Final_Report_Broken_Images_Launched_Belize_Media_January_19_2015

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Submitted to:
The Government of Belize,
Women’s Department
Ministry of Human Development,
Social Transformation and Poverty Alleviation
December 12, 2014
NEEDS
ASSESSMENT
REPORT
Broken Images
Authors:
Anne C. Clarke, MA
Sylvia Noralez, MSc
GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE
A focus on youth
SUBMITTED BY THE WOMEN’S ISSUES NETWORK OF BELIZE (WIN-BELIZE) Belize City, Belize, CA
Telephone:501-227-1069; www.winbelize.org Email: info@winbelize.org

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Contents
Acknowledgments……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……..4
Description of Project…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…4
Methods……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...………….5
Survey Instrument…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……………..5
Data Tabulation and Analysis………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….6
Data Analysis………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…….….6
Focus Groups…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….…..….7
Strengths………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….………….8
Limitations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………….8
Key Informants Focus Groups……………………………………………………………………………………………….….……………10
Results………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….11
Analysis…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……………16
Emotional Abuse: Close Relatives and Teachers……………………………………………………………..…….……………...16
Synopsis of Narratives………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..…………..18
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….…………….20
Conflicts of Interest……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………...20
Recommendations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………...….21
Monitoring and Evaluation Powers…………………………………………………………………………………………...….………23
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…………………..…………..24
Appendices……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………..………25
Appendix 1: Table 1 - 6 ………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….…….26
Appendix 2: Questionnaire……………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….….…..31
Appendix 3: Participating Schools and Organisations …….……………………………………………………….…………….35
Appendix 4: Key Initiatives ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………36
Appendix 5: Profiles…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…………45

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Acknowledgements
The study was supported financially by the United Nations Trust Fund through the Ministry of
Human Development, Social Transformation and Poverty Alleviation and guided by the
Women’s Department. The support of the high schools and counsellors who selflessly
participated is gratefully acknowledged. The young men and young women who contributed to
the focus groups by sharing their life experiences with the researchers and facilitators, Anne
Clarke, Margaret Nicholas and Kathleen Pate, are thanked for their honesty and openness.
Thanks are also extended to the field workers, departmental managers, and data inputting
assistants, Raven Galvez and Ismae Noralez and Statistical Analyst, Sylvia Noralez. Special
thanks to Grafton Spooner, my friend and mentor, for his editorial expertise.
Women’s Department
Ava Pennill
Director
Maria Catzim
Programme Coordinator
UN Trust Project, Women’s Department
Coordinating Team
Anne C. Clarke, MA,
Project Coordinator and Focus Groups
Facilitator
Researcher and Gender and Programme
Development Specialist, Cuso International
International Consultant to the project
Sylvia Noralez, MSc
Geo-Statistical Analyst - Data Analyst
Data Entry
Raven Galvez
Ismae Noralez
Editor
Grafton E. Spooner, MSW
Kathleen Pate, ASW
District Coordinator and Focus Groups
Facilitator
Margaret Nicholas, MA
Local Consultant, Researcher and Focus
Groups Facilitator
J. Carolyn Reynolds, BSc
Executive Director WIN-Belize
Team Manager and Account Executive

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Introduction
Description of Project
Historically the Government of Belize undertook a number of initiatives to address
gender-based violence (see Appendix 4). The Women’s Issues Network of Belize is
pleased to submit the results of a Needs Assessment, entitled “Broken Images”.
Together, these reports represent another phase of that ongoing work.
WIN-Belize was charged with exploring the need to create a separate National Civil
Society Network on Violence Against Women with representation from urban and rural
areas with the inclusion of indigenous women. The network when and if created would
be expected to provide a forum for the development of country wide Community Based
Services for Victims/Survivors of Gender-Based Violence, thus generating a more
unified approach to their work. The role of the network would also include the provision
of increased public understanding regarding the possible causes of gender-based
violence and stronger civil society advocacy on such issues.
As a critical component of the project, WIN-Belize’s mandate also included completing a
“Needs Assessment”, and hosting a Symposium on the root causes of gender-based
violence with national and international participation. The goal was to allow participants
to benefit from their experiences and to facilitate Belize’s connection to related global
campaigns.
The Symposium was intended to serve as a foundation to develop a service model to
provide shelter, support and advocacy services responsive to the health and safety
needs of women in communities including the needs of rural and indigenous women.
These activities are part of a larger body of work being undertaken by the Government
of Belize with financial support from the United Nations Trust Fund. The scope of the
work includes, for example, the strengthening of protection for under-aged survivors of
sexual abuse, the development and implementation of an annual in-service training
programme for health care workers on gender-based violence, as well as developing an
understanding of how they and their parents are affected by such issues. The
completion and printing of a popular version of the Ministry of Health’s 2009 Complaints
Policy on the rights of patients and survivors of gender-based violence; a review of
medical services for victims of sexual offences and other cases of gender-based
violence with recommendations for service improvements; strengthening of the
organisational structure of doctors who are permanently resident in Belize with
specialization in diagnosing, treating and providing expert medical evidence in cases of
sexual abuse; hosting a symposium on masculinity and gender-based violence to
explore the links between gender inequality, masculinity and gender-based violence and
an exploration of the development of men’s organisations or groups.

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Methods
WIN-Belize chose to focus its work on youth between the ages of 14 and 29, primarily
high school and “At Risk Youth” in conflict with the law. The approach in part was
influenced by what appears to be an upsurge in the incidence of gender-based violence
taking place in Belize, including the murder in August 2014, of a high school student,
who was stabbed by one of her peers. That vicious violent act seemed to galvanise and
shock the country, particularly youth1
. Since the organisation’s mandate includes youth,
it was important to seek and ensure meaningful youth participation.
Letters were sent to nineteen (19) high schools, nine of which participated. Letters were
also sent to non-governmental and community-based organizations of which three non-
governmental organisations and two community-based organizations participated. The
two community-based organizations are based in the San Pedro Columbia Village of
Toledo.
A survey questionnaire was developed and administered to youth and women in focus
group sessions in Belize City Southside, Lord’s Bank, Corozal, Orange Walk, Belize
River Valley in the Belize District and San Pedro Columbia Village in Toledo. The
overall structures and ordering of the questions, appropriate scales and choice of
language was based on the project research objectives as explained below.
Survey Instrument
In all the questions estimates, a time span of 5 years was used, allowing for socio-
demographic, socio-cultural and childhood variables to be calculated. Cross-tabulations
of the data were done to identify underlying risk factors. Proactive straightforward
statements preceded questions to avoid and help reduce misinterpretations.
Estimates of the predominance of violence in Belize were used in question 1 to elicit the
level of youth concerns and where was it personally witnessed. For each individual,
questions 2, 3, 4 and 5 focused on personal experience of different types of abuse,
(Physical, Rape, Sexual, Emotional), by whom, and what actions if any were taken, and
why were no complaints made.
Question 6 dealt with the availability of a safe space in times of crisis and if it would be
used. In order to elicit an understanding of personal space question 7 asked
respondents to complete a sentence which began with: “My personal boundaries are
not allowing anyone to …… “
1
Albert J. Ciego, August 5,2014 http://amandala.com.bz/news/wesley-honor-student-murdered-
cemetery/

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Since suicides in Belize, according to reports, are becoming a concern for international
organisations, question 8 was included to draw out the levels of sadness anger
depression, hostility towards self or others, alienation, or suicidal feelings. The
remaining questions 9 and 10 were an attempt to measure, using a scale of 1 to 5, with
five, being the least important, concerns about the economy (jobs), social unrest, teen
suicide and murders, violence against women and girls, partner violence, access to
health and financial resources and what gender equity and equality means for each
individual.
Other ethnographic data gathering instruments elicited information on ethnicity, racial
background, and language spoken in the home, age group, education level and
financial status.
Data Tabulation and Analysis
The gender based violence survey was coded to facilitate data entry. For open ended
and other specific questions where coding was required a code list was developed. The
list was used to ensure consistency with the wording employed.
Some variables were collected as “multiple response variable”; where population chose
more than one category. Each category was processed as a separate variable, so they
could be analyzed
Data Analysis
Bi-variate analysis using cross tabulations in SPSS was used to identify the strengths,
directions and patterns between two variables or questions. Measure of association
statistical test was done to give an indication of strength of relationship between
variables. Measure of association test using Phi/ and Cramer’s V was used to assess
relationship between variables that are nominal and ordinal.

