1. Fre Software and Education
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar
FSF India
College of Engineering , Thiruvananthapuram, November 26, 2012
2. Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 2 / 26
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Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 3 / 26
4. Story of the Computer
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 4 / 26
5. Story of the Computer
ENIAC, the first electronic computer – 1946
Large machine, small capabilities, very expensive
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 5 / 26
6. Story of the Computer
ENIAC, the first electronic computer – 1946
Large machine, small capabilities, very expensive
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 5 / 26
7. Story of the Computer
Features of Eniac
thousands of valves
large power requirement
forced cooling
own air-conditioned building
workers to look after it
small memory, very slow
programs written by users
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 6 / 26
8. Story of the Computer
Features of Eniac
thousands of valves
large power requirement
forced cooling
own air-conditioned building
workers to look after it
small memory, very slow
programs written by users
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 6 / 26
9. Story of the Computer
Features of Eniac
thousands of valves
large power requirement
forced cooling
own air-conditioned building
workers to look after it
small memory, very slow
programs written by users
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 6 / 26
10. Story of the Computer
Features of Eniac
thousands of valves
large power requirement
forced cooling
own air-conditioned building
workers to look after it
small memory, very slow
programs written by users
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 6 / 26
11. Story of the Computer
Features of Eniac
thousands of valves
large power requirement
forced cooling
own air-conditioned building
workers to look after it
small memory, very slow
programs written by users
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 6 / 26
12. Story of the Computer
Features of Eniac
thousands of valves
large power requirement
forced cooling
own air-conditioned building
workers to look after it
small memory, very slow
programs written by users
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 6 / 26
13. Story of the Computer
Features of Eniac
thousands of valves
large power requirement
forced cooling
own air-conditioned building
workers to look after it
small memory, very slow
programs written by users
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 6 / 26
14. Story of the Computer
Features of Eniac
thousands of valves
large power requirement
forced cooling
own air-conditioned building
workers to look after it
small memory, very slow
programs written by users
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 6 / 26
15. Story of the Computer
Technology changed, computer changed
transistors replaced valves – 1950s
integrated circuits consisting of several transistors
– 1960s
large scale integration and microprocessor –
1970s
computer became smaller and more powerful
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 7 / 26
16. Story of the Computer
Technology changed, computer changed
transistors replaced valves – 1950s
integrated circuits consisting of several transistors
– 1960s
large scale integration and microprocessor –
1970s
computer became smaller and more powerful
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 7 / 26
17. Story of the Computer
Technology changed, computer changed
transistors replaced valves – 1950s
integrated circuits consisting of several transistors
– 1960s
large scale integration and microprocessor –
1970s
computer became smaller and more powerful
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 7 / 26
18. Story of the Computer
Technology changed, computer changed
transistors replaced valves – 1950s
integrated circuits consisting of several transistors
– 1960s
large scale integration and microprocessor –
1970s
computer became smaller and more powerful
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 7 / 26
19. Story of the Computer
Technology changed, computer changed
transistors replaced valves – 1950s
integrated circuits consisting of several transistors
– 1960s
large scale integration and microprocessor –
1970s
computer became smaller and more powerful
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 7 / 26
20. Story of the Computer
Technology changed, computer changed
transistors replaced valves – 1950s
integrated circuits consisting of several transistors
– 1960s
large scale integration and microprocessor –
1970s
computer became smaller and more powerful
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 7 / 26
21. Story of the Computer
Technology changed, computer changed
transistors replaced valves – 1950s
integrated circuits consisting of several transistors
– 1960s
large scale integration and microprocessor –
1970s
computer became smaller and more powerful
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 7 / 26
22. Story of the Computer
Modern Desktop Computer
small machine, very powerful, cheap, programs became commodities
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 8 / 26
23. Story of the Computer
Modern Desktop Computer
small machine, very powerful, cheap, programs became commodities
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 8 / 26
24. Story of the Computer
Modern Desktop Computer
small machine, very powerful, cheap, programs became commodities
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 8 / 26
25. Origin of Free Software
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 9 / 26
26. Origin of Free Software
In the 1970s, computers were used for doing
computations
users had to write programs
writing a usable program is difficult, time
