This document provides an overview and analysis of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III). It discusses the history and key provisions of the treaty. While the U.S. has not formally ratified UNCLOS III, the document examines how U.S. courts have applied parts of the treaty in relevant cases to determine jurisdictional issues. It also explores the economic and strategic benefits the U.S. could gain from joining, such as asserting claims in the Arctic. Overall, the document recommends that the U.S. ratify UNCLOS III to better protect its interests, particularly with increased activity in the Arctic region.
Legal issues in the united nations compensation commission on iraqAlexander Decker
This document summarizes the legal issues surrounding the United Nations Compensation Commission (UNCC) established after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990. The UNCC was unprecedented as the first war reparations body established by the UN Security Council under Chapter VII to make reparations mandatory for an aggressor state. While similar to past reparations bodies, the UNCC's operations violated Iraq's sovereignty by subjecting its entire economy to international control. The document concludes that despite flaws, the UNCC model could serve as a template for future compensation schemes.
The Republic of Nicaragua brought a case against the United States to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) regarding US actions against Nicaragua from 1981-1984. The ICJ found that it had jurisdiction and the case was admissible. It determined that the US had violated international law through actions including training/arming rebel groups in Nicaragua, mining Nicaraguan ports, attacks on Nicaraguan territory, and failing to ensure humane treatment of rebel forces. The court rejected the US claim of collective self-defense and ruled the US must cease its actions and make reparations to Nicaragua.
The document summarizes key events in US history from the 1970s to present day, including the end of the Vietnam War through the Paris Peace Accords, Watergate scandal, Reagan presidency and Iran-Contra affair, shifts in the US economy, energy issues, relations with the Soviet Union/Russia and China, and Canada-US relations. It also briefly discusses separatism in Quebec and free trade agreements between the US, Canada, and Mexico.
The document discusses several key arms control agreements:
1) The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) aims to limit the spread of nuclear weapons globally and has three pillars: non-proliferation, disarmament, and peaceful use of nuclear energy. It faces criticism for creating a division between nuclear and non-nuclear states.
2) The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) bans all nuclear explosions and has been signed by 180 states but not ratified by all key countries including the US and China. India initially rejected the CTBT as discriminatory but is reevaluating its position.
3) Other agreements discussed include the Missile Technology Control Regime which aims
The document discusses the history of nuclear weapons and disarmament efforts. It provides statistics on current US and Russian nuclear stockpiles and highlights President Obama's goals of reducing global stockpiles. It also examines the human health and environmental impacts of nuclear weapons and ongoing treaties and initiatives aimed at nuclear nonproliferation and eventual elimination of nuclear weapons.
Cap. Saujanya Sinha - Cmmi - Webinar - April 2020cmmindia2017
This document provides an overview of the Suppression of Unlawful Acts (SUA) Convention of 1988 and how it relates to piracy. It discusses key events that led to the development of the SUA Convention, including the 1985 hijacking of the Achille Lauro passenger ship. It explains the objectives and definitions of "offences" under the SUA Convention, which include endangering a vessel's navigation through acts of violence. While piracy under UNCLOS requires attacks between private vessels for private ends, SUA Convention offences do not have the same restrictions. The document argues India's Anti-Maritime Piracy Bill of 2019 could have been improved by also addressing SUA Convention offences, rather than
The document summarizes the history of maritime law and disputes over fishing rights and territorial waters. It discusses the Cod Wars between Iceland and the UK in the 1970s, where Iceland unilaterally expanded its fishing zone, leading to confrontations between Icelandic and British vessels. The disputes highlighted the need for an international agreement on maritime boundaries and rights. The document also examines ongoing territorial disputes in the South and East China Seas involving China, Vietnam, the Philippines, and other countries. These disputes are fueled by competition for oil and gas resources and have increased tensions, though organizations like ASEAN have tried to promote peaceful resolutions.
This document provides an overview and analysis of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III). It discusses the history and key provisions of the treaty. While the U.S. has not formally ratified UNCLOS III, the document examines how U.S. courts have applied parts of the treaty in relevant cases to determine jurisdictional issues. It also explores the economic and strategic benefits the U.S. could gain from joining, such as asserting claims in the Arctic. Overall, the document recommends that the U.S. ratify UNCLOS III to better protect its interests, particularly with increased activity in the Arctic region.