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Focus Groups:
 Ten (10) Focus Groups were conducted between October 6 and 23, 2014.
 There were a total of 160 participants between the ages of 14 years and 64
years, with one individual identified as over 65 years of age. There were 115
females and 45 males.
 One focus group was held with Mayan youth and a Mayan women’s group
consisting mainly of young mothers.
 Seven (7) mixed gender and three (3) all-female sessions were convened.
 Ethnic groups included, Caucasian, Maya, Mestizo, Black, Garifuna, Mixed
Race (Creole) and Chinese.
 Primary languages spoken at home were English, Spanish, Creole, Kekchi,
and Garifuna.
The areas for the focus groups were chosen because they were demographically
associated with relatively high levels of reported sexual abuse and other forms of
violence.2
For instance two hundred and fifty-one (251) incidences were reported of
sexual abuse of females and forty-one (41) of males in the Corozal District between
January 1 and December 31, 2012. During the same period there were twenty-one (21)
reports in the Orange Walk District of sexual, emotional or verbal abuse amongst the
age group of 15-19 years and twenty-eight (28) reported for Belize.3
In the opinion of
WIN-Belize there could be a link between domestic violence and youth violence and
even their risk taking behaviours in relationships. For example, HIV-AIDS Statistics for
2013 showed thirteen (13) new cases occurred for Adolescents between the ages of 15-
19; twenty-eight (28) for youth 20-24 and thirty-two (32) for those between the ages of
25-29. One (1) new case of HIV infection within the age group of 10-14 years was
reported.4
2
According to reports acts of violence go unreported on a regular basis.
3
Source: Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Department.
4
Government of Belize, Ministry of Health ,Epidemiology Unit.TB,HIV/AIDS& Other STIs Programme Report, page
5, 2013. www.health.gov.bz

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Strengths
 The social issues that framed the discussions were inspired by a video
documentary entitled Domestic Violence: The Belizean Reality, produced in
2006 under the patronage of the Women’s Department. The material was still
very topical and relevant to present day violence inflicted upon women and
children in Belize.
 The students were engaged. Generally there was a sense that they were
keenly interested and involved at each session.
 Each group had its own unique dynamics. The first group from the Youth
Enhancement Services (YES) seemed modestly cautious and guarded while
other groups with the exception of the youth hostel residents, were
enthusiastically involved. Nevertheless, facilitators were surprised at the lack
of engagement at the final focus group session with fifteen (15) youth who are
presently in conflict with the law and were remanded to the youth hostel.
They appeared somewhat anxious to leave the session and were fidgety and
talkative during the video. For instance, one participant, when he saw the co-
facilitator, Margaret Nicholas, stated empathically “she is my judge”. It was
said in such a way, to convey thoughtfulness and care. The co-facilitators
were of the opinion, the individual, who may have been much younger at the
time, may have felt safe and protected while in the presence of that family
court magistrate. Given the opportunity to participate, they were reluctant and
declined full participation in-spite of encouragement.
Limitations:
 Extremely tight implementation time-lines and the amount of time allocated to
each of the various project components restricted the scope of activities. This
included the time between the government approved project proposal and the
final report. The constricted project timelines made it extremely difficult if not
impossible to include all areas of the country, hence the inability to widen the
spectrum of the sample size in order to further validate the findings. No doubt
this would have been the original intent of the project funders – the United
Nations Trust Fund.
 Information on high schools garnered from the Ministry of Education's
website, such as telephone numbers, email contacts for current principals
were out-dated. In some instances a few principals had relocated and the
name of one school had changed.

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 Constant follow up was necessary as phone calls and emails were
unanswered.
 Some focus group sessions were rescheduled. Planning time also did not
allow for the inclusion of an equal number of single and mixed gender
sessions.
 Individual interviews or snowballing were not held.
 The gender identity and age of the abuser in question (4) dealing with peer
group violence was not part of the data sample. It may have assisted in
analysis and also when creating future youth counselling programmes.
 Stalking by present or former partners to identify other types of harassment
was not included. These questions may have warranted more in-depth
explanations and a much longer questionnaire to include age at which
stalking first occurred, to inform that type of data. It may have also required
education awareness in order to help detect these actions.
 Elder abuse was identified as a concern by one individual, which was not an
included question. Doubtless the issue of elder abuse is an emerging
concern and one that warrants future investigation.

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Key Informants Focus Groups
Education
 Corozal
Belize Adventist High School (6)
Corozal Community College (11)
Chunox St. Viator Vocational High School (16)
Escuela Secundaria Mexico High School (11)
Orange Walk Belize High School of Agriculture (9)
Orange Walk Technical High School (6)
Belize River Valley Belize Rural High School (29)
Belize City South-Side
Maud Williams High School (6)
Sadie Vernon Technical High School (8)
Belize City and Lord’s Bank
Belize Family Life Association (BFLA)
 Youth Group (14)
Youth Enhancement Services (13)
Eglah’s Training Centre for Women and Families (6)
 Non-Profit Organisations
 Government
Belize City Youth Hostel Residents (13)
Toledo District
 Community Associations
The Columbia Progressive Youth (Mayan)
Association (13)
The Columbia Progressive Women’s Association,
San Pedro Columbia Village (9)

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Results
In responding to concerns about violence in Belize, 79.1%, of individuals were very
concerned, 11% somewhat concerned, 3.7% not very concerned, 3.1% did not care and
1.2% did not respond. Females (58.7%) in comparison to males (21.8%) were very
concerned. (See also Appendix 1).
When asked where violence was
witnessed within the past five
years, it was indicated that 16.9%
witnessed violence in their homes,
25.4% on the street where they
lived; 10.6% on school grounds;
8.9% at school sports events;
24.2% at socials and 14.0% chose
not to respond as seen in figure 2,
below. Females reported
witnessing violence in their
homes, 29.6% in comparison to
males at 17.8% of males.
On the other hand, males witnessed more violence on the street at 42.2%. Cross-
tabulation between violence witnessed and age showed higher percentages for those
Very
Concerned,
79.1
Somewhat
Concerned,
11.0
Not Very
Concerned,
3.7
Don't
Care, 3.1
No
Response,
1.2
Other, 4.3
Figure 1: ConcernsaboutViolence
Figure 2: Violence witnessed within five years

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18 years and under; where 74% witnessed violence on school grounds, 64% of
witnessed violence at social events and on the street followed by 51% witnessing
violence at home; 30% between the ages of 18 – 29 years and 14% between 30 and 35
years; 3% respectively for those over the age of 51 to 64 and above 65 years of age.
In regards to experiencing abuse, 37.5% reported never being abused in any manner,
while 16.7% reported physical abuse; 35.9% emotional abuse; 4.2% rape; and 5.7%
sexual abuse as seen in chart below. Females were more likely to be physically
abused at 23.2% in comparison to males at 13.3%; with emotional abuse reported at
42.9% and 46.7%. Sexual abuse and rape of females were 7.1% and 9.1%.
Figure 3: Chart demonstrating the types of abuse experienced

