2. What is Fuzzy?
Fuzzy means
not clear, distinct or precise;
not crisp (well defined);
blurred (with unclear outline).
3. Sets Theory
Classical Set: An element either belongs
or does not belong to a sets that have
been defined.
Fuzzy Set: An element belongs partially
or gradually to the sets that have been
defined.
5. Classical Set theory
Classical set theory represents all items elements,
A={ a1,a2,a3,…..an}
if elements ai (i=1,2,3,…n) of a set A are subset of
universal set X, then set A can be represent for all elements
x Є X by its characteristics function,
1
μA(x) =
{0
if x Є X
otherwise
thus in classical set theory μA(x) has only values 0
(false) and 1( true). Such set are called crisp sets
6. Fuzzy Set Theory
Fuzzy set theory is an extension of classical set
theory where element have varying degrees of
membership. A logic based on the two truth values,
True and false, is sometimes inadequate when
describing human reasoning. Fuzzy logic uses the
whole interval between 0 and 1 to describe human
reasoning.
A fuzzy set is any set that allows its members to have
different degree of membership, called membership
function, in the interval [0,1].
7. Definition
A fuzzy set A, defines in the universal space X, is a function
defined in X which assumes values in range [0,1].
A fuzzy set A is written as s set of pairs { x, A(x)} as
A= {{x, A(x)}}, x in the set X.
where x is element of universal space or set X and
A(x) is the value of function A for this element.
Example: Set SMALL in set X consisting natural numbers
<= 5.
Assume: SMALL(1)=1, SMALL(2)=1, SMALL(3)=0.9,
SMALL(4)=0.6, SMALL(5)=0.4
Then set SMALL={ {1,1,},{2, 1},{3,0. 9},{4,0.6}, {5,0.4}}
8. Fuzzy V/s Crisp set
Yes
Is water colourless?
Crisp
No
Extremely
honest(1)
Very
honest(0.85)
Is Ram honest?
Fuzzy
Honest at
time (0.4)
Extremely
dishonest(0)
10. Union
The union of two fuzzy sets A and B is a new fuzzy set A U B
also on X with membership function defined as
μ A U B (x)= max (μ A (x) ,μ B (x))
Example:
Let A be the fuzzy set of young people and B be the fuzzy set of
middle-aged people. In discrete form,
A=P(x1,0.5), (x2,0.7), (x3,0)} and B={(x1,0.8),( x2,0.2),( x3,1)}
So find out A U B .
11. Use formula
μ A U B (x1)= max (μ A (x1) ,μ B (x1))
= max(0.5,0.8)
=0.8
μ A U B (x2)= max (μ A (x2) ,μ B (x2))
= max(0.7,0.2)
=0.7
μ A U B (x3)= max (μ A (x3) ,μ B (x3))
= max(0,1)
=1
So,
A U B= {(x1,0.8, x2,0.7, x3,1)}
12. Intersection
U
The union of two fuzzy sets A and B is a new fuzzy set A
B
also on X with membership function defined as
μ A B (x)= min (μ A (x) ,μ B (x))
Example:
Let A be the fuzzy set of young people and B be the fuzzy set of
middle-aged people. In discrete form,
A=P(x1,0.5), (x2,0.7), (x3,0)} and B={(x1,0.8),( x2,0.2),( x3,1)}
So find out A B .
U
U
13. Use formula
μ A B (x1)= min (μ A (x1) ,μ B (x1))
= max(0.5,0.8)
=0.5
U
B (x2)=
U
μA
U
μA
min (μ A (x2) ,μ B (x2))
= max(0.7,0.2)
=0.2
B (x3)=
min (μ A (x3) ,μ B (x3))
= max(0,1)
=0
So,
A B= {(x1,0.5, x2,0.2, x3,0)}
U
14. Complement
The complement of a fuzzy set A with membership function
defined as
μ A (x)= 1-μ A (x)
Example:
Let A be the fuzzy set of young people complement “not
young” is defined as Ac. In discrete form, for x1, x2, x3
A=P(x1,0.5), (x2,0.7), (x3,0)}
So find out Ac.
15. Use formula
μ A (x1)= 1- μ A (x1 )
= 1-0.5
=0.5
μ A (x1)= 1- μ A (x1 )
= 1-0.7
=0.3
μ A (x1)= 1- μ A (x1 )
= 1-0
=1
So,
Ac= {(x1,0.5, x2,0.3, x3,1)}
16. Product of two fuzzy set
The product of two fuzzy sets A and B is a new fuzzy set A .B
also on X with membership function defined as
μ A.B (x)= μ A (x) μ B (x)
Example:
Let A be the fuzzy set of young people and B be the fuzzy set of
middle-aged people. In discrete form,
A=P(x1,0.5), (x2,0.7), (x3,0)} and B={(x1,0.8),( x2,0.2),( x3,1)}
So find out A.B
17. Use formula
μ A .B (x1)= μ A (x1).μ B (x1)
= 0.5 . 0.8
=0.040
μ A .B (x2)= μ A (x2).μ B (x2)
= 0.7 . 0.2
=0.014
μ A .B (x3)= μ A (x3).μ B (x3)
=0 . 1
=0
So,
A .B= {(x1,0.040, x2,0.014, x3,0)}
18. Equality
The two fuzzy sets A and B is said to be equal(A=B) if
μ A (x) =μ B (x)
Example:
A=(x1,0.2), (x2,0.8)}
B={(x1,0.6),( x2,0.8)}
C={(x1,0.2),( x2,0.8)}
μ A (x1) ≠μ B (x1) & μ A (x2) =μ B (x2)
μ A (0.2) ≠μ B (0.6) & μ A (0.8) =μ B (0.8)
so, A≠B
μ A (x1) =μ c (x1) & μ A (x2) =μ c (x2)
μ A (0.2) =μ c (0.2) & μ A (0.8) =μ c (0.8)
so, A=C
19. Fuzzy Logic
Flexible machine learning technique
Mimicking the logic of human thought
Logic may have two values and represents two
possible solutions
Fuzzy logic is a multi valued logic and allows
intermediate values to be defined
Provides an inference mechanism which can
interpret and execute commands
Fuzzy systems are suitable for uncertain or
approximate reasoning
20. Fuzzy Logic
A way to represent variation or imprecision in logic
A way to make use of natural language in logic
Approximate reasoning
Definition of Fuzzy Logic:
A form of knowledge representation suitable for
notions that cannot be defined precisely, but which
depend upon their contexts.
Superset of conventional (Boolean) logic that has
been extended to handle the concept of partial truth the truth values between "completely true &
completely false".
21. Fuzzy Propositions
A fuzzy proposition is a statement that drives a fuzzy
truth value.
Fuzzy Connectives: Fuzzy connectives are used
to join simple fuzzy propositions to make
compound propositions. Examples of fuzzy
connectives are:
Negation(-)
Disjunction(v)
Conjunction(^)
Impication( )