This document summarizes a study on the relationship between gender role orientation, work-family conflict, and feelings of guilt. The study surveyed 10 participants about their gender role views and experiences of work interfering with family responsibilities and vice versa. The results showed that women were more likely to have egalitarian views while men held more traditional views. Women reported higher levels of guilt when work interfered with family, while men felt more guilt from family interfering with work. Those with traditional gender role orientations felt more guilt from family interfering with work, while those with egalitarian views felt more guilt from work interfering with family. The study provides insight into how gender role orientation can influence the experience of work-family conflict and feelings of guilt, but had limitations
Invited talk on current research investigating factors that influence pro-environmental behaviors and attitudes. Talk presented at Indiana University, South Bend, Nov. 2008.
Invited talk on current research investigating factors that influence pro-environmental behaviors and attitudes. Talk presented at Indiana University, South Bend, Nov. 2008.
Defines disasters and conflict, delineates gender issues in conflicts and disasters, summarises UN Conventions/agreements on gender, disasters and conflict and good practices in addresses gender issues in conflicts and disasters
Defines disasters and conflict, delineates gender issues in conflicts and disasters, summarises UN Conventions/agreements on gender, disasters and conflict and good practices in addresses gender issues in conflicts and disasters
This assignment allowed me to demonstrate my writing development skills as well as my ability to explore, understand, and use research to draw thoughtful conclusions. I researched families in our society by focusing on the question "what are women's roles within families?".
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Multiple Roles at Conflict: Reflections from Life Career Families in Western ...inventionjournals
Role conflict of employed women in life career families has become an inevitable subject for discussion in the context of recent globalization. Women’s liberation movements in the last centuries expanded the opportunities for qualified women in India to enter in to the workforce for personal satisfaction and supplemental income in family. In this changed social milieu women who once occupied only familial roles are now entering into the labor force taking up different professional roles. Thus playing several roles simultaneously with inadequate time and energy often creates conflicts in the role performance of these working women. Data were collected by interview, observation and focus-group discussion methods from 40 women working in different government and non-government sectors in Sambalpur city of Western Odisha. Against this backdrop, the present study makes an humble attempt to explore how the multiplicities of familial and professional roles are creating conflicts among these working women in the life career families. The study discusses how these women are trying to balance their domestic and professional roles.
Does Parental Sexual Orientation Matter A Longitudinal FollowDustiBuckner14
Does Parental Sexual Orientation Matter? A Longitudinal Follow-Up of
Adoptive Families With School-Age Children
Rachel H. Farr
University of Kentucky
Controversy continues to surround parenting by lesbian and gay (LG) adults and outcomes for their
children. As sexual minority parents increasingly adopt children, longitudinal research about child
development, parenting, and family relationships is crucial for informing such debates. In the psycho-
logical literature, family systems theory contends that children’s healthy development depends upon
healthy family functioning more so than family structure. From the framework of family stress theory,
it was expected that longitudinal outcomes for school-age children adopted in infancy could be distinct
among those with same-sex versus other-sex parents (N � 96 families). Similar findings were hypoth-
esized in terms of parent adjustment, couple relationships, and family functioning in comparing same-sex
and other-sex parent families. Results indicated that adjustment among children, parents, and couples, as
well as family functioning, were not different on the basis of parental sexual orientation (lesbian, gay, or
heterosexual) when children were school-age. Rather, children’s behavior problems and family func-
tioning during middle childhood were predicted by earlier child adjustment issues and parenting stress.
These findings are consistent with and extend previous literature about families headed by LG parents,
particularly those that have adopted children. The results have implications for advancing supportive
policies, practices, and laws related to adoption and parenting by sexual minority adults.
Keywords: middle childhood, parenting stress, couples, adoptive families, sexual orientation
Americans remain divided about their views on lesbian and gay
(LG) adults raising children, according to the Pew Research Center
(e.g., Daugherty & Copen, 2016). Controversy often centers on
whether children need a mother and a father for optimal develop-
ment, yet theoretical perspectives tend to emphasize the impor-
tance of high-quality parenting and family relationships, rather
than family structure (Lamb, 2012). Outcomes for children with
LG parents have been featured in legal and policy debates about
same-sex marriage and the adoption of children. How children fare
with same-sex parents was a pivotal consideration in the June 2015
Supreme Court decision about marriage equality (Obergefell v.