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Cross tabulation revealed the perpetrators of abuse. Close relatives were responsible
for perpetrating emotional abuse (84.6%), physical abuse (23.1%) and sexual abuse
(15.4%). Parents were mainly responsible for 58.3% of physical abuse; 54.2%
emotional abuse, 8.3% rapes; 12.5% of the sexual abuses. Teachers were committing
acts of physical and emotional abuse (66.7%). While male and female friends within the
same age groups were responsible 88.9% of emotional abuse. Male friends within the
same age groups were also 22.1% reported physical abuse, in comparison to females
with 11.1%. Other “unknown “people carried out 22.6% of physical abuse, 61.3% of
emotional abuse, 12.9% of rapes; 12.9% of sexual abuse (See table 2 in Appendices).
With regards to reporting the abuse in cross-tabulating the data, 39.1% reported to a
relative if abuse was committed by a parent, 30.4% did nothing because they have no-
one to confide in and 8.4% because they might not be believed. When the abuser was
a close relative, 38.5% told another relative, 30.8% reported to the police, 23.1% did
nothing because they had no one they can trust of trust and because they felt they
would not be believed, and 7.7% told the authorities.
If the abuser was a teacher, 66.7% went to the authorities or did nothing because no
one would believe them, 33.3% told the police, or to a relative. If the abuser was a
female within the same peer group it was reported to a relative or the police, 22.2% and
33.3% respectively. For male peer group offenders, 16.7% reported to the police,
33.3% to a relative or the authorities, with 5.6% doing nothing because of trust, 27.8%
because they would not be believed. When the abuser is within the same age group, it
was reported to 33.3% reported it to authority. When abuser was “other” 41.4% told a
Figure 4: Types of Abuse experienced by Gender/Sex

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relative, 24.1% reported to the police, 17.2% did nothing because they felt their stories
would not be believed. While 13.8% went to the authorities or did nothing about it
because of trust.
Overwhelmingly, the data showed 78% would use shelters (a safe space) if they were
available in times of crisis, 20% said no and 2% did not know or did not respond.
In understanding personal
boundaries, 61% understood while
37% did not know based on their
responses. 2% don’t know. Cross-
tabulation by gender showed 69% of
females and 29% of males
understood their boundaries, while
43% and 16% did not. 3% chose not
to respond. See figure.
Cross-tabulation by gender showed
69% of females and 29% of males
understood their boundaries, while
43% and 16% did not. 3% chose not
to respond.
Figure 5: Bar Graph demonstrating boundaries by sex
69
43
329 16 0
Yes No Don't Know
Boundaries by Sex
Female Male

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The data on feelings recognized 30.7% of respondents felt sadness, 26.6% anger,
12.0% depressed, 6.7% hostility towards themselves or others, 14.6% alienated and
9.4% expressed suicidal tendencies as seen in the figure 6, below.
In cross tabulating the data by age, 75.5% of youth (under 18 years) said they had
feelings of sadness; 60.6% feelings of anger; 25.5% believed they were depressed;
14.9% had feelings of hostility toward themselves or others; 34.0% felt alienated, either
from their friends, family or other people) and 17.0% expressed feeling suicidal. Cross
tabulations of feelings by sex indicated there were no differences in the feelings of
depression as both males and females were both feeling depressed at 27.9%. Females
were more likely to have feelings of suicide (23.1%) in comparison to males at (18.6%).
Suicidal feelings were mainly among Maya (42.9%) and Black (44.4%) and mixed race
(25.4%). Mestizos were sad (84.1%) but less hostile (9.1%). Kekchi were sad and
angry (46.2%) but has high feeling of alienation (61.5%) (See table 6 in appendices).

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Analysis
It was interesting to note that the majority of the violence occurred on the street, then at
socials followed by private homes. Hence confirming the evidence reported in 2014
United Nations Report 5 that next to Honduras and Venezuela, Belize has the third
highest crime rate in the world at 44.7 murders per 100,000 people
The present sample despite its limitations is an opening into the ongoing debate about
“what do youth want”, why is there so much violence amongst youth and what are the
underlying factors? This study begins to shed light on some of those questions and the
long held open secret of the traumas experienced by children behind closed doors.
These include, parenting norms that can comprise physical abuse, rape, sexual or
emotional abuse in a private sphere that can become a living hell instead of being a
place of refuge, safety and security. According to a 2013 report on Children in the
Americas and the Caribbean6
, “physical abuse is the most commonly reported form of
violence, with over 100,000 contacts in the region since 2003. Over 50,000contacts
were made regarding sexual abuse, neglect and emotional abuse respectively.
Predominantly, girls reported more sexual and emotional abuse, while boys complained
of suffering physical abuse and bullying”.
Emotional Abuse: Close relatives and Teachers
A surprising element was the (84.6%) of individuals reporting emotional abuse by close
relatives. Several theories could be advanced since individuals were not required to
identify the status of the “close relative.” Again, the report strengthens these findings by
the data which shows 88% of all emotional abuse cases were carried out by family
members.7
“The incongruity reported elder abuse as a concern which indicates either
latent or emergent concerns amongst the senior population.
Nonetheless, an unexpected finding was the higher percentage of emotional abuse
reported by males, than females, at 46.7% and 42.9% respectively. These findings
were in line with the lack of evidence about males as recipients of abuse. According to
research carried out by Barbelet8
on males in conflict zones there is a major gap in the
research on violence against men and boys that even development specialists overlook.
5
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Global Study, Homicide
2013http://www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014_GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_web.pdf
6
Child Helpline International Voices of Children and Youth in the Caribbean, 2013 Report, page 8.
http://www.childhelplineinternational.org
7
Ibid page7.
8
Barbelet, Veronique, Male gender-based violence: A silent crisis. Published by: the Overseas
Development Institute, London, U.K. http://www.odi.org/comment/8502-male-gender-based-violence-
conflict-humanitarian-response

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In her article the author quoted from another study which stated in part, “Men and boys
are often seen as potential soldiers and fighters in conflicts – and thus a threat to the
opposing side – due to the socially attributed role given to men.” Although in the
context of the present global conflicts, Belize would not be considered a “conflict zone”,
despite media reports labelling the country as a “war zone”, perhaps due in part to the
prevalence of violence, fear and insecurity experienced by so many. One could
therefore understand the concerns raised by WIN-Belize which is that there may be
links between violence and risk-taking behaviours amongst Belizean youth. Hence,
further research and analysis would be needed including a wider sampling to verify the
evidence.
The emotional abuse 67.7%, attributed to teachers, indicates that despite strict laws
within the country prohibiting any form of violence towards students, authoritarian
methods of power and control are still prevalent in post-colonial Belize. These actions
are considered offences9
under the Education Act, as outlined in the Teachers
Handbook. The idea that “teachers know best” or “don’t spare the rod and spoil the
child” may still be widely held societal beliefs.
In further reviewing the data on abuse, and the focus group discussions, it is evident,
there is a lot of pain and anguish being internalised by the respondents and
ambivalence on whom to trust in times of crisis. That is particular the case, if a parent
or relative is the perpetrator. Individuals were clear that if the individual was a teacher,
then the crime would be reported to law enforcement.
The outliers in the high number of unknown people who carried out physical abuse,
emotional abuse, rapes and sexual abuse, including the 32.3% of those who reported
“no abuse” by unknown people, creates an aura of fear amongst those who have been
abused to identify their abuser. Especially since 61.3% reported being subjected to
emotional abuse. In order to heal from trauma, naming one’s abuser or confronting the
individual(s) if the opportunity presents itself, is another part of the process
The high percentage of sexual abuse suffered by youth indicates there is ongoing fear
of authority figures; hence emotional abuse, rape and other forms of abuse becomes a
tool of power and control. This may also present a dilemma for youth in creating
boundaries to protect themselves against abuse by authority figures. Where there is
peer group sexual molestation, one can extrapolate from the findings, coercion and peer
group pressure with regards to a “need to belong” could also be contributing factors.
What were new to some degree were the feelings of anger, suicidal thoughts and
feelings, wanting to harm themselves or others and depression. This confirms a study
carried out in the CARICOM, that suicide is an issue to be concerned about. Reports
also acknowledge that among the leading causes of death in the United States for youth
is suicide. This apparently excludes the growing phenomena of returning from military
duty in war torn countries, veterans under the age of 30 years.
9
Belize Teaching Service Commission - Handbook 2012 page 51