consuming
so programs were shared
programs did not have owners
All software was Free Software
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 10 / 26
27. Origin of Free Software
In the 1970s, computers were used for doing
computations
users had to write programs
writing a usable program is difficult, time
consuming
so programs were shared
programs did not have owners
All software was Free Software
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 10 / 26
28. Origin of Free Software
In the 1970s, computers were used for doing
computations
users had to write programs
writing a usable program is difficult, time
consuming
so programs were shared
programs did not have owners
All software was Free Software
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 10 / 26
29. Origin of Free Software
In the 1970s, computers were used for doing
computations
users had to write programs
writing a usable program is difficult, time
consuming
so programs were shared
programs did not have owners
All software was Free Software
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 10 / 26
30. Origin of Free Software
In the 1970s, computers were used for doing
computations
users had to write programs
writing a usable program is difficult, time
consuming
so programs were shared
programs did not have owners
All software was Free Software
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 10 / 26
31. Origin of Free Software
In the 1970s, computers were used for doing
computations
users had to write programs
writing a usable program is difficult, time
consuming
so programs were shared
programs did not have owners
All software was Free Software
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 10 / 26
32. Origin of Free Software
In the 1970s, computers were used for doing
computations
users had to write programs
writing a usable program is difficult, time
consuming
so programs were shared
programs did not have owners
All software was Free Software
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 10 / 26
33. Origin of Free Software
Richard Stallman hacks printer driver at MIT
Lab gets new printer
Stallman does not get driver source code
Stallman decides to create software that gives freedom to
users
Starts the GNU1 project in 1983 September
Starts the Free Software Foundation in 1985
1
GNU’s Not Unix
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 11 / 26
34. Origin of Free Software
Richard Stallman hacks printer driver at MIT
Lab gets new printer
Stallman does not get driver source code
Stallman decides to create software that gives freedom to
users
Starts the GNU1 project in 1983 September
Starts the Free Software Foundation in 1985
1
GNU’s Not Unix
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 11 / 26
35. Origin of Free Software
Richard Stallman hacks printer driver at MIT
Lab gets new printer
Stallman does not get driver source code
Stallman decides to create software that gives freedom to
users
Starts the GNU1 project in 1983 September
Starts the Free Software Foundation in 1985
1
GNU’s Not Unix
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 11 / 26
36. Origin of Free Software
Richard Stallman hacks printer driver at MIT
Lab gets new printer
Stallman does not get driver source code
Stallman decides to create software that gives freedom to
users
Starts the GNU1 project in 1983 September
Starts the Free Software Foundation in 1985
1
GNU’s Not Unix
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 11 / 26
37. Origin of Free Software
Richard Stallman hacks printer driver at MIT
Lab gets new printer
Stallman does not get driver source code
Stallman decides to create software that gives freedom to
users
Starts the GNU1 project in 1983 September
Starts the Free Software Foundation in 1985
1
GNU’s Not Unix
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 11 / 26
38. Origin of Free Software
Richard Stallman hacks printer driver at MIT
Lab gets new printer
Stallman does not get driver source code
Stallman decides to create software that gives freedom to
users
Starts the GNU1 project in 1983 September
Starts the Free Software Foundation in 1985
1
GNU’s Not Unix
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 11 / 26
39. Origin of Free Software
Prepares the licence for Free Software – The GNU GPL
Four freedoms for users of Free Software
1 freedom to use on any number of computers for any
purpose
2 freedom to copy and share
3 freedom to study and modify
4 freedom to redistribute
Any software that gives these four freedoms is called Free
Software
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 12 / 26
40. Origin of Free Software
Prepares the licence for Free Software – The GNU GPL
Four freedoms for users of Free Software
1 freedom to use on any number of computers for any
purpose
2 freedom to copy and share
3 freedom to study and modify
4 freedom to redistribute
Any software that gives these four freedoms is called Free
Software
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 12 / 26
41. Origin of Free Software
Prepares the licence for Free Software – The GNU GPL
Four freedoms for users of Free Software
1 freedom to use on any number of computers for any
purpose
2 freedom to copy and share
3 freedom to study and modify
4 freedom to redistribute
Any software that gives these four freedoms is called Free
Software
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 12 / 26
42. Origin of Free Software
Prepares the licence for Free Software – The GNU GPL
Four freedoms for users of Free Software
1 freedom to use on any number of computers for any
purpose
2 freedom to copy and share
3 freedom to study and modify
4 freedom to redistribute
Any software that gives these four freedoms is called Free
Software
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 12 / 26
43. Origin of Free Software
Prepares the licence for Free Software – The GNU GPL