Hodges; e.g., American Psychological Association, 2015). Despite
debate, millions of sexual minority (i.e., nonheterosexual) adults
desire to be parents and many are already parents, including
adoptive parents (Riskind & Patterson, 2010). During recent years,
the number of adoptive LG parents has doubled (Gates, 2011).
According to 2010 Census data, same-sex couples are four times
more likely than other-sex couples to adopt children (Gates, 2013).
From data representing couples and single parents (2000 Census, ...
Corinne Reczek The Ohio State UniversityAmbivalence in GayAlleneMcclendon878
Corinne Reczek The Ohio State University
Ambivalence in Gay and Lesbian Family
Relationships
Intergenerational ambivalence—the simulta-
neous presence of both positive and negative
dimensions of a parent–child tie—is a con-
cept widely used in family studies. Scholars
have clarified the measurement of psycho-
logical ambivalence, or an individual’s own
feelings of ambivalence toward others. Yet
research has yet to demonstrate whether—and,
if so, how—individuals characterize others as
ambivalent. Moreover, relatively little is known
about ambivalence in gay and lesbian families.
In the present study 60 in-depth interviews
were analyzed to identify what the author calls
perceived ambivalence in the parent, sibling,
extended kin, and “in-law” relationships of
gay and lesbian adults. Perceived ambivalence
is revealed through gay and lesbian adults’
characterizations of family members’ simulta-
neous positive and negative overt and covert
beliefs and behavior. In addition, the author
refines the concept of collective ambivalence,
wherein perceived ambivalence typifies an
entire family unit. The findings further revealed
the importance of broader sociological factors,
such as homophobia, in structuring perceived
ambivalence.
Over the past decade, intergenerational ambiva-
lence has emerged as a central concept for
Department of Sociology, 238 Townshend Hall, 1885 Neil
Avenue Mall, Columbus, OH 43202 ([email protected]).
This article was edited by Kevin M. Roy.
Key Words: ambivalence, gay and lesbian families, intergen-
erational relationships, mid- to late life, qualitative research.
understanding relationships between adult chil-
dren and their parents (Lüscher & Pillemer,
1998). Intergenerational ambivalence brings
together psychological ambivalence—the simul-
taneous experience of opposing feelings or
emotions (Bleuler, 1922)—and sociological
ambivalence—incompatible and conflicting
expectations and norms of behavior, beliefs, and
attitudes (Connidis, 2015; Merton & Barber,
1963)—to articulate how parents and adult chil-
dren experience “opposing feelings or emotions
that are due in part to countervailing expec-
tations” for how each generation should act
(Connidis & McMullin, 2002b, p. 558; Lüscher
& Pillemer, 1998). A significant body of work
demonstrates that, much like positive and neg-
ative parent–child relationships, ambivalent
intergenerational relationships are negatively
related to psychological well-being (Kiecolt,
Blieszner, & Savla, 2011; Suitor, Gilligan, &
Pillemer, 2011), which may in turn lead to stress
spillover and proliferation into other domains
of family life (Pearlin, Aneshensel, & LeBlanc,
1997).
Despite important advances in the ambiva-
lence construct, significant gaps remain. First,
the focus has been nearly entirely on indi-
vidual feelings of psychological ambivalence
toward others, with little attention to the pres-
ence and operation of sociological ambivalence
(Connidis, 2015). Second, a focus on individu ...
Marital Conflict Correlates, Structure, and ContextFrank D. F.docxinfantsuk
Marital Conflict: Correlates, Structure, and Context
Frank D. Fincham1
Psychology, Department, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
Abstract
Marital conflict has deleterious effects on mental, physical, and family health, and three decades of research have yielded a detailed picture of the behaviors that differentiate distressed from nondistressed couples. Review of this work shows that the singular emphasis on conflict in generating marital outcomes has yielded an incomplete picture of its role in marriage. Recently, researchers have tried to paint a more textured picture of marital conflict by studying spouses’ backgrounds and characteristics, investigating conflict in the contexts of support giving and affectional expression, and considering the ecological niche of couples in their broader environment.