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Another aspect that needs to be further studied are the feelings of sadness 84.1% and
anger 79.5% reported by Mestizos and 69.5% and 66.1% for individuals who identified
themselves as Mixed Race (Creole) followed by Blacks at 55.7%. The Maya population
reported at 46.2% and 61.5% with feelings of alienation. Suicidal feelings were an
outlier for the Mopan Maya at 42.9% even though no feelings of anger or alienation
were reported. The influence of alcohol appeared to play a role in violence in some of
these communities. Hence cultural norms appear to be changing more rapidly than
these populations can implement the required support systems necessary to stem what
could eventually be the torrent of change.
Synopsis of Narratives
The majority of participants were captivated by the video documentary. Only a few
older participants had viewed it before. Even though many of the students were
shocked and truly disturbed by the content, their reactions seemed to be consistent with
the level of violence that they reportedly either witnessed or experienced in their
personal lives or in their neighbourhoods. Focus group members who are "in conflict
with the law" appeared to respond to the video in a somewhat detached nonchalant
manner. According to one member, "this video is not strange to me; I saw it in my
home". One fifteen (15) year old female spoke at length in a disjointed fashion.
Another young woman commented "The video was good. Fifty-percent, at least of
women really get man vex and they don't know what to do. I watch it too much time.
Maybe the Pickney might cause it. Later on in the future they might want to build a
relationship with the ma and pa, but they really don’t trust anybody. Many of those
teenagers have intercourse with people far older than them. They may feel it is love.
They don’t really see until they get older. Sometimes I think young people go with older
people because they looking for love. They might marry and it might work. Or they
might end up in gangs; they could get into trouble and end up with the law; they don’t
know when to make a big step. Deep down they don’t want to show it. Their self-
esteem is an issue."
In the documentary, one of the interviewees, named 'Kevin', a reformed abuser
admitted to being in three abusive relationships. In reaction to ‘Kevin’, participants
exhibited a range of emotional responses such as anger, bitterness, rage and
indifference to what appeared to be his denial that he is 'a reformed batterer.' One
young man recognised himself in “Kevin’s” character. While speaking clearly, he shared
his story of how he ended up at the hostel. As a young boy of 14 years he was forced
to abandon his education to work in order to help support his mother and siblings. Their
father had left the home. He met and got involved with a twenty-four old woman. He
said “I was working, I would reach home sometimes my food was not ready. I am a cool
person, maybe she is tired. I just take it out – my food. In his house, the problem was
she liked to drink and she was pregnant. I always tell her to stop, it would affect the
baby. I got cross because I reached home one night. I had a bad feeling when I got
home. I was knocking and she would not open the door. I knocked on the owner’s

19
apartment, she opened the door and I saw a man (a big man) on my living room floor
with her right there. I just lost it. I was beaten up by the man, then by her relatives.
When the police came, I was charged with resisting arrest.”
At the time of the focus group session the young man was 17 years of age and was
awaiting his court case. This was his first encounter with the law.
Another young woman spoke of her attempt to prevent her mother from being beaten by
her pa by getting between her two parents. In describing the encounter she explained:
“my bredda10
came and called the police and they arrested my pa.”As a result of the
ongoing violence in her life, the young woman got into a street fight, there was a knife
involved and her hand was cut, hence her reason for entering the justice system. She
then laughed in a hesitant manner and a few minutes later, broke into tears.
The character of “Kevin” evoked a range and variety of responses. Some were in
agreement with his behaviour, asserting for instance, that his partner could have
fetched him water when he returned home from work and given him his food as he
worked hard, thus preventing his outburst of violence. This notion was reinforced by a
student from Belize Rural High School who said, "get him he food, if he want he food.”
Other participants were adamant "he have two foot and two han, let he get it he-self."
Another was of the opinion, “women are threatened because they feel the relationship is
going away. Even when they complain to the police officers – some women provoke
their spouse to get a “riff” (rise) out of them." Then there were those who felt it should
be a shared responsibility especially if both partners worked outside the home. Even if
one did not, assumptions could not be made about the type of day the individual may
have had.
The general consensus from students at Sadie Vernon, Maud Williams and Corozal
High Schools were men needed anger management, even counselling and support.
Role playing was used to engage students and as an inclusiveness tool for those who
were hesitant, including the use of open ended questions. Such as what would your
mother do if you were at the park with your friends, who she was not aware of, had not
done your homework and as a result missed dinner. The individual responded without
hesitation, “me mudder would cuz me up”. The co-facilitator in her role play said, if I
were your mother I would say, “I am angry and upset that you did not say where you
were going, I would send you to your room, where hopefully there is no TV and you are
grounded for at least a week.” At that all the students laughed.
Both male and female students felt women, and men should not hit each other. In the
opinion of the group from Orange Walk, when asked if there were safe places to go in
times of crisis, they said, "There are no safe places in Orange Walk".
Further to the South, in the Toledo District both youth participation and an all-women’s
focus group made up of mainly young mothers showed how reporting or even the threat
of reporting can deter or even eliminate abuse. Such as "I would say I will go to police,
10
Creole word for brother is Bredda

20
and he would stop."Another participant said, similar to the video, “I had the same
problem in the past 10 years. I went to social services and got help. I got advice on
what to do. If I left it like that it would get worse. I believe women have rights; when
men find that out".
In comparison to all the other focus groups, alcohol and drug abuse were the precursors
to violence amongst the Maya population.
The adult focus group from Belize City were reflective based on their lived experiences
of abuse. One woman said “the young woman in the video who got her throat sliced, it
happened to me. I got my nose broken and kicked. My husband was a police man, had
education and everything. I started having children at 17 years old. He was also a
former school teacher. ; I stayed because he was my husband, because I did not know
who to call and where to go. I trust in my lord that he will always open a way for me. I
pray that women who are going through abuse will open their eyes.”
Nevertheless, among all focus group participants, the general consensus was that
police was seen not as protecting and serving the safety and security of women, but as
a barrier to fundamental civil rights. The "justice system is inadequate that is why
women do not report" according to a male student from Orange walk, while a female
student said, “I think women should report. It is not right. Everyman that hits a woman
should be reported. If we don’t report it we could end up like the women in the video".
Conclusion
Gender-based violence in Belize has been recognised by UNICEF and other
international organisations as one of the many social concerns, including data
collection. A 2011 Report by UNICEF11
indicated the only two countries in the region
Haiti and the Dominican Republic, collected data on sexual abuse in childhood.
Amongst the global studies undertaken on Violence against Children (Demographic and
Health Surveys), the Caribbean has undertaken the least studies.
The study confirms there is a critical need to undertake further research into the
emotional and other forms of abuse of young men and women using wider samples.
Although the cohorts were randomly selected time limitations precluded this from taking
place.
Conflicts of Interest
None declared.
11
Cappa, Claudia, PhD, Sexual Violence Against Girls and Boys: The Data Conundrum, 2011 Report. Published by
The Statistics and Monitoring Branch, UNICEF, HQ

21
Recommendations
The following are several recommendations based on the analysis of the Needs
Assessment Data. The report with recommendations is submitted to the Government of
Belize, Ministry of Human Development, Social Transformation and Poverty Alleviation.
To be implemented within the first six (6) months from
the date this report is submitted
The project committee complements the Government of Belize for its commitment to the
health, safety and security of children without regard to gender, which is underscored by
being a signatory to international agreements including its ratification of the Convention
on the Rights of the Child, its commitment to the Declaration on the Elimination of
Violence Against Women12
and the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of
Discrimination Against Women. To further strengthen and advance its social agenda
the project committee urges the adoption of the following recommendations:
1. That a Minister of State Responsible for Women’s Affairs be appointed to the
Women’s Department.
2. That a first stage intervention programme for youth be developed, commencing
in the schools with the support of counsellors formally trained in a range of
psychological interventions. The programme must include workshops on coping
skills, anger management therapy and understanding boundaries as ‘personal
space.’
3. That priority is also given to high schools who participated in the focus groups.
4. That priority is given to hiring trained counsellors to provide counselling services
within the schools.
5. Where there are no counsellors available to the schools, immediate efforts must
be made to recruit social workers with the appropriate levels of education,
knowledge, skills and experience to work with survivors of sexual abuse and
other forms of violence.
12
UN Resolution 48/104 of 20 December 1993.