Four freedoms for users of Free Software
1 freedom to use on any number of computers for any
purpose
2 freedom to copy and share
3 freedom to study and modify
4 freedom to redistribute
Any software that gives these four freedoms is called Free
Software
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 12 / 26
44. Origin of Free Software
Prepares the licence for Free Software – The GNU GPL
Four freedoms for users of Free Software
1 freedom to use on any number of computers for any
purpose
2 freedom to copy and share
3 freedom to study and modify
4 freedom to redistribute
Any software that gives these four freedoms is called Free
Software
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 12 / 26
45. Origin of Free Software
Prepares the licence for Free Software – The GNU GPL
Four freedoms for users of Free Software
1 freedom to use on any number of computers for any
purpose
2 freedom to copy and share
3 freedom to study and modify
4 freedom to redistribute
Any software that gives these four freedoms is called Free
Software
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 12 / 26
46. Origin of Free Software
Linux kernel gets ready in 1991
GNU/Linux formed out of the Linux kernel and GNU software
1993 Slackware is the first distribution
Several distributions today
1993 Slackware
1994 Red Hat
1998 Mandriva
2000 Ututo -the first totallyfree distribution
2004 Ubuntu
2006 Gnewsense - totallyfree distribution
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 13 / 26
47. Origin of Free Software
Linux kernel gets ready in 1991
GNU/Linux formed out of the Linux kernel and GNU software
1993 Slackware is the first distribution
Several distributions today
1993 Slackware
1994 Red Hat
1998 Mandriva
2000 Ututo -the first totallyfree distribution
2004 Ubuntu
2006 Gnewsense - totallyfree distribution
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 13 / 26
48. Origin of Free Software
Linux kernel gets ready in 1991
GNU/Linux formed out of the Linux kernel and GNU software
1993 Slackware is the first distribution
Several distributions today
1993 Slackware
1994 Red Hat
1998 Mandriva
2000 Ututo -the first totallyfree distribution
2004 Ubuntu
2006 Gnewsense - totallyfree distribution
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 13 / 26
49. Origin of Free Software
Linux kernel gets ready in 1991
GNU/Linux formed out of the Linux kernel and GNU software
1993 Slackware is the first distribution
Several distributions today
1993 Slackware
1994 Red Hat
1998 Mandriva
2000 Ututo -the first totallyfree distribution
2004 Ubuntu
2006 Gnewsense - totallyfree distribution
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 13 / 26
50. Origin of Free Software
Linux kernel gets ready in 1991
GNU/Linux formed out of the Linux kernel and GNU software
1993 Slackware is the first distribution
Several distributions today
1993 Slackware
1994 Red Hat
1998 Mandriva
2000 Ututo -the first totallyfree distribution
2004 Ubuntu
2006 Gnewsense - totallyfree distribution
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 13 / 26
51. Origin of Free Software
Linux kernel gets ready in 1991
GNU/Linux formed out of the Linux kernel and GNU software
1993 Slackware is the first distribution
Several distributions today
1993 Slackware
1994 Red Hat
1998 Mandriva
2000 Ututo -the first totallyfree distribution
2004 Ubuntu
2006 Gnewsense - totallyfree distribution
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 13 / 26
52. Origin of Free Software
Linux kernel gets ready in 1991
GNU/Linux formed out of the Linux kernel and GNU software
1993 Slackware is the first distribution
Several distributions today
1993 Slackware
1994 Red Hat
1998 Mandriva
2000 Ututo -the first totallyfree distribution
2004 Ubuntu
2006 Gnewsense - totallyfree distribution
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 13 / 26
53. Origin of Free Software
Linux kernel gets ready in 1991
GNU/Linux formed out of the Linux kernel and GNU software
1993 Slackware is the first distribution
Several distributions today
1993 Slackware
1994 Red Hat
1998 Mandriva
2000 Ututo -the first totallyfree distribution
2004 Ubuntu
2006 Gnewsense - totallyfree distribution
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 13 / 26
54. Origin of Free Software
Linux kernel gets ready in 1991
GNU/Linux formed out of the Linux kernel and GNU software
1993 Slackware is the first distribution
Several distributions today
1993 Slackware
1994 Red Hat
1998 Mandriva
2000 Ututo -the first totallyfree distribution
2004 Ubuntu
2006 Gnewsense - totallyfree distribution
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 13 / 26
55. Origin of Free Software
Linux kernel gets ready in 1991
GNU/Linux formed out of the Linux kernel and GNU software
1993 Slackware is the first distribution
Several distributions today
1993 Slackware
1994 Red Hat
1998 Mandriva
2000 Ututo -the first totallyfree distribution
2004 Ubuntu
2006 Gnewsense - totallyfree distribution
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 13 / 26
56. Freedom in Other Areas
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 14 / 26
57. Freedom in Other Areas
Wikipedia, the largest encyclopedia
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 15 / 26
58. Freedom in Other Areas
Wikipedia, the largest encyclopedia
More than 3.5 million articles in English
Articles in more than 250 languages
More than ten thousand articles in Malayalam
Several other projects
Wiktionary – a free dictionary
Wikimedia Commons – free media files
Wiki Books
Wikiversity
Demonstrated how people contribute freely to social causes
with no expectations
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 16 / 26
59. Freedom in Other Areas
Wikipedia, the largest encyclopedia
More than 3.5 million articles in English
Articles in more than 250 languages
More than ten thousand articles in Malayalam
Several other projects
Wiktionary – a free dictionary