Keywords
conflict patterns; marital distress; support
Systematic psychological research on marriage emerged largely among clinical psychologists who wanted to better assist couples experiencing marital distress. In the 30 years since this development, marital conflict has assumed a special status in the literature on marriage, as evidenced by three indices. First, many of the most influentialtheories of marriage tend to reflect the view that "distress results from couples' aversive and ineffectual response to conflict" (Koerner & Jacobson, 1994, p. 208). Second, research on marriage has focused on what spouses do when they disagree with each other, and reviews of marital interaction are dominated by studies of conflict and problem solving (see Weiss & Heyman, 1997). Third, psychological interventionsfor distressed couples often target conflict-resolution skills (see Baucom, Shoham, Mueser, Daiuto, & Stickle, 1998).
IS MARITAL CONFLICT IMPORTANT?
The attention given marital conflict is understandable when we consider its implications for mental, physical, and family health. Marital conflict has been linked to the onset of depressive symptoms, eating disorders, male alcoholism, episodic drinking, binge drinking, and out-of-home drinking. Although married individuals are healthier on average than the unmarried, marital conflict is associated with poorer health and with specific illnesses such as cancer, cardiac disease, and chronic pain, perhaps because hostile behaviors during conflict are related to alterations in immunological, endocrine, and cardiovascular functioning. Physical aggression occurs in about 30% of married couples in the United States, leading to significant physical injury in about 10% of couples. Marriage is also the most common interpersonal context for homicide, and more women are murdered by their partners than by anyone else. Finally, marital conflict is associated with important family outcomes, including poor parenting, poor adjustment of children, increased likelihood of parent-child conflict, and conflict between siblings. Marital conflicts that are frequent, intense, physical, unresolved, and child relat ...
1. Gender Role Orientation: Work-Family Conflict 1
Gender Role Orientation: Work-Family Conflict
Lisa Torres
Grand Canyon University: COM-355
December 6th
, 2015
Professor Oleson
2. Gender Role Orientation: Work-Family Conflict
For centuries, there has always been a specific gender role for men and women. Men
would take the work role, while the women would take the family role. Today, however, we see
a dramatic change. In the 21st
century, more and more women are being active in the workforce
just as much as men and even, some men taking over the family role. In addition, with the
increasing amount of families with both a working mom and dad, it is more likely for this to
create conflicts between work and family. This will be further analyzed in the following study,
by examining the role of emotions, specifically, guilt in work-family conflict.
Review of Literature
One of the biggest gaps in research on work-family conflict, is the lack of information on
the different emotions that are expressed in response to conflict. According to Kossek and Ozeki,
“not having the ability to do two things at once may be different than feeling badly about it,
suggesting that negative emotions do not universally flow from conflict” (Kossek & Ozeki,
1998). There has not been much studied on specific emotions in response to conflict besides
moods and emotional distress (MacDermid, Seery, & Weiss, 2002). Although these types of
research work well for between-individuals, emotions are more transient than regular mood
states and have a bigger possibility in influencing changes in a daily routine at work and the
home (Judge, Illies, & Scott, 2006). Research shows that guilt is related to family-interfering-
with-work, while gender role orientation interacts with both types of conflict, which predicts
guilt (Livingston & Judge, 2008). Individuals that were more traditional have endured more
guilt with family-interfering-with-work and individuals that were less traditional, endured more
guilt with work-interfering-with-family (Livingston & Judge, 2008). Guilt, according to Tangney
(2003), is defined as “a self-conscious emotion that is evoked by self-reflection and self-
evaluation” (Tangney, 2003). It is an unsettling feeling that correlates with the understanding
2
3. Gender Role Orientation: Work-Family Conflict
that someone has went against a moral or social standard (Jones & Kugler, 1993). For example,
Guendouzi (2006), suggested that the internal conflict and moral guilt could be a never-ending
psychological cycle for working women. This shows that “both family-interfering-with-work and
work-interfering-with-family could result in increased feelings of guilt for going against a social
standard of role fulfillment. Specifically, work-family conflict prevents one from fully being able
to meet the needs of either the family or work role, meaning that one is not capable to fully
perform both roles” (Livingston & Judge, 2008). Such as the myth that a mom can do it all, and
if not, they fail at that role. Thus, there are individuals who feel guilt for going against the “good
worker” standard vs. going against the good mom/dad/husband/wife standard (Livingston &
Judge, 2008).