22
6. That female and male support group counselling services be established within
all school districts, to promote mental and emotional growth and healing through
a positive life affirming counselling experience.
7. That a review of the educational training curriculum for teachers be undertaken
to ensure the acquisition of effective communication skills, in an effort to reduce
and eventually eliminate emotional, physical and verbal abuse of students within
the education system.
8. That, an in-depth review be undertaken to determine the range and quality of
services offered to youth “In Conflict with the Law” and incarcerated within
Belizean Institutions.
To be implemented within the first three (3) years
following the submission of this report
1. That a Counselling Programme be established, with an emphasis on youth
gender-based violence.
2. That cultural and diversity lens be integral components of all counselling
programmes.
3. That research be conducted to determine the range and quality of counselling
and intervention programmes currently available to youth “In Conflict with the
Law”, including youth who may be living in households where gender-based
violence might exist.
4. That the Women’s Department in partnership with the Department of Education
carry out a survey of School Counsellors to determine their knowledge, capacity
and skills to accurately identify students in crisis. Based on the results, develop
and establish an intensive “Train the Trainer” programme for counsellors in
partnership with the Schools of Social Work. Where and if appropriate seek
international input in creating the appropriate training programmes.
5. That teacher training include a thorough understanding and testing on the laws
that govern physical and emotional abuse of students as outlined in the
Belizean “Families and Children’s Act” and Education Act, including the penalties
for violation of the laws.

23
6. At the time of this report, it is unclear whether a legal framework exists to
regulate the practice of social work in Belize. In the event that such measures
are absent, it is recommended that the Government of Belize take appropriate
action to establish an Act and the appropriate enforcement mechanisms to
regulate social work practice in Belize.
7. That mental health and addiction programmes be reviewed and strengthened,
especially in rural areas.
8. That parenting support classes be established within local communities to aid
parents in learning how to communicate within the family in a positive and non-
threatening manner.
Monitoring and Evaluation Powers
WIN-Belize’s Project Committee further recommends:
1. That the Government of Belize reaffirms responsibility for implementation,
monitoring and evaluation of these recommendations.
2. That the Government of Belize, issue an annual report on its performance
regarding the implementation of the recommendations.
3. That the role and responsibilities of the Government of Belize be clearly defined
relative to the implementation of these recommendations.

24
Bibliography
Barbelet, Veronique, Male gender-based violence: A silent crisis. Published by: the
Overseas Development Institute, (OD!), London, U.K.
http://www.odi.org/comment/8502-male-gender-based-violence-conflict-
humanitarian-response
Cappa, Claudia, PhD, Sexual Violence Against Girls and Boys: The Data Conundrum,
2011 Report. Published by The Statistics and Monitoring Branch, UNICEF, HQ
Child Helpline International Voices of Children and Youth in the Caribbean, 2013
Report, page 8. http://www.childhelplineinternational.org
Government of Belize, Ministry of Health, Epidemiology Unit.TB,HIV/AIDS& Other STIs
Programme Report, page 5, 2013. www.health.gov.bz
Government of Belize, Ministry of Education, Belize Teaching Service Commission –
Handbook 2012 page 51
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Global Study, Homicide 2013http://www.uno
dc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014_GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_web.pdf
United Nations Resolution Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
Resolution 48/104 of 20 December 1993
News Articles
Ciego, Albert J. Amandala News. Wesley-honor-Student murdered. August 5, 2014.

26
Table 1: Violence witness by Sex and Age group
Female Male
Home 29.6% 17.8%
Street 38.0% 42.2%
School
Playgrounds
16.7% 15.6%
School Sports 11.1% 20.0%
Social 36.1% 40.0%
No Response 22.2% 20.0%
Home Street
School
Play
School
Sports Social
No
Response
Under
18
51% 64% 74% 50% 64% 70%
18 – 29 30% 24% 9% 39% 25% 21%
30 – 35 14% 5% 9% 0% 4% 3%

27
Table 2: Cross tabulation of types of abuse against Abuser
Abuser*abuse Cross tabulation
Abusea
Total
Q3
Phys
Abuse
Q3
Emot
Abuse
Q3
Rape
Q3
Sex
Abuse
Q3
No
Abuse
Q
4
Parent Count 14 13 2 3 3 24
% within Q4 58.3% 54.2% 8.3% 12.5% 12.5%
Close
Relative
Count 3 11 0 2 1 13
% within Q4 23.1% 84.6% 0.0% 15.4% 7.7%
Teacher Count 2 2 1 1 0 3
% within Q4 66.7% 66.7% 33.3% 33.3% 0.0%
Female
Friend,
Same
Age
Group
Count 1 8 0 0 0 9
% within Q4 11.1% 88.9% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Male
Friend,
Same
Age
Group
Count 4 16 1 1 0 18
% within Q4 22.2% 88.9% 5.6% 5.6% 0.0%
Other Count 7 19 4 4 10 31
% within Q4 22.6% 61.3% 12.9% 12.9% 32.3%
Total Count 31 69 8 11 14 98

28
Table 3: Report - Cross tabulation by abuser and actions taken by individual
Report
Total
Q5
Police
Q5
Relative
Q5
Authority
Q5
Nothing
Trust
Q5
Nothing
Believe
Q5
No
Response
Q4 Parent Count 3 9 4 7 2 1 23
% within
Q4
13.0% 39.1% 17.4% 30.4% 8.7% 4.3%
Close
Relative
Count 4 5 1 3 3 1 13
% within
Q4
30.8% 38.5% 7.7% 23.1% 23.1% 7.7%
Teacher Count 1 1 2 1 2 0 3
% within
Q4
33.3% 33.3% 66.7% 33.3% 66.7% 0.0%
Female
Friend,
Same
Age
Group
Count 2 3 2 2 0 0 9
% within
Q4
22.2% 33.3% 22.2% 22.2% 0.0% 0.0%
Male
Friend,
Same
Age
Group
Count 3 6 6 1 5 0 18
% within
Q4
16.7% 33.3% 33.3% 5.6% 27.8% 0.0%
Other Count 7 12 4 4 5 0 29
% within
Q4
24.1% 41.4% 13.8% 13.8% 17.2% 0.0%
Total Count 20 36 19 18 17 2 95
Percentages and totals are based on respondents.
a. Dichotomy group tabulated at value 1.

29
Table 4: Cross tabulation of feelings by Age
Table 5: Feelings being experienced
feeling
s
TotalQ8
Sad
Q8
Anger
Q8
Depress
Q8
Hostile
Q8
Alienat
e
Q8
Suicide
Q
1
3
A
g
e
Under 18 Count 71 57 24 14 32 16 94
% within
Q13Age
75.5% 60.6% 25.5% 14.9% 34.0% 17.0%
18 – 29 Count 22 23 12 6 11 12 32
% within
Q13Age
68.8% 71.9% 37.5% 18.8% 34.4% 37.5%
30 – 35 Count 4 4 3 2 4 3 8
% within
Q13Age
50.0% 50.0% 37.5% 25.0% 50.0% 37.5%
36 – 45 Count 3 4 2 1 1 0 4
% within
Q13Age
75.0% 100.0% 50.0% 25.0% 25.0% 0.0%
51 – 64 Count 2 1 0 0 0 0 2
% within
Q13Age
100.0% 50.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
65 + Count 1 1 0 0 1 0 2
% within
Q13Age
50.0% 50.0% 0.0% 0.0% 50.0% 0.0%
Total Count 103 90 41 23 49 31 142
a. Dichotomy group tabulated at Value 1.
Feelings Percent Female Male
Sad 30.7% Sad 77.9% 55.8%
Anger 26.6% Anger 65.4% 53.5%
Depress 12.0% Depress 27.9% 27.9%
Hostile 6.7% Hostile 16.3% 14.0%
Alienate 14.6% Alienated 35.6% 30.2%
Suicide 9.4% Suicide 23.1% 18.6%

