The foot and ankle form a complex system which consists of 28 bones, 33 joints, 112 ligaments, controlled by 13 extrinsic and 21 intrinsic muscles.

1. FOOTJOINT

2. Ankle(talocrural)joint

3. Theankle joint(or
talocruraljoint)isa
synovialjoint locatedin
thelowerlimb. Itisformed
bythebones oftheleg
(tibiaandfibula) andthe
foot(talus).

4. 03
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ArticulatingSurfaces
tibia
The tibia is the main bone of the lower
leg. It is considered to be the second
largest bone in the body and it plays an
important role in weight bearing.
fibula
The fibula is the slender long bone that
is attached next to and a little below the
tibia. The fibula provides lateral stability
for the lower leg and acts as a tie rod to
increase the range of motion for the
ankle.
talus
The talus is the bone at the top of the
foot that serves as a perch for the tibia
and holds the weight of the entire body.

5. Ligamentsfoundintheankle
Therearetwo mainsetsofligaments, whichoriginate fromeachmalleolus.
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Medial Ligament Lateral Ligament
The medial ligament (or deltoid
ligament) is attached to the medial
malleolus (a bony prominence
projecting from the medial aspect of
thedistal tibia).
Itresists over-inversionofthe foot,andiscomprised
ofthree distinctandseparate ligaments: Anterior
talofibular, Posteriortalofibular, Calcaneofibular

6. medialcollateralligament
is a triangular band that attaches to the medial
malleolus proximally and to the calcaneus, talus and
navicular bones distally.
Theligament consistsoffourmain groupsoffibres:
● Thetibionavicular fibres (anterior segment)
● Thetibiocalcaneal fibres (intermediate segment)
● Theanterior tibiotalar fibres(deep segment)
● Theposterior tibiotalar fibres (posterior segment)

7. Lateralcollateralligament
The lateral collateral ligament consists of three
separate ligaments:
➔ The anterior talofibular ligament-the anterior
talofibular ligament connects the talus with
the lateral malleolus of the fibula.
➔ The posterior talofibular ligament-runs
horizontally from the distal aspect of the
fibular malleolus to the lateral tubercle of
the posterior process of the talus.
➔ The calcaneofibular ligament-is a long cord
that runs from a depression anterior to the
fibular malleolus to a tubercle on the lateral
aspect of the calcaneus.

8. Theanklejoint isuniaxialandallowsboth
dorsiflexionand plantarflexion.The
rangeof dorsiflexion is 10degrees when
thekneeisstraightandcanincrease to
approximately 30degrees whenthekneeis
flexed.Thenormalrange ofplantar
flexionisabout30degrees.

9. Jointsofthefoot
Inferior(distal)tibiofibularjoint
The inferior, or distal, tibiofibular joint is a
syndesmosis, a slightly mobile, fibrous joint
joined together with connective tissue.

10. Ligaments
It consists of three separate ligaments:
The anterior tibiofibular ligament-is a flat band that descends
between the tibia and fibula anterior to the syndesmosis.
The posterior tibiofibular ligament-descends posteriorly to the
syndesmosis between the tibia and fibula. The distal part of this
ligament, the inferior transverse ligament, is a yellow band that
connects the medial and lateral malleoli.
The interosseus tibiofibular ligament-is a continuation of the
interosseus membrane and is the strongest of the three
ligaments.

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