Other research studies have found that conflict would arise if an individual had a strong
impression of obligation to adhere to with the certain expectations that come with a role (Bleske-
Rechek, Fuerstenberg, Harris, & Ryan, 2011). Gender role orientation is a “form of compliance
with these expectations, or the degree to which one identifies with the traditional conceptions
(i.e. expectations) of his or her gender role” (Bleske-Rechek, Fuerstenberg, Harris, & Ryan,
2011). Gender roles have been embedded within various cultures, which tend to be vary
polarized. For instance, when women are more likely to be identified a family role than men are
(Bleske-Rechek, Fuerstenberg, Harris, & Ryan, 2011). For example of a traditional gender role
orientation, an ideal family worker is a woman who stays and is only in the family role, vice
versa for men. Also, women being best at duties in relation to the family and men being best at
duties in relation to work (Bleske-Rechek, Fuerstenberg, Harris, & Ryan, 2011). Egalitarian
gender role orientation submerses these specific roles and believes that both men and women
should set aside an equal amount of time for both work and while at home (Hochschild, 1989).
3
4. Gender Role Orientation: Work-Family Conflict
Before the postindustrial revolution, work was able to stay at work. Family “work” (the women’s
responsibility) did not conflict with paid work, and being the man’s responsibility, did not
conflict with family because the man was not allowed to work from home (Livingston & Judge,
2008). However, because of the increase of work importance, and the financial and technological
changes in the workforce, many Americans are deciding to use their free time with family in
order to work more (Stroller, 2006). Some researchers even argue that postindustrial work is
almost unrecognizable from free time (Lewis, 2003). The work role is the economic role and is
needed to support the family, making it more as a crucial function in the work role without
interruptions (Gutek, Searle, & Klepa, 1991). This rings true for both traditionalist men and
women. For example, some women who do not even see their work role as their main role, could
view the economic benefits of the work role an important part of the family’s needs, and thus,
believe that they need to act like they highly value work (such as the men do) (Livingston &
Judge, 2008). Unlike egalitarian men and women who are more likely to try to create a balance
between the two without associating gender domains, thus possibly experiencing more guilt
when work conflicts with their family lives (Cinnamon & Rich, 2002). Thus, it is noted that
gender role orientation controls the family-interfering-with-work/guilt relationship, being
actively positive with those high in traditionalism (low in egalitarianism) and gender role
orientation controls the work-interfering-with-family/guilt relationship, being actively positive
for those low in traditionalism (high in egalitarianism) (Livingston & Judge, 2000).
4
5. Gender Role Orientation: Work-Family Conflict
Methods
The purpose of this study was to test the implement of work-family conflict on emotions
and the mollifying implications of gender role orientation. In order for this to be successfully
done, a 15 question survey focusing on gender role orientation and demographic variables was
created and given to 10 participants, both male and female, with age ranges from the Thirties
(30-39) and to middle age (40-64). The participants were first asked to assess the level of guilt
they felt throughout their work week. Then, in order to assess the gender role orientation and the
other variables such as guilt and work-family conflict, the participants had to fill out a Likert
Scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree-being egalitarian gender roles) to 5 (strongly agree-being
traditional gender roles). Some examples were: “The man be more responsible for the finances
more than the woman,” “Having a job or career is just as important as being a wife and mother,”
“the requirements of my job interfere with my home and family time (or vice versa),” and “I feel
guilty or blameworthy for not having more time for work (vice versa).”