30
Table 6: Cross tabulation of Ethnicity by Feelings
Q11Ethnic*feelings Cross tabulation
Feelingsa
TotalQ8
Sad
Q8
Anger
Q8
Depress
Q8
Hostile
Q8
Alienate
Q8
Suicide
Q11Eth
nic
Caucasian
(White)
Count 5 2 1 1 2 1 5
% within
Q11Ethnic
100.0
%
40.0
%
20.0% 20.0% 40.0% 20.0%
Mopan
Maya
Count 2 0 2 2 0 3 7
% within
Q11Ethnic
28.6
%
0.0% 28.6% 28.6% 0.0% 42.9%
Mestizo Count 37 35 13 4 13 5 44
% within
Q11Ethnic
84.1
%
79.5
%
29.5% 9.1% 29.5% 11.4%
Kekchi
Maya
Count 6 6 3 1 8 2 13
% within
Q11Ethnic
46.2
%
46.2
%
23.1% 7.7% 61.5% 15.4%
Black Count 6 4 2 1 2 4 9
% within
Q11Ethnic
66.7
%
44.4
%
22.2% 11.1% 22.2% 44.4%
Garifuna Count 6 3 1 3 2 0 6
% within
Q11Ethnic
100.0
%
50.0
%
16.7% 50.0% 33.3% 0.0%
Mixed
Race
(Creole)
Count 41 39 18 11 23 15 59
% within
Q11Ethnic
69.5
%
66.1
%
30.5% 18.6% 39.0% 25.4%
East
Indian
Count 1 1 1 0 0 2 2
% within
Q11Ethnic
50.0
%
50.0
%
50.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%
Total Count 104 90 41 23 50 32 145
a. Dichotomy group tabulated at value 1.

31
QUESTIONNAIRE
GENDER BASED VIOLENCE: A FOCUS ON YOUTH
WIN-Belize is seeking your assistance to assess the need to create a National Civil Society Network on
Violence against Women; including Community Based Services for Survivors of Gender-Based
Violence. Focus Groups will also be held in Corozal, Orange Walk, Belize South Side and Belize River
Valley. The results will be presented at a Symposium on the Roots of Gender Based Violence on October
31, 2014 when participants will have the opportunity to give their input into the development of those
services.
The work is being undertaken under the auspices of the United Nations Trust Fund.
1. Violence amongst youth is a growing cause of concern in Belize. According to statistics, for a
population of only 340,786, in 2012 there were 145 murders, that is, 42.5 per 100,000 people. It was
the highest in the Caribbean and Latin America.
Please indicate how concerned you are about violence in Belize (Please mark only one).
 Very concerned
 Somewhat concerned
 Not very concerned
 Don’t care
 No response
2. In the past 5 years where have you personally witnessed violence? Please mark all that apply.
 In my home
 On the street where I live
 On my school playground
 At school sports events
 At social events
 No response
3. Violence takes many forms.Physical abuse (hitting, slapping, pushing, kicking or bullying (taking your
lunch money), Rape (forced physical contact without permission, Sexual abuse which includes
unwanted touching by your peers or someone who has authority over you) Emotional violence/abuse
(such as someone saying hurtful or demeaning things to you, put downs, exclusion from peer group
gatherings). In the past five years or more, have you personally been the subject of any one or all of
the following? Please check all that apply.
 Physical abuse
 Rape
 Sexual Abuse
 Emotional Abuse
 I have never had any abuse of any type as described above, inflicted upon me

32
4. Please indicate if the abuse was carried out by:
 A parent
 A close relative (male or female)
 A teacher
 A female friend within the same age
group
 A male friend within my same age
group
 Any other person
5. If you have marked any of the above in Question 3, please indicate what actions you took to protect
yourself. Please mark all that apply.
 Reported the abuse to the police
 Told a relative that I trust
 Told my school teacher or someone
in authority
 Did nothing because I did not know
whom to trust
 Did nothing because I felt no one
would believe me
6. If there were a “safe shelter” to go to during times of crisis, would you go?
 Yes  No
7. Please complete the following sentence. My personal boundaries are not allowing anyone................
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
8. Suicide is becoming very prevalent amongst youth between the ages of 15 – 29 in the Caribbean
according to a report by PAHO in the year 2000 and reported in a 2010 Draft Report by the CARICOM
Commission on Youth Development, sixteen percent, or 1 in 6 adolescents and youth were sad,
irritable or angry. Of specific concerns were the high levels of anger, hostility, depression, suicide,
alienation and hopelessness, particularly among 15-29 year olds. Although this age group was not
specifically identified, The Inter-American Development Bank 2013 Report on Belize indicated that in
2012 there were 20 suicides in the country. Please mark all that apply if, in the past five years you
have had any feelings of:
 Sadness
 Anger
 Depression
 Hostility towards yourself or others
 Alienated (feeling separated from
your friends, family or people)
 Suicidal (feelings of wanting to take
your own life)

33
9. On a scale of 1 to 5, where 5 is the least important, what are you most concerned about in
Belize?
a) Inability to complete my education 1
2 3 4 5
b) The economy (Jobs) 1 2 3 4 5
c) Social unrest1 2 3 4 5
d) Teen suicides1 2 3 4 5
e) Teen Murders1 2 3 4 5
f) Violence Against Women and Girls
1 2 3 4 5
g) Partner Violence1 2 3 4 5
h) Access to health services 1 2 3 4 5
i) Access to financial resources
1 2 3 4 5
10. Choose up to three of the statements below that you think best finish this sentence.
To me, gender equity and equality is:
 Eliminating Gender Based Violence against females and males in Belize
 Making Belize a better place for children and future generations
 Making Belize a safe place to live and work
 Creating a long term vision for the country’s growth, prosperity and sustainability
 Creating economic development for the next 10 years within Belize’s long term vision
 Leaving the world a better place than I found it.
 Reducing our impact on the environment.
 Meeting present needs without compromising the needs of future generations
 A nice idea, but it is not important to the future prosperity of Belize
What ethnic group do you most closely identify with?(Please mark all that apply)
 Caucasian (White)
Mopan Maya
 Mestizo Maya
 Kekchi Maya
Black
 Garifuna
 Mixed Race (Creole)
Chinese (South Asians, Taiwanese)
Indians (East Indians)
Please mark off the language spoken daily at home (check only one)
English
Mayan (Please state specific
language(s) spoken___________
Spanish
 Creole
Garifuna
Other
Age Group
Under 18
18 – 29
30 – 35
36 – 45
46 – 50
51 – 64
65 +

34
What is your highest level of Education?
 None
 Primary School
 High School (In Form___)
 High School(Completed)
 University
 Post-Graduate
What is your main source of income?
I do not work outside of School
 I receive a weekly allowance
Full-time employment
Part-time employment
Self-Employment
Student Employment
Social Security Benefits
Government Pension Benefits
Personal Wealth/Savings
Investments
Filling this part out is Optional
Organisation or Individual________________________________
ADDRESS: _______________________________________________
CITY:
____________________________________________TOWN/VILLAGE/DISTRICT______________
Home Telephone:________________ Work:________________Mobile/Cel:_____________
E-Mail:_______________________________URL/Website________________________________
Occupation:

35
PARTICIPATING SCHOOLS AND ORGANISATIONS
Corozal
- Belize Adventist College
- Escuela Secundaria Técnica México High School
- Chunox St. Viator Vocational High School
- Corozal Community College
Orange Walk
- Belize High School of Agriculture
- Orange Walk Technical High School
Belize City – South Side
- Maud Williams High School
- Sadie Vernon Technical High School
Belize River Valley
- Belize Rural High School
Toledo District
- The Columbia Progressive Youth (Mayan) Association
- The Columbia Progressive Women’s Association, San Pedro Columbia Village
Participating Organisations
- Belize Family Life Association Youth Group
- Eglah’s Training Centre for Women and Families
- Youth Enhancement Services Programme

36
Overview of Key Initiatives
To
Address Gender-Based Violence
Researched and Written
By
Margaret Nicholas, MA
Submitted
November 21st
2014
To The
Women’s Issues Network (WIN-Belize)
The Author is the former Director and Magistrate
Family Court of Belize, Belize City, CA

37
Contents
1. Belize Report on the 4th
World Conference on Women
2. Belize National Gender Policy 2002
3. CEDAW Made Easy: Question and Answer Booklet
4. Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, United Nations 2001
5. ACCP Country Report/ Belize State Accountability in Policing & Prosecuting
Sexual Assault
by Madame Justice Antoinette Moore
6. The Domestic Violence Act No.19 of 2007
7. Amendment No.13 (Laws of Belize)
8. Walking in the Darkness, Walking in the Light by Debra J. Lewis
9. Women’s Handbook on Domestic Violence by Jamie Lee Ganger
10.Domestic Violence and Its Effect on Children (Women’s Department)
11.Protocols for Multi-Sectorial Response to Sexual Violence
12.Handbook on Sexual Violence (Women’s Department)
13.Men’s Handbook on Domestic Violence (Women’s Department)

38
Introduction
Violence against women was brought to the forefront by the Women Against Violence
(WAV) Movement, an NGO in the late eighties. The issues, prior to that time were
hidden behind closed doors; no one interfered. Today, it is a public matter and a crime
and under the laws of Belize an indictable offence. Over the years, several efforts to
address the problem have included the enactment of legislation, policies, and
programmes. Despite all the efforts, gender-based violence is still very prevalent in
Belize. As a result our young people are either exposed to or are survivors of violence.
A review of the literature reveals that government and non-government organisations
have made great strides in addressing gender-based violence in Belize. As an
important part of their strategies in public education and awareness, many handbooks
were developed as tools to guide stake holders, including survivors and their families all
affected by gender – based violence.
The (1995) Fourth (4th
) World Conference on Women
In 1995 Belize attended the 4th
World Conference on Women in Beijing, China. While
the Beijing Platform for Action targeted twelve areas of development for women
globally, Belize concentrated on five major areas of concern: violence against women,
training, reproductive rights, and economic empowerment. The Conference Report
revealed that Belize established a women’s unit in 1979 to support and improve the
situation of women. In 1992, the National Women’s Commission was set up to advise
the government on matters affecting women. The Women’s Unit was later upgraded in
1988 to the Department of Women’s Affairs. During the mid-eighties several non-
government organisations were established. Each had its focus on development of
women targeting different geographical areas and interests, namely: Belize
Organisation for Women and Development (BOWAND), Women Against Violence
(WAV), Belize Family Life Association (BFLA), Belize Enterprise for Sustained
Technology (BEST) and the Society for the Promotion of Education and Research
(SPEAR). In 1993, the Women’s Issues Network (WIN), a coalition of NGOs was set up
in order to assist the Department of Women’s Affairs to avoid the duplication of financial
resources targeted towards the development of women. In subscribing to the UN’s
Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
several initiatives were taken by government in 1992:
 A revised National Policy Statement on Women
 The passage of the Domestic Violence Act
 Examination of the Sexual Harassment Bill

39
The report is used as a tool for government, women’s organisations, and non-
government organisations in accordance with its obligations under the signing and
ratification of CEDAW to empower and enhance women and their families.
Belize National Gender Policy 2002
The Belize National Gender Policy came about due to the findings reported in the
Situational Analysis of 2001. This report, researched and written by Robert Johnson for
the National Women’s Commission, called for an inclusive, citizen participatory, gender
policy that embraced all aspects of human development. The policy was created to
ensure that government implemented policies and programmes to effect change in five
(5) critical areas: health, education, employment, violence, and women in decision
making roles.
The policy was also written in tandem with the country’s commitments to upholding the
UN Conventions, namely: CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of all forms of
Discrimination Against Women), CRC (Convention on the Rights of the Child), MDGs
(Millennium Development Goals), ICPD ( International Convention on Population and
Development), and ILO (International Labor Organisation) Convention as well as other
social and economic developments.
ACCP Country Report: Belize State Accountability in Policing
And Prosecuting Sexual Assaults
The report, written by Madame Justice Antoinette Moore, pointed out many disparities in
the country’s laws when dealing with sexual abuse of minors. Several
recommendations to improve the treatment, management and protection of young
victims of sexual abuse in the system were made. Such as:
 The creation of a public information campaign
 Dedicated units overseen by the Director, Public Prosecutions (DPP)
 Consolidation of sexual assault laws
 Rape kits in hospitals
 Written protocols for hospital staff and police officers
 On-going training for police, all prosecutors, judges, hospital staff, and all other
stakeholders
 The use of screen and video link in courts throughout the country when dealing
with minors
 Trained counsellors

40
 Creation of a committee to monitor and handle cases of sexual offences against
minors
 Vigorous prosecution of alleged bribery
It must be pointed out that some of these recommendations have been realized. For
instance:
 Protocols for police and hospital staff
 Protocol for multi-sectorial response to sexual violence
 The utilisation of screens in the magistrate’s court to protect young victims
 Consolidation of The Criminal Code, Trafficking in Persons (Prohibition) Act and
the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children Act
 The Domestic Violence Act has been repealed and replaced by Act No.19
The Domestic Violence Act #19 of 2007
To a great extent, the Act provides greater protection and assistance to victims of
domestic violence. The powers of the Court have been expanded to allow for:
 Increasing the duration of the orders from 12 months to 3 years
 Allowing those in visiting relationships to apply for protection and other orders
under the Domestic Violence Act
 Empowering officers of the Women’s Department as well as experienced and
qualified social workers to make applications on behalf of victims
 To direct the respondent to relinquish to the police any firearm or other
weapon which the individual may have in their possession or which has been
used in domestic violence
 Direct the respondent, applicant, child or any other person in the order to
receive professional counselling or therapy
Persons can now make an application for a:
 Protection Order

41
 Occupation Order
 Tenancy Order
 Counselling Order
 Order for financial compensation
Penalties
Provisions under the Act allows for increased penalties. For example:
 Where a respondent had notice of the order or interim order and commits an
offence is liable:
o On a first conviction, to a fine not exceeding nine thousand dollars, or to
imprisonment for a period of twelve months, or to both - a fine and period
of imprisonment
 On a second conviction to a fine not exceeding fifteen thousand dollars and
not less than twelve thousand dollars, or to imprisonment for a period of
twenty-four (24) months, or to both - fine and imprisonment
 Any subsequent conviction could be liable to up to five (5) years of
imprisonment
 Where a person is convicted of an offence under the Act, the Court may, in
lieu of imposing a sentence of imprisonment, make a rehabilitation order
requiring the convicted person to undergo probation in a re-education or
rehabilitation programme for persons in a similar situation, and to engage in
community service work each weekend for one year.
Amendment No. 13 (Laws of Belize)
The Criminal Code Amendment Act 2013, dealing with rape and like crimes, has
repealed and replaced the term “girl-child” with “person” to provide protection for both
males and females under the age of 16 years
The Law now states:
• That every person who intentionally penetrates with his penis, the vagina, anus
or mouth of another person who is under the age of sixteen (16) years, commits
an offence and is liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for life.