Legal issues in the united nations compensation commission on iraqAlexander Decker
This document summarizes the legal issues surrounding the United Nations Compensation Commission (UNCC) established after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990. The UNCC was unprecedented as the first war reparations body established by the UN Security Council under Chapter VII to make reparations mandatory for an aggressor state. While similar to past reparations bodies, the UNCC's operations violated Iraq's sovereignty by subjecting its entire economy to international control. The document concludes that despite flaws, the UNCC model could serve as a template for future compensation schemes.
The Republic of Nicaragua brought a case against the United States to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) regarding US actions against Nicaragua from 1981-1984. The ICJ found that it had jurisdiction and the case was admissible. It determined that the US had violated international law through actions including training/arming rebel groups in Nicaragua, mining Nicaraguan ports, attacks on Nicaraguan territory, and failing to ensure humane treatment of rebel forces. The court rejected the US claim of collective self-defense and ruled the US must cease its actions and make reparations to Nicaragua.
The document summarizes key events in US history from the 1970s to present day, including the end of the Vietnam War through the Paris Peace Accords, Watergate scandal, Reagan presidency and Iran-Contra affair, shifts in the US economy, energy issues, relations with the Soviet Union/Russia and China, and Canada-US relations. It also briefly discusses separatism in Quebec and free trade agreements between the US, Canada, and Mexico.
The document discusses several key arms control agreements:
1) The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) aims to limit the spread of nuclear weapons globally and has three pillars: non-proliferation, disarmament, and peaceful use of nuclear energy. It faces criticism for creating a division between nuclear and non-nuclear states.
2) The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) bans all nuclear explosions and has been signed by 180 states but not ratified by all key countries including the US and China. India initially rejected the CTBT as discriminatory but is reevaluating its position.
3) Other agreements discussed include the Missile Technology Control Regime which aims
The document discusses the history of nuclear weapons and disarmament efforts. It provides statistics on current US and Russian nuclear stockpiles and highlights President Obama's goals of reducing global stockpiles. It also examines the human health and environmental impacts of nuclear weapons and ongoing treaties and initiatives aimed at nuclear nonproliferation and eventual elimination of nuclear weapons.
Cap. Saujanya Sinha - Cmmi - Webinar - April 2020cmmindia2017
This document provides an overview of the Suppression of Unlawful Acts (SUA) Convention of 1988 and how it relates to piracy. It discusses key events that led to the development of the SUA Convention, including the 1985 hijacking of the Achille Lauro passenger ship. It explains the objectives and definitions of "offences" under the SUA Convention, which include endangering a vessel's navigation through acts of violence. While piracy under UNCLOS requires attacks between private vessels for private ends, SUA Convention offences do not have the same restrictions. The document argues India's Anti-Maritime Piracy Bill of 2019 could have been improved by also addressing SUA Convention offences, rather than
The document summarizes the history of maritime law and disputes over fishing rights and territorial waters. It discusses the Cod Wars between Iceland and the UK in the 1970s, where Iceland unilaterally expanded its fishing zone, leading to confrontations between Icelandic and British vessels. The disputes highlighted the need for an international agreement on maritime boundaries and rights. The document also examines ongoing territorial disputes in the South and East China Seas involving China, Vietnam, the Philippines, and other countries. These disputes are fueled by competition for oil and gas resources and have increased tensions, though organizations like ASEAN have tried to promote peaceful resolutions.
History of Land Treaties between Canada and First Nations People Hannah Steelbreaker
This document provides a history of land treaties between the Canadian government and Indigenous groups and details several specific land disputes. It summarizes that (1) land treaties over three centuries have been a source of ongoing disputes due to differing cultural understandings and language barriers, (2) the Specific Claims Resolution Act of 2003 aimed to address Indigenous land claims but failed to give Indigenous groups full jurisdiction and suffered from conflicts of interest, (3) several prominent land disputes included the Oka Crisis of 1990 over a golf course expansion, the Caledonia protest from 2006-2007 over residential development, and the Ipperwash Crisis of 1995 which resulted in the death of Dudley George.
