The document discusses key concepts related to accounting for financial instruments under IAS 32, IAS 39 and IFRS 9 such as definition of financial instruments, classification of financial assets and liabilities, initial measurement, amortized cost method, fair value accounting, transaction costs, compound instruments and other requirements. It provides examples to explain concepts such as business model, classification of instruments as amortized cost or fair value, treatment of transaction costs, calculation of amortized cost and separation of compound instruments into liability and equity components.

1. Financial Instruments
IAS 32 / 39 / IFRS 9

2. Financial Instruments
• Discuss the definition and classification of a financial instrument
• Account for debt instruments, equity instruments and the allocation
of finance costs
• Account for fixed interest rate and convertible bonds
• Discuss the measurement issues relating to financial instruments
• Explain the measurement requirements for financial instruments
including the use of current values, hedging and the treatment of
gains and losses
• Describe the nature of the presentation and disclosure requirements
relating to financial instruments
• Discuss the key areas where consensus is required on the accounting
treatment of financial instruments
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3. Derivatives
A derivative is a financial instrument or other contract with the
following characteristics:
• Its value changes in response to an underlying;
• It requires no or little initial investment; and
• It is settled at a future date.
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4. Examples of Derivatives
• Forward Contracts
• Futures
• Interest rate swaps
• Options
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5. Definition of Financial Instruments
• A financial instrument is a contract which results in a financial
asset for one entity and a financial liability or equity
instrument for another entity.
• K Ltd invests in debentures of T Ltd.
• K Ltd invests in shares of T Ltd.
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6. Financial Assets
• Cash;
• An equity instrument of another entity.
• A contractual right to receive cash or another financial asset
from another entity.
• A contractual right to exchange financial assets or financial
liabilities with another entity under conditions that is
potentially favourable to the entity;
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7. Example
• K Ltd, an Indian company, exports goods to US. It expects to receive
$100,000 in 3 months’ time from these sales. However, it is concerned that
the USD prices against local currency (INR) may fall, and therefore, it will
be at a loss. To safeguard itself, K Ltd enters into a contract with a bank to
sell $100,000 (that it expects to receive) in 3 months’ time. The rate agreed
with the bank is INR 50 per USD.
• After 3 months, if the exchange rate (spot rate) is less than INR 50 per
USD, this means that the conditions are potentially favourable to K Ltd. In
other words, had K Ltd not entered into this contract, it would have sold
USD 100,000 at a lesser rate for conversion into INR. Hence, the contract
is potentially favourable to K Ltd, and therefore, a financial asset
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8. Definition of financial asset….continued
• A contract that will or may be settled in the entity’s own equity instruments
and is:
• a non-derivative for which an entity is or may be obliged to receive a variable number of
its own equity instruments; or
– K Ltd enters into a contract to buy its own shares for $1 million in 3 months’ time, and
the number of shares is determined by the market price prevailing then.
• a derivative that will or may be settled other than by exchange of a fixed amount of cash
or another financial asset for a fixed number of entity’s own equity instruments.
• K Ltd enters into a contract to buy 1,000 shares of its own by exchange of 500 gm of gold
after 3 months’. The current price of 500 gm gold equals 1,000 shares of K Ltd. Assuming
that the price of gold decreases after 3 months time as compared to the proportion between
gold and shares initially, K Ltd is better off by exchanging the gold against the 1,000 shares.
In this case, the contract would be an example of a financial asset.
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9. Definition of financial liability
(a) a contractual obligation:
(i) to deliver cash or another financial asset to another entity; or
(ii) to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another
entity under conditions that are potentially unfavourable to the entity;
or
(b) a contract that will or may be settled in the entity’s own equity
instruments and is:
(i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to deliver
a variable number of the entity’s own equity instruments; or
(ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange
of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number
of the entity’s own equity instruments.
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10. Items excluded from financial assets
• Physical assets / Intangible assets
• Pre-paid expenses
• Deferred tax assets
• Items covered under other accounting standards including:
– Interests in subsidiaries;
– Interests in associates;
– Employee benefits plans;
– Interests in joint ventures;
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11. Classification of financial assets under IFRS 9
(A) At amortised cost:
 An asset (other than equity instrument) that meets the below mentioned
conditions:
 The asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets
in order to collect contractual cash flows;
 The contractual cash terms of the financial asset give rise to cash flows on
specific dates that are solely payments of principal and interest on the
principal amount outstanding;
 The entity has not invoked the fair value option for measurement of
financial asset to reduce an accounting or measurement mismatch
(B) At fair value
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12. Business Model
• An entity’s business model approach is determined on a higher
level, rather than an asset-by-asset basis. Further, the entity
may have different assets (portfolio of assets) for business
purposes.
• Accordingly, it may not be right to identify the business model
on an entity’s level either. The entity may comprise of a
portfolio of assets which is collected on the basis of
contractual cash flows, and of a portfolio of assets in which it
trades.
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13. Examples
• K Ltd, a banking company, issues loans to various customers in retail
business. A customer, having taken a 20 years loan, decides to pay off the
loan in 5 years’ time. K Ltd cannot refuse the pre-payment, and would
receive the money due from the customer.
• K Ltd gives loan to various clients in the retail sector. If someone does not
pay the instalment, K Ltd would follow different measures to recover
money. It may further mean to recover money by selling off the collateral.
