National Science Day is commemorated in India on February 28th to honor Sir C.V. Raman for discovering the Raman effect on that date in 1928. It marks an important achievement for Indian science as Raman was the first Nobel Prize winner in science from Asia for his discovery. The National Science and Technology Communication Society initiated designating February 28th as National Science Day in 1986 to be celebrated across India in honor of Raman's legacy.
Sir C.V. Raman was a renowned Indian physicist born in 1888. He showed great intellectual ability from a young age, excelling in school and becoming the youngest student in his class at Presidency College in Calcutta. Despite obstacles, he completed his Masters in physics and published several research papers. In 1928, he discovered the Raman effect, scattering of light, which won him the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics, making him the first Asian to receive a Nobel in the sciences. He spent his career conducting research and helping establish Indian science institutions like the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore and Raman Research Institute.
Rani Kittur Chennamma was the queen of Kittur, a princely state in present-day Karnataka. When her husband and son died in 1824 without an heir, she adopted Shivalingappa to be the new ruler but the British East India Company refused to recognize him. This sparked the first war of Indian independence under Chennamma's leadership against the British in defiance of the Doctrine of Lapse. Although Chennamma's forces achieved initial success, killing the collector of Dharwad, the British forces ultimately defeated her forces and she died imprisoned in 1829. She became a folk heroine of Karnataka as one of the first female Indian rulers to rebel against British colonial rule.
Increases the speed of diagnosis of diseases
It is used for the identification purpose
It can be used to locate missing and kidnapped people
In cases when a natural disasters occurs it helps to locate people easily
Sir C. V. Raman was an Indian physicist born in 1888 who made several significant discoveries in the field of light scattering. He discovered that when light traverses a molecule, the light's wavelength can change, a phenomenon now known as Raman scattering or the Raman effect. For this discovery, he received the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics, making him the first Asian and first non-white person to win a Nobel Prize in science. Raman had a distinguished career, holding professorships at several universities and publishing over 1000 research papers. He received numerous other honors and awards, including India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna. Raman died in 1970 at the age of 82 while still actively conducting research.
Engineer's Day is celebrated in India on September 15th in remembrance of Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya, an outstanding engineer born on that date in 1860. Sir Visvesvaraya made significant contributions through his engineering innovations and achievements, which include introducing new irrigation and flood control systems, selecting sites for bridges and dams, and serving as the architect of the Krishnarajasara dam. He is regarded as one of the greatest engineers in Indian history.
National Science Day is celebrated every year on February 28th in India to commemorate the discovery of the Raman Effect by physicist C.V. Raman in 1928. The objectives of National Science Day are to spread awareness of the importance of science in daily life, display achievements and efforts in the field of science for human welfare, and discuss new technologies and issues to encourage development. Past themes have focused on topics like gender equity, clean energy, genetically modified crops, and using science for nation building.
National Science Day is celebrated in India every year on February 28th to commemorate the discovery of the Raman Effect by physicist C.V. Raman. For this scientific achievement, Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930. The day aims to spread awareness of the importance of science and encourage scientific temper in the country. Events include science fairs, exhibitions, lectures and competitions held in schools and institutions across India.
National Science Day is commemorated in India on February 28th to honor Sir C.V. Raman for discovering the Raman effect on that date in 1928. It marks an important achievement for Indian science as Raman was the first Nobel Prize winner in science from Asia for his discovery. The National Science and Technology Communication Society initiated designating February 28th as National Science Day in 1986 to be celebrated across India in honor of Raman's legacy.
Sir C.V. Raman was a renowned Indian physicist born in 1888. He showed great intellectual ability from a young age, excelling in school and becoming the youngest student in his class at Presidency College in Calcutta. Despite obstacles, he completed his Masters in physics and published several research papers. In 1928, he discovered the Raman effect, scattering of light, which won him the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics, making him the first Asian to receive a Nobel in the sciences. He spent his career conducting research and helping establish Indian science institutions like the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore and Raman Research Institute.
Rani Kittur Chennamma was the queen of Kittur, a princely state in present-day Karnataka. When her husband and son died in 1824 without an heir, she adopted Shivalingappa to be the new ruler but the British East India Company refused to recognize him. This sparked the first war of Indian independence under Chennamma's leadership against the British in defiance of the Doctrine of Lapse. Although Chennamma's forces achieved initial success, killing the collector of Dharwad, the British forces ultimately defeated her forces and she died imprisoned in 1829. She became a folk heroine of Karnataka as one of the first female Indian rulers to rebel against British colonial rule.
Increases the speed of diagnosis of diseases
It is used for the identification purpose
It can be used to locate missing and kidnapped people
In cases when a natural disasters occurs it helps to locate people easily
Sir C. V. Raman was an Indian physicist born in 1888 who made several significant discoveries in the field of light scattering. He discovered that when light traverses a molecule, the light's wavelength can change, a phenomenon now known as Raman scattering or the Raman effect. For this discovery, he received the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics, making him the first Asian and first non-white person to win a Nobel Prize in science. Raman had a distinguished career, holding professorships at several universities and publishing over 1000 research papers. He received numerous other honors and awards, including India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna. Raman died in 1970 at the age of 82 while still actively conducting research.