Wikimedia Commons – free media files
Wiki Books
Wikiversity
Demonstrated how people contribute freely to social causes
with no expectations
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 16 / 26
60. Freedom in Other Areas
Wikipedia, the largest encyclopedia
More than 3.5 million articles in English
Articles in more than 250 languages
More than ten thousand articles in Malayalam
Several other projects
Wiktionary – a free dictionary
Wikimedia Commons – free media files
Wiki Books
Wikiversity
Demonstrated how people contribute freely to social causes
with no expectations
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 16 / 26
61. Freedom in Other Areas
Wikipedia, the largest encyclopedia
More than 3.5 million articles in English
Articles in more than 250 languages
More than ten thousand articles in Malayalam
Several other projects
Wiktionary – a free dictionary
Wikimedia Commons – free media files
Wiki Books
Wikiversity
Demonstrated how people contribute freely to social causes
with no expectations
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 16 / 26
62. Freedom in Other Areas
Wikipedia, the largest encyclopedia
More than 3.5 million articles in English
Articles in more than 250 languages
More than ten thousand articles in Malayalam
Several other projects
Wiktionary – a free dictionary
Wikimedia Commons – free media files
Wiki Books
Wikiversity
Demonstrated how people contribute freely to social causes
with no expectations
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 16 / 26
63. Freedom in Other Areas
Wikipedia, the largest encyclopedia
More than 3.5 million articles in English
Articles in more than 250 languages
More than ten thousand articles in Malayalam
Several other projects
Wiktionary – a free dictionary
Wikimedia Commons – free media files
Wiki Books
Wikiversity
Demonstrated how people contribute freely to social causes
with no expectations
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 16 / 26
64. Freedom in Other Areas
Wikipedia, the largest encyclopedia
More than 3.5 million articles in English
Articles in more than 250 languages
More than ten thousand articles in Malayalam
Several other projects
Wiktionary – a free dictionary
Wikimedia Commons – free media files
Wiki Books
Wikiversity
Demonstrated how people contribute freely to social causes
with no expectations
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 16 / 26
65. Freedom in Other Areas
Wikipedia, the largest encyclopedia
More than 3.5 million articles in English
Articles in more than 250 languages
More than ten thousand articles in Malayalam
Several other projects
Wiktionary – a free dictionary
Wikimedia Commons – free media files
Wiki Books
Wikiversity
Demonstrated how people contribute freely to social causes
with no expectations
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 16 / 26
66. Freedom in Other Areas
Wikipedia, the largest encyclopedia
More than 3.5 million articles in English
Articles in more than 250 languages
More than ten thousand articles in Malayalam
Several other projects
Wiktionary – a free dictionary
Wikimedia Commons – free media files
Wiki Books
Wikiversity
Demonstrated how people contribute freely to social causes
with no expectations
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 16 / 26
67. Freedom in Other Areas
Creative Commons – freedom in creative works
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 17 / 26
68. Freedom in Other Areas
Free Art (Art Libre) – freedom in art
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 18 / 26
69. Freedom in Other Areas
Open Access movement
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 19 / 26
70. Freedom in Other Areas
Oekonux – towards a GPL society
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 20 / 26
71. Freedom in Other Areas
Peer to Peer Foundation
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 21 / 26
72. Freedom in Other Areas
WikiOcean – an open business model
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 22 / 26
73. Inub enN auh CÞob en eªynZn en 5#uXy h|õnenXm
Iucnao bZyXm hIdw ]cttê ncnbWubXo ha±Ãbnao
Everything I do with my body, my mind, my senses, my
intelligence, my nature and my character, I submit to Lord
Narayana.
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 23 / 26
74. Inub enN auh CÞob en eªynZn en 5#uXy h|õnenXm
Iucnao bZyXm hIdw ]cttê ncnbWubXo ha±Ãbnao
Everything I do with my body, my mind, my senses, my
intelligence, my nature and my character, I submit to Lord
Narayana.
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 23 / 26
75. Inub enN auh CÞob en eªynZn en 5#uXy h|õnenXm
Iucnao bZyXm hIdw ]cttê ncnbWubXo ha±Ãbnao
Everything I do with my body, my mind, my senses, my
intelligence, my nature and my character, I submit to Lord
Narayana.
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 23 / 26
76. The Chief Seattle speech
How can you buy
or sell the sky, the
warmth of the land?
The idea is strange to
us.
If we do not own the
freshness of the air
and the sparkle of
the water, how can
you buy them?
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 24 / 26
77. The Chief Seattle speech
How can you buy
or sell the sky, the
warmth of the land?
The idea is strange to
us.
If we do not own the
freshness of the air
and the sparkle of
the water, how can
you buy them?
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 24 / 26
78. Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 25 / 26
79. Licence
(This presentation is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
Share Alike (by sa) 2.5 India licence. If this note also is included, this may be
used in its original or modified form without special permission. More
information about the licence may be obtained from
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/in/ )
Dr. V. Sasi Kumar (FSF India) Fre Software and Education CET 2012 26 / 26