42
Walking in the Darkness, Walking in the Light
This report written in 2009 by Debra Lewis took a look at the actions that were being
taken to end violence against women in Belize. After reviewing several documents,
laws and protocols, Ms. Lewis came up with 43 recommendations to review the
response to violence against women. Since then some changes have been made in the
way domestic violence cases are treated. Highlighted, are some of the
recommendations for change:
• The need to review legislation
• Authorising the Ombudsman to provide quality assurance of service of the police
department in cases of domestic violence
• Strengthening of the Legal Aid Office in Belize City and its presence in all
districts
• Establish Family Courts in all Districts
One of the developments that came from the report through consultation with police
officers, court officials and support workers for survivors of domestic violence was the
Domestic Violence Protocol for Police Officers Handbook. It addressed factors that
should not influence an officer’s actions in cases of domestic violence, proper phone
protocol and logging of call-in reports, initial response, follow up, reporting requirements
and withdrawal of complaints. It also included a proper chain of action to be followed
when a police officer is the perpetrator of the violence.
Women’s Handbook on Domestic Violence by Jamie Lee Ganger
The handbook, written by Jamie Lee Ganger, was developed in 2005 by the Women’s
Department. When creating the handbook five key areas were looked at:
 Terms when speaking about domestic violence
 Different forms of abuse
 Safety planning and prevention
 Legal options
 Contacts in cases of emergency
The book explains the different types of domestic violence, the cycle of violence, myths
about domestic violence, as well as warning signs of abuse and how it affects children.
It also informs persons on protection orders, occupation orders, and pressing charges
among other topics.

43
Domestic Violence and Its Effect on Children
Less than a year later, another handbook was released by the Women’s Department—
Domestic Violence and Its Effect on Children. The book speaks of the dangerous and
long lasting psychological effects violence can have on children -- such as looking for
acceptance in the wrong place or even suicidal thoughts and actions. Even, how
children, at the different stages of their lives can be affected by violence.
However, it also brought into focus the effects domestic violence can have on children
as witnesses even though not themselves recipients. It describes many of the reasons
why individuals choose to remain with their abuser. The book can also be used by
teachers to assist them in becoming aware of the warning signs in children who reside
in abusive environments. There is also a list of organisations to contact or services that
are available to assist children in reporting or recovering from their situation.
Protocols for Multi-Sectorial Response to Sexual Violence
The handbook, developed in 2011 has a similar structure to the police handbook, yet
also includes protocols for health workers. However, the publication was designed
specifically for cases of sexual violence. It brings awareness of the different forms of
sexual violence including the least talked about - marital and partner rape as well as
the taboo topics of incest and sexual violence against males.
Handbook on Sexual Violence
A Resource Guide to Legislations, Policies and Services
In response to public consultations in 2009, the above handbook was created.
Similarly, the guide discusses sexual violence and protocols established by the various
sectors. It gives advice on what to do if a parent suspects their child is being sexually
abused; outlines the sexual rights of women, ways to reduce the risk of sexual assault
and surviving sexual violence. The book addresses the laws that are related to sexual
violence.
Handbook for Men on Domestic Violence
The Men’s Handbook was written as a result of the assurances given by the Women’s
Department on the release of the Women’s Handbook that a similar one would be
published as soon as possible. Consultations were carried out with men from different
walks of life, including prisoners. The book highlights the crucial role men play in
society and the home. The myths surrounding the cycle of violence and clarifies why
some women stay in an abusive relationship. The book covers the dynamics of
“machismo” displayed by many Belizean men, and stressed the need for better-quality

44
communications between adults in close relationships. It gives examples of men as
targets of domestic violence and explains the Domestic Violence Act of 2007.
Conclusion
A review of the literature reveals that government and non-government organisations
have made great strides in addressing gender-based violence in Belize. There have
been amendments to the laws to ensure full compliance with UN Conventions and
protection of persons regardless of age or gender, as well as the implementation of
policies and protocols. As an important part of their strategies in public education and
awareness, many handbooks were developed as tools to guide all stakeholders,
including victims and their families affected by gender-based violence.

45
Profiles
Anne C. Clarke
Anne Clarke is the Gender Training and Programme Development Specialist assigned
to WIN-Belize on behalf of Cuso International.
Originally from the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, Canada has been home for the
past thirty years, prior to living in England. A Dean’s Scholar she holds a Bachelor’s
degree in Social Work with Honours and a Master of Arts in Political Science with a
concentration in International Development. She has a strong academic and practice
background in Women’s Studies, Public Policy and Administration and Law from
Carleton University, Ottawa. Prior to that, in 1996 Anne graduated with honours from
Algonquin College of Applied Arts and Technology with a Diploma in Human
Psychology. She holds several other professional development and training certificates
and diplomas. Such as, the UN’s Basic Security in the Field, Third Party Neutral and
Conflict Resolution, Power Equity Theory and Practice.
A Community Development Worker, Social Policy Researcher and Programme
Manager she has served as Policy Advisor and Legislative Assistant within the Federal
Parliament of Canada for nearly two decades focussing on migration, human rights,
international development, health, gender and other social policy areas.
Within the Non-Government Sector as Executive Director of the Pearson-Shoyama
Institute, a Public Policy Multicultural and Diversity Think-Tank and the National Capital
Alliance on Race Relations where she directed employment, gender equity, race
relations, and police-community relations policies and programmes.
Community work has been within the Canadian Women’s Movement, Sexual Assault
and Rape Crisis Networks; Immigrant Women’s Community, Human Rights
Organisations and the Prison System. Two of her many achievements include, being
one of the original volunteer members of Ottawa’s first Community Street-Clinic for at-
risk youth, the homeless and people without medical coverage; a precursor to Canada’s
Community Health Clinics and influencing government policy change to institute
Canada’s Women At Risk Refugee Policy.

46
PROFILE
Ms. Margaret Nicholas
(Former Director, Belize Family Court)
Ms Margaret Nicholas is the former director and magistrate of the Belize Family
Court. She began her career over thirty years ago working in the Social Development
Department in various capacities. She had the post of Youth Development Officer,
Social Welfare Officer, Community Development Officer, and Deputy Head of Social
Development Department. With the establishment of the Family Court in 1989 and the
need to equip the court with trained and competent staff, two years later, Ms Nicholas
was transferred on appointment to the post of magistrate. She served in this capacity
for ten years cultivating a reputation for being a champion for children’s and women’s
rights and her firm but fair approach in dealing with matters which comes before her is
well known. In 2000 in recognition of her hard work, dedication and tremendous
workload for the supervising justice, the law was changed to allow for a director to be
appointed, operating under the guidance of the Chief Justice.
Ms Margaret Nicholas is highly qualified, having obtained many academic certifications,
including Advance Diplomas in youth work, legal studies, social work, mediation and a
Master’s Degree in International Child Welfare from the University of East Anglia in
England. She has and continues to serve on many national committees, such as the
National 4-H Foundation, National Committee for Families and Children, National
Women’s Commission, Youth Enhancement Services, and the shelter for Battered
Women to name a few. She always used these opportunities to advance the agenda of
families and their children. Ms Nicholas has received several awards, including an
outstanding award from the National Women’s Commission and Women’s Department
in recognition for her outstanding contribution to end gender-based violence. She also
received an award from the National Committee for Families and Children in recognition
for the years of on-going commitment and dedication, again to Belizean Families and
their children. Her commitment to continue advocating for improved conditions and
services for children, women and their families remain high on her agenda.

47
PROFILE
Kathleen Pate
Kathleen Pate has just recently retired after almost twenty (20) years within the Ministry
of Human Development, Women’s Department as a Woman Development Officer.
A Social Worker by training, she holds an Associate Degree in Social Work. In addition
she holds certificates in Social Services, Community Development, Batterers
Intervention and Mediation. Over the years she has participated in several professional
development programmes to enhance her skills and knowledge in social work.
Ms. Pate has been privileged to have worked throughout the country of Belize dealing
with various domestic violence and equality issues.
During her career she has had several achievements; the most significant is being the
founder of the first Domestic Violence Unit in the Orange Walk District, which was
functioned within the Orange Walk Police Station. Her volunteer commitments are
many, including being the former President of the board of WIN-Belize.

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