Engineer's Day is celebrated in India on September 15th in remembrance of Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya, an outstanding engineer born on that date in 1860. Sir Visvesvaraya made significant contributions through his engineering innovations and achievements, which include introducing new irrigation and flood control systems, selecting sites for bridges and dams, and serving as the architect of the Krishnarajasara dam. He is regarded as one of the greatest engineers in Indian history.
National Science Day is celebrated every year on February 28th in India to commemorate the discovery of the Raman Effect by physicist C.V. Raman in 1928. The objectives of National Science Day are to spread awareness of the importance of science in daily life, display achievements and efforts in the field of science for human welfare, and discuss new technologies and issues to encourage development. Past themes have focused on topics like gender equity, clean energy, genetically modified crops, and using science for nation building.
National Science Day is celebrated in India every year on February 28th to commemorate the discovery of the Raman Effect by physicist C.V. Raman. For this scientific achievement, Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930. The day aims to spread awareness of the importance of science and encourage scientific temper in the country. Events include science fairs, exhibitions, lectures and competitions held in schools and institutions across India.
The document discusses the aim of becoming an automobile engineer. It outlines the necessary skills and interests required for the career such as mechanics, electronics, and mathematics. Automobile engineers are responsible for designing and researching automobiles to maximize feasibility while minimizing costs. The career offers a variety of salary prospects depending on experience, with more senior roles earning upwards of Rs. 30 lakh annually. Automobile engineering jobs are prevalent in regions with large auto manufacturing like Germany, USA, and India, specifically in Maharashtra and Bangalore.
Subhash Chandra Bose was an influential figure in the Indian independence movement. He was born in 1897 in Orissa and strongly influenced by Swami Vivekananda's teachings. Though he passed the civil service exam in 1920, he resigned the following year to participate fully in the freedom struggle. He disagreed with Gandhi's principle of non-violence and was twice elected president of the Indian National Congress. In 1941, he fled British house arrest and traveled through Germany and Japan to form the Indian National Army to fight for India's independence. Though the circumstances of his death in 1945 are mysterious, he remains a revered figure for his leadership in the independence movement.
Sir C.V. Raman was an Indian physicist who won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics for his groundbreaking work on the scattering of light and discovery of the Raman Effect. He was born in India in 1888 and showed great academic aptitude from a young age, obtaining several advanced degrees before age 18. Raman conducted research on light scattering both during his career as an assistant accountant general and later as a physics professor, making his seminal discovery of Raman scattering in 1928. The Raman Effect revolutionized the field and allowed for new analysis of molecular structures. Raman made many other contributions and established the Raman Research Institute in India to continue his scientific work.
The document summarizes the framing of the Indian Constitution. It details that the Constituent Assembly first met in 1946 to draft the constitution, which was then published for public comment in 1948. The constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949 and came into effect on January 26, 1950. It highlights some of the prominent leaders involved in the drafting, including Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Jawaharlal Nehru, Bhimrao Ambedkar, and Sarojini Naidu.
C. V. Raman was an Indian physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1930 for his discovery of Raman scattering. He observed that when light passes through a transparent material, a small fraction of the light shifts to different wavelengths. This phenomenon, which came to be known as the Raman effect, provided insights into how photons interact with matter on a molecular level. Raman made his discovery in 1928 while conducting experiments on light passing through liquids at the University of Calcutta. His finding revolutionized the field of optics and established Raman spectroscopy as an important technique used across various scientific domains today.
Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya was a notable Indian engineer who is celebrated each year on September 15th in India as Engineers Day. He was born on September 15th, 1860 and made significant contributions in the field of civil engineering. The article discusses Visvesvaraya's background and education, and highlights how engineers across India work to solve problems through innovation, design, and creation using science and math to improve lives. Various types of engineers and their projects are described, such as developing cleaner engines, purifying water, and inventing medical devices. The engineering design process of identifying problems, researching solutions, testing designs, and redesigning is also outlined.
Subhash Chandra Bose was a prominent Indian nationalist who led the Indian independence movement against British rule. He formed the Forward Bloc after disagreeing with Gandhi's principle of non-violence. Bose then traveled to Germany and Southeast Asia during World War II in an effort to gain support from the Axis powers and form an army to liberate India from British occupation.
Harshvardhana ruled from 606-647 AD and unified most of northern India under his empire. He came to power at age 16 and faced challenges from neighboring kings trying to take advantage of his youth. His empire extended from Kamrupa in the east to Kashmir in the west and from the Himalayas to the Vindhya mountains. His administration was despotic but provided equal attention to rural and urban areas through taxes, law and order, and support for art and education. Harshvardhana was a great patron of learning and authored several Sanskrit plays himself. He was an active supporter of Buddhism and worked to promote peace and welfare during his rule.