• K Ltd, a mutual fund company, has invested in different portfolios and
sectors. It works with an objective of keeping a ratio of 60:40 into debt and
equity.
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14. Amortised cost
• K Ltd invests $100,000 into debt instrument of T Ltd. The cost
of advisory / valuation comes at $5,000. K Ltd’s business
model is to collect contractual cash flows in form of recovery
of interest and principal payments.
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15. At fair value
IFRS 9 provides that changes in the value of a financial asset
measured at fair value, but not held for trading purposes, may be
done through Other Comprehensive Income. However, this
choice has to be made by the entity at the time of initial
recognition of the asset. This decision is irrevocable, and cannot
be changed later.
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16. Examples
• K Ltd invests in 3 years’ redeemable preference shares of T Ltd. K Ltd holds these
shares until maturity and recovers the cash flows through dividend and principal
repayment.
• K Ltd invests in bonds of T Ltd. The intention is to hold these bonds for a longer
term. However, K Ltd decided to value the investment at fair value routed through
profit and loss.
• K Ltd has receivables of $5 million from T Ltd. The business model of K Ltd is to
sell off the receivables portfolio to 3rd party and recover money the moment sales
are made.
• K Ltd has invested in debentures of T Ltd. K Ltd has an intention to hold these
debentures until maturity. However, if K Ltd identifies a substantial gain, it may sell
off the debentures to realise the gain.
• A perpetual debt (with no maturity) is considered at amortised cost.
• A debt instrument convertible into equity shares of the entity is considered at fair
value, rather than at amortised cost. The recovery is not necessarily coming through
contractual cash flows in form of principal and interest.
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17. At fair value
• K Ltd invests $100,000 into shares of T Ltd (not for trading
purposes). The cost of advisory / valuation comes at $5,000.
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18. Classification of financial liabilities
• Classification of Financial liabilities
• Under the principles of IAS 39, a financial asset may be classified under
two categories:
• At amortised cost:
• An entity shall classify all financial liabilities as subsequently measured at
amortised cost using the effective rate of interest method, unless the
financial liability is measured at fair value through profit or loss.
• At fair value through profit or loss:
• The classification into fair value through profit or loss is applicable if:
• The classification reduces the accounting mismatch; or
• The liability is managed and its performance is evaluated on a fair value
basis as per the documented investment strategy or risk management.
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19. Measurement of liability at fair value
K Ltd issues $100,000 debt instrument. The cost of advisory /
valuation comes at $5,000. K Ltd’s trades in this liability.
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20. Costs directly related to issuance of equity
and debt
• Transaction costs are the incremental costs directly attributable to the
acquisition, issue or disposal of a financial asset or liability. These include:
– Legal fee (Stock exchange listing fee);
– Advisory fees;
– Printing and stamp charges;
• Transaction costs directly attributable to equity issuance, that otherwise
would have been avoided, are deducted from equity.
• Similarly, transaction costs directly attributable to debt issuance, that
otherwise would have been avoided, are deducted from debt to arrive at
its initial value.
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21. Directly attributable costs
• K Ltd has issued 1 million shares of $1 each. The total
proceeds of issuance of shares are $1.2 million. Total costs of
printing of these shares and advisory costs are $100,000.
• K Ltd plans to issue 1 million shares of $1 each. However, of
these shares, 200,000 shares have not been issued. Total cost
of printing of 1 million shares in physical form is $100,000.
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22. Classification
Financial
Instruments
Financial Assets Financial
liabilities
At amortised
cost
FV through FV through
Other At fair value at amortised cost
Income through income
statement Comprehensive
Income statement
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23. Initial measurement of financial assets
and liabilities
For financial assets:
• A financial asset is measured at its fair value (for a financial
asset recognised / classified at fair value);
• A financial asset is measured at its fair value plus attributable
transaction costs (for a financial asset recognised / classified at
amortised cost)
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24. Amortised cost concept
• On 1st January 2011, K Ltd invested in bonds of T Ltd worth
$500,000. It pays transaction costs (directly attributable to
acquisition of the bonds) of $20,000 to invest into these bonds.
At the end of each year, K Ltd received interest @ 6% on the
principal amount of $500,000. The effective interest rate is
9.15%. At the end of 4 years, K Ltd receives $600,000 as
redemption amount.
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25. Compound Instruments
• Comprise of both equity and liability
• Liability portion has to be separately calculated
• Equity is the residual balance (remaining amount)
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26. Compound Instruments
• On 1 April 2010 Alpha issued 300 million loan notes of $1 per note at par.
The loan notes entitled the holders to an interest payment of 5 cents per
note, payable annually in arrears. The loan notes are repayable at par on 31
March 2015. As an alternative to repayment the holders can elect to convert
the notes into equity shares in Alpha. On 1 April 2010 investors in non-
convertible notes would expect an annual return of 8%. You are given the
following discount factors:
• Discount rate PV of $1
At the end of year 5 Cumulatively at the end of years 1–5
• 5% 78·4 cents $4·33
• 8% 68·1 cents $3·99
• On 1 April 2010 the directors of Alpha recorded a loan liability of $300
million in respect of these notes. Identify the liability and equity amount as
at 31st March 2011 in respect of above note.
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27. KAPP EDGE Solutions
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