This document discusses several topics in medical ethics including vendor relationships, treatment of family members, sexual relationships, fatality, and more. It defines ethics and key principles of medical ethics such as autonomy, beneficence, confidentiality, and non-maleficence. The document also examines issues around vendor gifts influencing medical decisions, treating family members, sexual relationships with patients, and medical futility.

2.  ETHICS
 MEDICAL ETHICS
 VENDOR RELATIONSHIPS
 TREATMENT OF FAMILY MEMBERS
 SEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS
 FATALITY
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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3.  Ethics is…
 Moral Principles
 What is good and bad?
 What is right and wrong?
 Based on values system
 Depends upon culture and sub-cultures of the society.
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4.  Ethics is not science
 Ethics is not religion
 Ethics is not the same as feelings
 Ethics is not following the law
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5.  INTRODUCTION:-
 Medical ethics is the branch of ethics that deal with
moral issues in medical practice.
 Ethics is a very large and complex field of study with
many branches or subdivision.
 In simple words,
 Ethics is a set of philosophical beliefs and practices
concerned with the distinction between right and
wrong.
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6.  Autonomy:-
 The patient has the right to refuse or choose their treatment.
 Beneficence:-
 A practitioner should act in the best interest of the patients.
 Confidentiality:-
 Not be shared the confidential details of patient against the
will.
 Do no harm/Non- maleficence:-
 First, do no harm
 Equity or Justice:-
 Treatment on the merit of illness.
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7.  Studies show that doctors can be influenced by drug
company inducements, including gifts and food.
 Industry-sponsored Continuing Medical Education
(CME) programs influence prescribing patterns.
 Many patients surveyed in one study agreed that
physician gifts from drug companies influence
prescribing practices.
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8.  A growing movement among physicians is attempting
to diminish the influence of pharmaceutical industry
marketing upon medical practice, as evidenced by
Stanford University's ban on drug company-sponsored
lunches and gifts.
 Other academic institutions that have banned
pharmaceutical industry-sponsored gifts and food
include the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions,
University of Michigan, University of Pennsylvania,
and Yale University.
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9.  The American Medical Association (AMA) states that
"Physicians generally should not treat themselves or
members of their immediate family.
 Physicians that treat family members need to be
conscious of conflicting expectations and dilemmas
when treating relatives, as established medical ethical
principles may not be morally imperative when family
members are confronted with serious illness
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10.  Doctors who do so must be vigilant not to create
conflicts of interest or treat inappropriately.
 The ethics manual of American college of Physicians
strongly discourages but does not prohibited physicians
from treating family members.
 The American Medical Association (AMA) and
Canadian Medical Association states that treatment of
family members should be limited to minor or
emergency care or instances when another physician is
unavailable.
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11.  The Medical and Dental Council of Nigeria (MDCN)
also agrees but advises that severe ailments be referred
to another doctor who would treat without distracting
emotions.
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12.  Sexual relationships between doctors and patients can
create ethical conflicts, since sexual consent may
conflict with the fiduciary responsibility of the
physician.
 Doctors who enter into sexual relationships with
patients face the threats of deregistration and
prosecution.
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13.  In the early 1990s, it was estimated that 2-9% of
doctors had violated this rule.
 Sexual relationships between physicians and patients'
relatives may also be prohibited in some jurisdictions,
although this prohibition is highly controversial.
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14.  In some hospitals, medical futility is referred to as
"non-beneficial care.“
 Previously, some articles defined futility as the patient
having less than a one percent chance of surviving.
 Medical futility is referred to as treatment that is
unable to benefit the patient.
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15.  In some cases parents or relatives insist to continue
therapy for their patient because of their advanced
directives include living wills and durable powers of
attorney for health care.
 On the other hand some hospitals or doctors found
guilty to medical futility because of money only.
 The key question for the decision making surrogate is
not, "What would you like to do?", but instead, "What
do you think the patient would want in this situation?".
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16.  Courts have supported family's arbitrary definitions of
futility to include simple biological survival, as in
the Baby K case (in which the courts ordered a child
born with only a brain stem instead of a complete brain
to be kept on a ventilator based on the religious belief
that all life must be preserved).
 Baby Doe Law establishes state protection for a
disabled child's right to life, ensuring that this right is
protected even over the wishes of parents or guardians
in cases where they want to withhold treatment.
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17.  The Baby Doe Law or Baby doe Amendment is an
amendment to the child abuse Prevention and
Treatment Act of 1974, passed in 1984.
 This law was came into the existence when several
widely publicized case involving the deaths of disabled
newborns.
 The law sets forth specific criteria and guidelines for
the treatment of disabled newborns in the United
States, regardless of the wishes of the parents.
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18.  The Baby Doe law mandates that states receiving
federal money for child abuse programs develop
procedure to report medical neglect, which the law
defines as the withholding of treatment unless a baby is
irreversibly comatose.
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19.  A book of Research Ethics Committee by World Health
Organization, pg no.:31-50
 Research methodology and biostatistics
 https://studfile.net/preview/1658820/page:53/
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC27939
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