This document discusses scientific temper and the scientific method. It defines scientific temper as having a rational and skeptical attitude, looking at things logically rather than being swayed by popular beliefs. The scientific method is then explained as involving observation, hypothesis, experimentation, data collection, and conclusion. An example is given of noticing curved tadpole tails leading to the hypothesis that a pollutant causes it, which is then tested by an experiment controlling various factors and collecting data to form a conclusion. Scientific temper and method foster truth, skepticism, and problem-solving abilities important for nation-building.
Srinivasa Ramanujan was a renowned Indian mathematician who made extraordinary contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series, and continued fractions despite having no formal training in pure mathematics. He was born in 1887 in India and showed an extraordinary aptitude for mathematics from a young age. Ramanujan struggled to get recognition until he was introduced to the English mathematician G.H. Hardy through letters containing his original research. Hardy arranged for Ramanujan to work at Cambridge University where he spent the last years of his life conducting groundbreaking mathematical research before passing away in 1920 at the young age of 32. Ramanujan made substantial contributions to mathematical functions and analysis and continues to have a significant impact on mathematics despite his short life
The document lists the presidents of India from 1950 to 2007. It provides the names of the first three presidents - Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and Dr. Zakir Hussain. It also lists short biographies of some of the presidents, including their dates of birth, places of birth, and terms in office. The last president mentioned is Pratibha Patil, who was the first woman elected as President of India.
This document provides biographical information about Indian cricket player Sachin Tendulkar and sports author Boria Majumdar. It outlines that Tendulkar was born in 1973 in Mumbai and had an illustrious cricket career from 1989 to 2013, holding numerous records. The document also lists some of Tendulkar's honors and awards received, including the Bharat Ratna in 2014. It provides a few quotes praising Tendulkar from other famous cricketers and celebrities. Additionally, it gives brief biographical details about author Boria Majumdar and notes he has written 12 books on sports.
CV Raman was the first Asian to win the Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery of the Raman effect. The Raman effect is the inelastic scattering of light, which is used in chemical laboratories and medical settings to identify molecules and detect diseases without harm. Raman scanners utilizing this effect are now used by law enforcement to detect narcotics and explosives, as well as safety inspectors to identify chemicals and gases. Raman was honored with India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna, for his scientific achievements and contributions.
The document discusses Robert Croker's definition of culture and model of the relationships between communities, people, products, practices, and perspectives in understanding culture. Culture is defined as the dynamic construction of meaning through groups and individuals. Communities and people interact to develop new cultural practices and products that shape new cultural perspectives. Fieldwork aims to understand how meaning is reconstructed through these elements.
The document provides biographical information on several famous Indian figures: Bhagat Singh, a revolutionary who was hanged for his actions; Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the first Deputy Prime Minister of India who unified the nation; Mother Teresa, the Nobel Prize-winning humanitarian; and M.K. Gandhi, the leader of the Indian independence movement. It also includes brief summaries of famous Indian singer Lata Mangeshkar and racing driver Narain Karthikeyan.
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose was a prominent Indian nationalist leader who fought for India's independence. He was born in 1897 to an affluent family in Cuttack. Bose was expelled from college in 1916 after beating a racist British teacher. He joined the Indian independence movement and worked under leaders like Chittaranjan Das. Bose advocated for complete independence from Britain and was elected president of the Indian National Congress in 1938 and 1939. During World War II, he escaped from house arrest in India and sought support from Axis powers like Germany and Japan to liberate India. He formed the Azad Hind Fauj, or Indian National Army, to fight the British. While the details of his death remain
The document provides information on several prestigious Indian awards including the Gandhi Peace Prize, Indira Gandhi Prize, Bharat Ratna, and Padma Vibhushan. The Gandhi Peace Prize is awarded annually by the Government of India and carries a cash prize of 10 million rupees. The Indira Gandhi Prize is awarded for outstanding contributions to peace, development, and humanitarian causes. It carries a cash prize of 25 lakh rupees. The Bharat Ratna is India's highest civilian honor awarded for the highest order of merit in any field. The Padma Vibhushan is the second highest civilian award in India.
Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel; 31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950), endeared as Sardar, was an Indian statesman. He served as the first deputy Prime Minister of India from 1947 to 1950. He was an Indian barrister and a senior leader of the Indian National Congress who played a leading role in the country's struggle for independence and guided its integration into a united, independent nation.
Swami Vivekananda was a Hindu monk born in 1863 in Kolkata, India. He was greatly influenced by his guru Ramakrishna and became a wandering monk. In 1893, he represented Hinduism at the World's Parliament of Religions in Chicago, where he made a great impression and became famous in the West. He founded the Ramakrishna Mission to uplift Indian society and spread Vedanta philosophy. Though facing criticism, he dedicated his life to serving humanity through inspiration and humanitarian work until his death in 1902.