The document discusses various topics related to weapons of mass destruction including terrorism, chemical weapons, biological weapons, and nuclear weapons. It provides definitions and classifications of terrorism, describes some major terrorist attacks, and explains the different types of weapons of mass destruction including how they work and historical uses. The document also discusses treaties like the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty which aims to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and allow peaceful use of nuclear technology.
The document discusses the right to self-determination as recognized by international law and several legal documents. Specifically, it is recognized by the South African Constitution, the African Union Charter on Human and Peoples Rights, the United Nations Charter, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The document argues that the Cape region fulfills the criteria for self-determination and independence, as prior to 1910 South Africa did not exist as a unified entity, and other regions have since achieved independence. It encourages support for Cape independence organizations working toward exercising the right to self-determination.
This document discusses arms control and disarmament. It defines arms control as any agreement among states to regulate some aspect of their military capabilities, such as locations, amounts, readiness of forces and weapons. The goal of arms control is to stabilize security and manage conflict through cooperation between adversaries. Disarmament aims to drastically reduce or eliminate weapons with the goal of ending war. The document outlines several major arms control agreements throughout history and explains that arms control developed during the Cold War to address questions around deterrence and minimizing the risks of an arms race escalating to war.
Disarmament and arms control aim to reduce weapons and the threat of armed violence. Disarmament involves reducing or eliminating weapons, while arms control limits but does not necessarily reduce weapons. The United Nations and organizations like the Conference on Disarmament work to negotiate treaties on issues like nuclear, chemical, and conventional weapons. Success has been seen in treaties like the Antarctic Treaty, but achieving full disarmament remains an ongoing challenge.
This presentation discusses the rights of parties to a conflict to adopt methods and means of warfare at their choice while also highlighting their limits in this regard.
Regulation of scientific experiments leading to loss ofVishnu Manoharan
This document discusses the regulation of scientific experiments that result in loss of human life. It provides background on how science has increasingly been used for military purposes over time, especially with the world wars accelerating this relationship. It discusses several international treaties and conventions that have been established to regulate weapons and warfare, including those that banned chemical weapons, biological weapons, and restricted nuclear proliferation. Specific treaties mentioned include the Geneva Protocol, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, Biological Weapons Convention, and Environmental Modification Convention. The document also discusses the nuclear arms race between the US and Soviet Union during the Cold War.
A paper detailing the need to involve the military in disaster management situations. A review of existing legislation and current practice in the United States.
The document examines the United Nations' role in disarmament for global security. It discusses the definitions and history of disarmament, including treaties like the Versailles Treaty and the Rush–Bagot Agreement. It outlines the UN's work through organizations like the UN Office for Disarmament Affairs and conferences to negotiate agreements limiting weapons. Experts argue for the importance of nuclear disarmament education given aging atomic bomb survivors. The UN promotes non-proliferation and strengthening disarmament regimes regarding chemical and biological weapons.
National Security has a close linkage with cross border threats, aggression by non- state actors, and the role of the International Criminal Court. This presentation discusses the efficacy of ICC.
This document discusses treaty making and its application under Nigerian law. It begins by defining key terms like treaty, convention, and protocol. It then examines Nigeria's capacity and process for entering into treaties as a member of the international community. It notes that treaty making authority in Nigeria is unclear and not comprehensively addressed in law. While the constitution focuses on treaty implementation, it does not specify which entities have authority to negotiate and ratify treaties. The document recommends Nigeria establish clearer legal guidelines on treaty making procedures and authorities.
Taiwan has implicitly and explicitly accepted key provisions of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) through its domestic laws and practices. While Taiwan is not a UN member, it adhered to international maritime conventions in the past and its shipping laws reference adopting international standards. The interception of foreign vessels by threat of force, as occurred in the 2009 MT Tosa incident, violates UNCLOS which Taiwan follows in practice through its maritime regulations and history of international cooperation on legal maritime issues.
The document discusses the importance of disarmament and arms control in reducing threats from nuclear weapons and achieving peace. It notes that we must choose between disarmament, a divided world, or total destruction. Over 30,000 nuclear weapons currently exist worldwide in the arsenals of 9 states. The document outlines the differences between disarmament and arms control, and various international treaties and organizations working on limiting weapons proliferation and reducing stockpiles. While progress has been mixed, continued cooperation on binding agreements is important for global security.
