals with
everything that can be counted and studied which have an impact on the lives of
people.
Advantages-
1. Less expensive, time consuming.
2. Collect a large amount of notes for detailed studying.
Disadvantages-
1. Require more skills
2. Does not identify cause behind the research.
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8. 2) Applied Research
It is a scientific study that seek to solve various practical problems in the
day to day life. It find answers or solutions to everyday problems, cure
illness, develop innovative technologies etc.
For example-
1. Improve agricultural crop production
2. Treat or cure specific disease
3. Improve energy efficiency of homes, offices, modes of transportation
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9. 3) Fundamental research
Fundamental, also known as basic or theoretical, research is designed to
help researchers better understand certain phenomena in the world. It
looks at how things work but does not seek to find how to make them
work better. This research attempts to broaden your understanding and
expand scientific theories and explanations.
Example: A company studies how different product placements affect
product sales. This study provides information and is knowledge-based.
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10. 4) Quantitative research
Quantitative research depends on numerical data, such as statistics and
measurements, to investigate specific questions, like who, what, where or
when. The results are usually presented in tables or graphs.
Types of quantitative methods include:
Survey research
Descriptive research
Correlational research
Example: A car manufacturer compares the number of sales of red
sedans compared to white sedans. The research uses objective data—the
sales figures for red and white sedans—to draw conclusions.
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11. 5) Qualitative research
Qualitative research involves non-numerical data, such as opinions and literature. It
uses descriptions to obtain the meanings and feelings involved in a situation.
Businesses often use qualitative research to determine consumer opinions and
reactions.
Examples of qualitative research may include:
• Focus groups
• Surveys
• Participant comments
• Observations
• Interviews
Example: A marketing organization presents a new commercial to a focus group
before airing it publicly to receive feedback. The company collects non-numerical
data—the opinions of the focus group participants—to make decisions.
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12. 6) Conceptual Research
Conceptual research is defined as a methodology wherein research is
conducted by observing and analyzing already present information on a given
topic.
Conceptual research doesn’t involve conducting any practical experiments.
It is related to abstract concepts or ideas.
Philosophers have long used conceptual research to develop new theories or
interpret existing theories in a different light.
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13. 7) Empirical Research
• Empirical research is a type of research methodology that makes
use of verifiable evidence in order to arrive at research outcomes.
• In other words, this type of research relies solely on evidence
obtained through observation or scientific data collection
methods.
• Empirical research can be carried out using qualitative or
quantitative observation methods, depending on the data sample,
that is, quantifiable data or non-numerical data.
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14. Objectives of research
• To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it.
• To generate new knowledge.
• To gain familiarity or to develop a new insight into some phenomenon.
• To investigate some existing situation or problem.
• To construct or create a new procedure or system.
• To explore and analyze more general issues.
• To investigate some existing situations or problems.
• To test a hypothesis or theory.
• To identify patterns or trends related to the problems.
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16. Criteria of good research
• Purpose should be clearly defined.
• Research process should be described in sufficient detail.
• There is a clear statement of research aims, which defines the research
question.
• Design should be thoroughly planned so as to yield objective results.
• High ethical standards.
• Limitations should be frankly revealed so that the decision maker is made
aware.
• Analysis of data should be adequate and methods of analysis appropriate.
• Conclusions should be confined to those justified by the data of research.
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17. Requirement of research
• Sources of problem
• Review of literature
• Formulation of hypothesis
• Research design
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18. Sources of problem
• Reading
• Academic experience
• Daily experience
• Exposure to field situation
• consultation
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21. Practical difficulties and Challenges in Research
• The lack of a scientific training in the methodology of research
• Challenges regarding funds
• Lack of curiosity-driven research
• LACK OF CONFIEDENCE
• Copying of data (Plagiarism)
• Problem of conceptualization
• Problems relating to the process of data collection
• Inadequate Assistance
• Getting Difficulties to file a Patent in IPO
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22. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
• What is a literature review?
A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific
topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you
to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing
research that you can later apply to your paper, thesis,
or dissertation topic.
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24. Steps of literature review
Step 1 – Search for relevant literature
Step 2 – Evaluate and select sources
Step 3 – Identify themes, debates, and gaps
Step 4 – Outline your literature review’s structure
Step 5 – Write your literature review
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