The document discusses the aim of becoming an automobile engineer. It outlines the necessary skills and interests required for the career such as mechanics, electronics, and mathematics. Automobile engineers are responsible for designing and researching automobiles to maximize feasibility while minimizing costs. The career offers a variety of salary prospects depending on experience, with more senior roles earning upwards of Rs. 30 lakh annually. Automobile engineering jobs are prevalent in regions with large auto manufacturing like Germany, USA, and India, specifically in Maharashtra and Bangalore.
Subhash Chandra Bose was an influential figure in the Indian independence movement. He was born in 1897 in Orissa and strongly influenced by Swami Vivekananda's teachings. Though he passed the civil service exam in 1920, he resigned the following year to participate fully in the freedom struggle. He disagreed with Gandhi's principle of non-violence and was twice elected president of the Indian National Congress. In 1941, he fled British house arrest and traveled through Germany and Japan to form the Indian National Army to fight for India's independence. Though the circumstances of his death in 1945 are mysterious, he remains a revered figure for his leadership in the independence movement.
Sir C.V. Raman was an Indian physicist who won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics for his groundbreaking work on the scattering of light and discovery of the Raman Effect. He was born in India in 1888 and showed great academic aptitude from a young age, obtaining several advanced degrees before age 18. Raman conducted research on light scattering both during his career as an assistant accountant general and later as a physics professor, making his seminal discovery of Raman scattering in 1928. The Raman Effect revolutionized the field and allowed for new analysis of molecular structures. Raman made many other contributions and established the Raman Research Institute in India to continue his scientific work.
The document summarizes the framing of the Indian Constitution. It details that the Constituent Assembly first met in 1946 to draft the constitution, which was then published for public comment in 1948. The constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949 and came into effect on January 26, 1950. It highlights some of the prominent leaders involved in the drafting, including Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Jawaharlal Nehru, Bhimrao Ambedkar, and Sarojini Naidu.
C. V. Raman was an Indian physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1930 for his discovery of Raman scattering. He observed that when light passes through a transparent material, a small fraction of the light shifts to different wavelengths. This phenomenon, which came to be known as the Raman effect, provided insights into how photons interact with matter on a molecular level. Raman made his discovery in 1928 while conducting experiments on light passing through liquids at the University of Calcutta. His finding revolutionized the field of optics and established Raman spectroscopy as an important technique used across various scientific domains today.
Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya was a notable Indian engineer who is celebrated each year on September 15th in India as Engineers Day. He was born on September 15th, 1860 and made significant contributions in the field of civil engineering. The article discusses Visvesvaraya's background and education, and highlights how engineers across India work to solve problems through innovation, design, and creation using science and math to improve lives. Various types of engineers and their projects are described, such as developing cleaner engines, purifying water, and inventing medical devices. The engineering design process of identifying problems, researching solutions, testing designs, and redesigning is also outlined.
Subhash Chandra Bose was a prominent Indian nationalist who led the Indian independence movement against British rule. He formed the Forward Bloc after disagreeing with Gandhi's principle of non-violence. Bose then traveled to Germany and Southeast Asia during World War II in an effort to gain support from the Axis powers and form an army to liberate India from British occupation.
Harshvardhana ruled from 606-647 AD and unified most of northern India under his empire. He came to power at age 16 and faced challenges from neighboring kings trying to take advantage of his youth. His empire extended from Kamrupa in the east to Kashmir in the west and from the Himalayas to the Vindhya mountains. His administration was despotic but provided equal attention to rural and urban areas through taxes, law and order, and support for art and education. Harshvardhana was a great patron of learning and authored several Sanskrit plays himself. He was an active supporter of Buddhism and worked to promote peace and welfare during his rule.
This document discusses scientific temper and the scientific method. It defines scientific temper as having a rational and skeptical attitude, looking at things logically rather than being swayed by popular beliefs. The scientific method is then explained as involving observation, hypothesis, experimentation, data collection, and conclusion. An example is given of noticing curved tadpole tails leading to the hypothesis that a pollutant causes it, which is then tested by an experiment controlling various factors and collecting data to form a conclusion. Scientific temper and method foster truth, skepticism, and problem-solving abilities important for nation-building.
Srinivasa Ramanujan was a renowned Indian mathematician who made extraordinary contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series, and continued fractions despite having no formal training in pure mathematics. He was born in 1887 in India and showed an extraordinary aptitude for mathematics from a young age. Ramanujan struggled to get recognition until he was introduced to the English mathematician G.H. Hardy through letters containing his original research. Hardy arranged for Ramanujan to work at Cambridge University where he spent the last years of his life conducting groundbreaking mathematical research before passing away in 1920 at the young age of 32. Ramanujan made substantial contributions to mathematical functions and analysis and continues to have a significant impact on mathematics despite his short life
The document lists the presidents of India from 1950 to 2007. It provides the names of the first three presidents - Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and Dr. Zakir Hussain. It also lists short biographies of some of the presidents, including their dates of birth, places of birth, and terms in office. The last president mentioned is Pratibha Patil, who was the first woman elected as President of India.