Results
Of the 15 questions that were given, 51% answered neutral, 18% agreed, 8% strongly
agreed, 14% strongly disagreed, and 12% disagreed. The question that all 10 participants gave a
neutral response was to, “Both man and woman should be responsible for the finances.” Because
51% of the participants answered neutral for all questions, it is safe to say that these specific
participants vary in agreeing with either having egalitarian gender roles or traditional gender
roles, depending on the type of question that they answered. In regards to the three questions that
focused on guilt and feeling blameworthy, out of the 10 participants, about half of them either
agreed or had a neutral stance to feeling that type of weight on their shoulders. There were 5
women and 5 men that participated in this study. Results show that the women were more likely
5
6. Gender Role Orientation: Work-Family Conflict
to have an egalitarian view than traditional or leaned towards the egalitarian side. The men, on
the other hand, were more likely to have a traditional view than an egalitarian view. The women
also had a higher degree of feeling guilty in work-interfering-with-family than the men. While
the men had a higher degree of feeling guilty for family-interfering-with-work. Another
interesting result is the women had a higher degree of working more during their free time than
the men. These result are very significant because it shows just how much of an effect guilt has
on families and how it plays a big role in conflict with work-interfering-with-work/work-
interfering-with-family, whether that participant has an egalitarian gender role point of view or a
traditional gender role point of view, the participants with these viewpoints had either a high or
neutral degree on guilt. In order to go deeper into these results of this study, they must be further
discussed.
Discussion
The results given lead to numerous points of further discussion. First, it is evident that
family-interfering-with-work (FIW) conflict is directly linked to guilt and work-interfering-with-
family (WIF) conflict is obliquely in relation to guilt, through communication. Individuals who
expressed more of a traditional point of view, related more to family-interfering-with-work guilt.
Unlike those with an egalitarian point of view who related more to work-interfering-with-family
guilt. Meaning, those who have more of a traditional point of view on gender role norms, are
more likely to endure guilt when their family responsibilities conflict with their work
responsibilities, however are not as likely to feel guilty when their work conflicts with their
family time. Thus, guilt, a usually negative emotion, is a direct result of work-family conflict,
when controlled by a kind of role distinction (gender role orientation). Second, the results also
confirm that many Americans may actually be desensitized to the imminent intrusion of conflict
6
7. Gender Role Orientation: Work-Family Conflict
with their family time. Most of the participants chosen for this study work full-time, meaning
that it may be quite normal for their work responsibilities interfering with their family time and
less prone in feeling guilty about the conflict. However, it does not mean that they do not feel
anxiety when dealing with WIF. Finally, everyone that participated was married and did have
children, whether they were younger or older. These specific characteristics had definitely
impacted the findings and could have been very different if some of these participants were not
married or did not have kids. Meaning, there could be a possibility that if they were not married
nor had kids, they would feel less guilt with WIF.
Limitations and Future Research
Every study, no matter how strong it is, has its limitations. First, in regards to gender, as
it influences the life roles and work-family conflict, it is not the strongest source of conflict.
However, adding the addition of gender role orientation, helps discuss the effects of work-family
conflict. Second, there are numerous other measures that focus on gender roles. The measures
the researcher focused on in this study, gave specific results, and there could be a significant
change in the results if the researcher was using other measures and more participants to conduct
this study. Third, the researcher chose family members as participants because they were easy to
get into contact with. The con to this is that the researcher could be biased, because the
participants were not randomly chosen. Thus, this means that is it very possible that these results
do not represent a larger population well. Finally, the amount of participants was only 10,
making it also difficult to represent a larger population.
Based on what was covered in this particular study, there are implications for future
research. This research only focused on gender role orientation when foreseeing reactions to
conflict, for both men and women. Future research could go further into this topic by only
7
8. Gender Role Orientation: Work-Family Conflict
focusing on cohabitating partners, single mothers/dads, and even homo sexual partners. Even
though there has been previous research has been done on how egalitarian wives may be effected
by their traditional husbands and vice versa, there has not been many studies focusing on other
types of families gender role orientations and its effects.
Conclusion
In conclusion, from this study, it is evident that guilt is present in WIF and FIW
conflict. Second, egalitarianism and traditionalism can be seen as opposite ends of a sequence,
meaning that most people can be both purely egalitarian and purely traditional. Finally, more
women had an egalitarian gender role viewpoint while men had a traditional gender role
viewpoint. With the rise of Feminism, we can also point out that more and more women are
Liberal while men are still very traditional. These findings lead to various implications for future
studies, which can further explore gender role orientations and its effects in WIF/FIW conflict.
8
9. Gender Role Orientation: Work-Family Conflict
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Cinnamon, R. G., & Rich, Y. (2002). Gender differences in the importance
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