This document provides biographical information about Indian cricket player Sachin Tendulkar and sports author Boria Majumdar. It outlines that Tendulkar was born in 1973 in Mumbai and had an illustrious cricket career from 1989 to 2013, holding numerous records. The document also lists some of Tendulkar's honors and awards received, including the Bharat Ratna in 2014. It provides a few quotes praising Tendulkar from other famous cricketers and celebrities. Additionally, it gives brief biographical details about author Boria Majumdar and notes he has written 12 books on sports.
CV Raman was the first Asian to win the Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery of the Raman effect. The Raman effect is the inelastic scattering of light, which is used in chemical laboratories and medical settings to identify molecules and detect diseases without harm. Raman scanners utilizing this effect are now used by law enforcement to detect narcotics and explosives, as well as safety inspectors to identify chemicals and gases. Raman was honored with India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna, for his scientific achievements and contributions.
The document discusses Robert Croker's definition of culture and model of the relationships between communities, people, products, practices, and perspectives in understanding culture. Culture is defined as the dynamic construction of meaning through groups and individuals. Communities and people interact to develop new cultural practices and products that shape new cultural perspectives. Fieldwork aims to understand how meaning is reconstructed through these elements.
The document provides biographical information on several famous Indian figures: Bhagat Singh, a revolutionary who was hanged for his actions; Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the first Deputy Prime Minister of India who unified the nation; Mother Teresa, the Nobel Prize-winning humanitarian; and M.K. Gandhi, the leader of the Indian independence movement. It also includes brief summaries of famous Indian singer Lata Mangeshkar and racing driver Narain Karthikeyan.
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose was a prominent Indian nationalist leader who fought for India's independence. He was born in 1897 to an affluent family in Cuttack. Bose was expelled from college in 1916 after beating a racist British teacher. He joined the Indian independence movement and worked under leaders like Chittaranjan Das. Bose advocated for complete independence from Britain and was elected president of the Indian National Congress in 1938 and 1939. During World War II, he escaped from house arrest in India and sought support from Axis powers like Germany and Japan to liberate India. He formed the Azad Hind Fauj, or Indian National Army, to fight the British. While the details of his death remain
The document provides information on several prestigious Indian awards including the Gandhi Peace Prize, Indira Gandhi Prize, Bharat Ratna, and Padma Vibhushan. The Gandhi Peace Prize is awarded annually by the Government of India and carries a cash prize of 10 million rupees. The Indira Gandhi Prize is awarded for outstanding contributions to peace, development, and humanitarian causes. It carries a cash prize of 25 lakh rupees. The Bharat Ratna is India's highest civilian honor awarded for the highest order of merit in any field. The Padma Vibhushan is the second highest civilian award in India.
Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel; 31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950), endeared as Sardar, was an Indian statesman. He served as the first deputy Prime Minister of India from 1947 to 1950. He was an Indian barrister and a senior leader of the Indian National Congress who played a leading role in the country's struggle for independence and guided its integration into a united, independent nation.
Swami Vivekananda was a Hindu monk born in 1863 in Kolkata, India. He was greatly influenced by his guru Ramakrishna and became a wandering monk. In 1893, he represented Hinduism at the World's Parliament of Religions in Chicago, where he made a great impression and became famous in the West. He founded the Ramakrishna Mission to uplift Indian society and spread Vedanta philosophy. Though facing criticism, he dedicated his life to serving humanity through inspiration and humanitarian work until his death in 1902.
2. Viktor Franklning hayot yo‘li.
Viktor Frankl — logoterapiya asoschisi.
Logoterapiyaning mazmuni va uning usullari.
3. Bugun biz tarixiy bir davr – xalqimiz o‘z
oldiga ezgu va ulug‘ maqsadlar qo‘yib, tinch-
osoyishta hayot kechirayotgan, avvalambor
o‘z kuch va imkoniyatlariga tayanib,
demokratik davlat va fuqarolik jamiyati
qurish yo‘lida ulkan natijalarni qo‘lga
kiritayotgan bir zamonda yashamoqdamiz.Biz
o‘z taqdirimizni o‘z qo‘limizga olib, taraqqiy
topgan davlatlar tajribasini hisobga olgan
holda, psixologiya sohasining rivojlanishida
ham tadqiqot va ushbu sohaga oid tarixiy
manbalarni o‘rgangan holda izlanishlar olib
borishimiz lozim.
4. XX asr dunyo hamjamiyati uchun jahon urushlari tufayli
insonlar hayotini, turmush-tarzini larzaga solgan, ko‘plab
insonlarga talafot keltirgan eng mudhish voqealari bilan
ko‘z o‘ngimizda gavdalanadi. Shu o‘rinda Prezidentimiz
Shavkat Mirziyoyev aytganlaridek, “Odamlar urush
voqealari va oqibatlarini, tinchlik qadrini bilishi
kerak”.Viktor Frankl ham ana shunday urushlarning azob-
uqubatlarni boshdan kechirib , shunday ilojsiz vaziyatlarda
ham hayot uchun kurashdan to‘xtamasdan hayotda o‘z
o‘rnini topgan va shu bilan birga o‘zgalar hayotida ham
o‘zining psixologik terapiya usullari orqali insonlarni
hayotda ma’no topishiga yordam bergan psixologik
taraqqiyot namoyondalaridan biri hisoblanadi.
Shavkat Mirziyoyevning 09.05.2020 yil Respublikamizdagi
Shon-sharaf muzeyining ochilish marosimida so’zlagan
nutqi.
5. Viktor Frankl –1905-yil 26-martda tug‘ilgan va 1997-yil 2-
sentabrda Avstriyaning Vena shahrida vafot etgan.
U hayoti davomida Sigmund Freydva Alfred Adler tomonidan
1930-yilda Vena Tibbiyot Instituti tibbiy darajasini oldi. 1940-
yildan 1942-yilgacha Rothschild kasalxonasining Nevrologiya
bo‘limining direktori, 1946-yildan esa 1970-yilgacha
Nevrologiyaning Vena poliklinikasi direktori edi.
1942-yilda Frankl xotini, ota-onasi va boshqa oila a’zolari bilan
birga fashistlarning kontslageriga ko‘chirilgan. U 1942-yildan
1945-yilgacha bo‘lgan to‘rtta lagerda, shu jumladan,
“Auschwitz”da vaqt o‘tkazdi va uning o‘zidan boshqa oilasining
birorta a’zosi omon qolmadi. 1945-yilda Vena shahriga qaytib
keldi va lagerlarda o‘z vaqtida kuzatuvlar yozuvlari asosida
o‘zining nazariyalari haqida kitob chop etdi. Uning o‘limiga
qadar, “Insonning ma’nosini qidirish“ nomli kitobi 24 tilda nashr
etilgan.
Nevrologiya va psixiatriya professori lavozimlarida Frankl 30 ta
kitob yozgan, 5 qit’ada 209 universitetda ma’ruza qilgan va
dunyodagi universitetlarning 29 nafar faxriy doktoranti unvonini
olgan.
6. Dastlab u psixoanalizga juda qiziqqan bo‘lsa-da, 1925-yilda u Freyddan
uzoqlashdi. Uning yondashuvlari juda deterministik deb hisoblagan. U e‘tiborini
Alfred Adlerning “individual psixologiyasi” ga qaratdi. Keyinchalik u Rudolf
Allers va psixosomatik tibbiyot asoschisi Osvald Shvartsning tezislariga qiziqdi.
Frankl har doim falsafaga, ayniqsa ekzistensializmga ixlosmand bo‘lgan.Shunga
qaramay, u nevrologiya va psixiatriyaga ixtisoslashgan tibbiyotni o‘rganishga
moyil edi. 1933-1937- yillarda u Vena universiteti psixologik klinikasida psixiatr
edi. 1939-yilda u Venadagi Rotshild kasalxonasida nevrologiya bo‘limining
boshlig‘i etib tayinlangan. U o‘z taqdirida tub burilish yasaguniga qadar o‘z
kasbida ustun bo‘lgan.ViktorFranklyaxudiybo‘lganvaAvstriyadayashagan.
Shusababliunatsizmtarqalishiningta’siriniyoshligidansezgan.Uningahvolitoboraxavflib
o‘libqoldi.
IkkinchiJahonurushiboshlangandauningukasiValterfashistlartomonidanasirgaolinib,
konslagergajo‘natildi.
Keyinchalik uning singlisi Stella Meksikaga qochib ketdi.Viktor AQShdan viza so‘radi
va u qondirildi.Biroq, u ota-onasi va bemorlarning taqdiri haqida qayg‘urdi.
O‘shanda u haddan tashqari muhim qaror qabul qildi. U buni shunday
izohladi:“Radioda marmar bo‘lagi bor edi. . . toshga ibroniycha xat yozilgan edi.
Otam menga bu xat amrlarning faqat bittasida, ya’ni to‘rtinchi amrda, “otangni va
onangni hurmat qil, sen va’da qilingan yurtda bo'lasan” deganini aytdi “.Shundan
so’ng, u Avstriyada qolishga va AQSh vizasini qaytarishga qaror qildi.
Frankl V. Man aqlni qidirishda: To'plam: / Jamiyat. Ed. L.ya. Gazman. - m.: 1990
yilgacha. - 368 p.
7. Franklning psixologiya maktabi Logoterapiya deb
nomlanadi va bugungi kunda ko‘plab psixiatrlar uning
usullaridan foydalanadilar. Uning nazariyalarida
odamlarning 3 o‘lchovi borligi ta’kidlanadi: badandagi yoki
jismoniy, aqliy va ma’naviy.Uning nuqtai nazari bo‘yicha,
psixologik muammolar ma’naviy o’lchovdagi kuchning
yetishmasligidan yoki hayotning ma’nosini aniqlashdan
kelib chiqadi, logoterapistlar uchun "ma‘noga bo‘lgan
iroda" hayotni davom ettirishga imkon beradi.Qanday qilib
ma‘no topamiz? Frankl va uning izdoshlarining fikriga ko'ra,
biz uchta yo‘lni tanlashimiz mumkin: yaratilish,
transsendental ta’sirchan tajriba va azob-uqubatlarga
munosabat.Birinchisi, ijodkorlik va ijodkorlik qadriyatlariga
mos keladi. Bu badiiy ijod qilish, yozish va h.k.
qobiliyatlari bilan bog‘liq, ikkinchisi tajriba, shaxslararo
o‘zaro ta’sir va hissiyotlarni boshdan kechirishga
asoslangan. Uchinchisi, munosabat muhimligini anglatadi
va azob-uqubatlarni yengish imkoniyatini taxmin qiladi.
8. Viktor Frankl boshqalarga yetkazmoqchi bo‘lgan
xabar bu ruhiy buzilishlar azoblanishdan emas, balki
shu azobga berilgan ma’nodan kelib chiqadi.Uning
hayoti, shubhasiz, insonning har qanday vaziyatdan
yuqoriga ko‘tarilish qobiliyatining na’munasi edi.
Frankning dastlabki ishi amaliy tadqiqotlar bilan
shug‘ullanar ekan, bu oxir-oqibatda klinik
samaradorlik tushunchalari va hisob-kitoblarini ishlab
chiqishni o‘z ichiga oladi. Boshqacha qilib aytganda,
Frankl ampirik tadqiqotlarga ishondi va buni
rag‘batlantirdi.
Frankl usullari asosida o‘tkazilgan logoterapiyaga oid
izlanishlar bo‘yicha tizimli tekshiruvlar quyidagi
sohalarda yoki quyidagi sharoitlarda logoterapiya
bilan bog‘liq bo‘lgan oqibatlarga olib keldi:
9. Hayotda ma’noning mavjudligi o‘rtasidagi munosabatlar,
hayotdagi ma’noni qidirib topish va hayotni qondirish, baxt
Ruhiy kasalliklar bilan og‘rigan bemorlarning hayotdagi
tushunchasi
Mantiqiy ma’no va ma’no mavjudligi mustahkamlik omili
sifatida qidiring
Saraton kasalliklarida hayotdagi ma’no va o’z joniga qasd
qilish fikri o‘rtasidagi o‘zaro bog‘liqlik
Saratonga chalingan erta o‘smirlar uchun davolash
dasturining samaradorligi
Bolalardagi depressiyaga qarshi logoterapiya samaradorligi
Ishni tugatish , bo‘sh bo‘shliq sindromini kamaytirishda
logoterapiya samaradorligi
Oilaviy baxtning nisbati
10. Umumanolganda,
hayotningmazmuniyaxshiruhiysalomatlikbilanbog‘liqekanliginiisbotlovchid
alillarmavjud. Ushbu bilimlar fobias, og‘riq va aybdorlik, qayg‘u,
shizofreniya, ruhiy tushkunlik, giyohvand moddalarni suiste’mol qilish,
travmatik stress va xavotirlik kabi kasalliklar kabi sohalarda qo‘llanilishi
mumkin. Frankl ko‘plab kasalliklar yoki ruhiy salomatlik masalalari
ekzistensial anjumanni yashirgan va odamlar “mavjud bo‘lgan vakuum”
deb ataladigan ma’no yo’qligi bilan kurashganiga ishonishgan.
Logoterapiyausullariningba’ziyangidavolashusullaribilano‘zarobog‘liqligi,
masalan, bilish-yurak-tomirterapiyasi (CBT)
yokiqabulvamajburiyatterapiyasi (ACT) . Shundayqilib,
logoterapiyaushbuxatti-
harakatlarvafikrgaasoslangandavolanishuchunqo‘shimchayondashuvbo‘lish
imumkin.
Frankltanqidchilaridantashqariedi.Ba’zilar,
o‘zlariningpsixoterapiyabrendinitarg‘ibqilishuchunfashistlarninglagerlarid
ao‘zvaqtiniishlatishganinivaboshqalaruningqo‘llab-
quvvatlashiniAmerikaQo‘shmaShtatlaridagidiniyrahbarlarginatopgandekhis
qilishdi (aslida,
ubilanishlashuchunvazirlarvapastoralpsixologlarjalbqilgan).
11. Shu tarzda, logoterapiya muammolarga har doim aniq yechim borligini va
terapevtni mijoz uchun bularni topish vazifasiga ega ekanligini
ta‘kidlaydi. Ammo, Franklning fikricha, logoterapiya bemorni ma‘suliyatni
o‘z zimmasiga olishga undaydi.Shunga qaramay, Franklning nazariyalarini
qo‘llashda, bemorni jarayonda qabul qiluvchi emas, balki ishtirokchi
bo‘lishi kerakligini ta’kidlash kerak.
Frankl har bir odamning noyob va almashtirilmaydigan, deb
hisoblaydi.Frankl uning nazariyasi va terapiyasi asos bo‘lgan uchta asosiy
xususiyatga ishondi:
1. Har bir inson sog‘lom yadroga ega.
2. Odamlarning asosiy maqsadi - boshqalarni o'zlarining ichki resurslariga
o‘rgatish va ularga o‘z yadrolarini ishlatish uchun vositalarni taqdim
etishdir.
3. Hayot maqsad va ma’noga ega, lekin bajarish yoki baxtga va’da
bermaydi.
Frankl ishonishicha, azob-uqubatlarni muvaffaqiyat va muvaffaqiyatga
aylantirish mumkin edi. U aybni o'z-o'zidan yaxshiroq o'zgartirish va
hayotni o'tkazishni mas'uliyatli harakat qilish imkoniyati sifatida ko'rish
imkoniyati sifatida ko'rdi.
Viktor Frankl: tarjimaiholi, hayotningmazmuni, logoterapiya,
xissalarhttps://uz.warbletoncouncil.org/viktor-frankl-4421
12. "Logos" so‘zi yunoncha so‘z ma’nosini beradi va logoterapiya
kasalga hayotda shaxsiy ma’no topishga yordam beradi. Frankl
“Insonning ma’nosini qidirish” mavzusidagi nazariyani qisqacha
ta’riflaydi.Psixolog-logoterapevtlar bu vazifani odamlarga
yo‘qolgan ma’nolarni topish yoki yangilarini yaratishga yordam
berish vazifasi deb bilishadi.Nevrozlarni davolashda logoterapiya
juda yaxshi tasdiqlangan.
Bir qadam oldinga qarab, logoterapiya hayotning ma’nosini uch
xil yo‘l bilan topishi mumkinligini taklif qiladi:
1.Biror ishni bajarish orqali.
2.Biror narsalarni boshdan kechirish yoki biror kishiga duch
kelsangiz.
3.Muqarrar azoblarga duch keladigan munosabatimiz bilan.
Ko‘pincha logoterapiya asosiy tamoyillarini tushuntirish uchun
berilgan misol Franklning xotini yo‘qolganidan keyin depressiyani
yengib o‘tishga harakat qiladigan keksa umumiy amaliyotchi bilan
uchrashuvi haqida hikoya qiladi.
13. Logoterapiya yuqorida sanab o‘tilgan narsalarni izlashning asosiy
konstruktsiyalari va usullari bilan chambarchas bog‘liq bo‘lgan
oltita asosiy taxminni o‘z ichiga oladi:
1. tan, aql va ruh
Inson - tananing ( soma ), aqliy ( ruh ) va ruhdan ( noos ) iborat
bo'lgan shaxs. Frankl bizning tanamiz va aqlimiz borligini
ta‘kidladi, lekin ruh biz yoki mohiyatimiz. Franklning nazariyasi
din yoki ilohiyotga asoslanmaganiga e‘tibor bering, ammo
ko'pincha bunga parallel edi.
2. Hayot hamma sharoitlarda ma’noni anglatadi
Frankl, hayotning har qanday sharoitda, xatto eng baxtsiz
bo‘lganlarni ham anglashiga ishonardi. Bu shuni anglatadiki,
vaziyatlar ob’ektiv ravishda qo‘rqinchli ko‘rinishda bo‘lsa ham,
mazmunga ega bo‘lgan yuqori darajadagi tartib bor.
3. Insonlar ma’nosini bilishadi
Logoterapiya odamlarning ma’no-irodasiga ega ekanini anglatadi,
ya‘ni ma‘no yashash va harakat uchun bizning asosiy motivimiz
bo'lib, azob va azob-uqubatlarga dosh berishga imkon beradi. Bu
kuch-qudratga erishish uchun xohishdan farqli ravishda qaraladi.
14. 4. Qabul qilish erkinligi
Frankl, har qanday sharoitda, odamlar ma’nosini
topish uchun xohish erkinligiga erishish erkinligiga
ega ekanligini ta’kidlaydi. Bu uning og‘riq va azob-
uqubatlar tajribasiga asoslangan va u o‘zgarmaydigan
vaziyatda uning nuqtai nazarini tanlaydi.
5. Momentning ma’nosi
Beshinchi taxmin, qarorlarning mazmunli bo‘lishi
uchun, odamlar kundalik hayot talablariga
jamiyatning qadriyatlariga yoki vijdonlariga mos
keladigan tarzda javob berishlari kerakligini
ta’kidlaydi.
6. Shaxslar noyobdir
Frankl har bir odamning noyob va
almashtirilmaydigan, deb hisoblaydi.