The document summarizes the Antarctic Treaty which was signed in 1959 to set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve and ban military activity on the continent. It established Antarctica as a natural reserve to be used only for peaceful purposes. The treaty has 46 member nations that meet periodically to exchange information and make recommendations to promote scientific research and international cooperation regarding Antarctica. Key provisions prohibit nuclear explosions, claim no territorial sovereignty, and require open access and inspection of activities in Antarctica.
The document discusses several key cases and conventions related to establishing boundaries and jurisdiction in maritime law:
- The 1958 and 1982 UN Conventions codified states' territorial seas, economic zones, and related rights and duties. The 1982 Convention established a standard 12-nautical mile territorial sea and 200-nautical mile exclusive economic zone.
- The Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries Case established that coastal states can draw straight baselines to determine their territorial seas, within reason based on geographic features. This approach was later codified in the 1982 Convention.
- Other cases examined what crimes fall under a state's jurisdiction when committed in territorial waters or aboard foreign-flagged vessels in port. Jurisdiction depends on factors like the crime's
The Supreme Court of Canada heard a case regarding Canada's implementation of sections 31 and 32 of the Manitoba Act of 1870, which promised land grants to Métis children and recognition of existing Métis landholdings. The Court found that while Canada did not owe the Métis a fiduciary duty, it did fail to implement section 31's land grant provision in accordance with the honour of the Crown due to errors and delays that interfered with distributing the land. The Court also granted public interest standing to the Manitoba Metis Federation to advance the collective claims of the Métis people regarding the implementation of the Manitoba Act.
The document summarizes the 1926 Cayuga Indians Case between Great Britain and the United States. The case concerned annuity payments owed to the Cayuga Nation under treaties with New York. Some Cayugas had moved to Canada in the late 18th century but were no longer receiving payments. The arbitration tribunal ruled that the Canadian Cayugas were entitled to a portion of past annuity payments based on equity and the Treaty of Ghent, despite the treaty bar argued by the US. The case emphasized that international law should consider equity to avoid injustice and protect individual rights.
The document is a scanned receipt from a grocery store purchase on June 15th, 2022 totaling $58.37. It lists items bought including ground beef, chicken breasts, tortillas, cheese, and produce such as tomatoes, lettuce, and onions. The receipt shows the item prices, taxes, and total amount due.
This document summarizes a presentation on solutions to family homelessness. It discusses various interventions like rapid re-housing, permanent supportive housing, and adding family assessments. Data is presented showing that rapid re-housing and permanent supportive housing have had success in keeping families stably housed. A new Family Housing Solutions project is described that uses a standardized family assessment and matches families to different levels of assistance. Preliminary results found most families were referred to rapid re-housing while a smaller number were referred to permanent supportive housing or temporary assistance. Lessons learned focused on coordination challenges and the need for more affordable housing.
El documento explica el funcionamiento del registro de dominios en Internet. Menciona que el ICANN es la organización responsable de asignar direcciones IP, identificadores de protocolo y funciones de gestión de dominios. Para registrar un dominio .com hay que elegir un nombre único y proveedor de hosting, y existen diferentes tipos de extensiones como .org o .net. El registro de dominios .ar se realiza a través de nic.ar, donde se verifica disponibilidad, registra datos y configura servidores DNS. Los cybersquatters y typosquatters son personas que registran domin
History of Land Treaties between Canada and First Nations People Hannah Steelbreaker
This document provides a history of land treaties between the Canadian government and Indigenous groups and details several specific land disputes. It summarizes that (1) land treaties over three centuries have been a source of ongoing disputes due to differing cultural understandings and language barriers, (2) the Specific Claims Resolution Act of 2003 aimed to address Indigenous land claims but failed to give Indigenous groups full jurisdiction and suffered from conflicts of interest, (3) several prominent land disputes included the Oka Crisis of 1990 over a golf course expansion, the Caledonia protest from 2006-2007 over residential development, and the Ipperwash Crisis of 1995 which resulted in the death of Dudley George.
The document discusses various topics related to weapons of mass destruction including terrorism, chemical weapons, biological weapons, and nuclear weapons. It provides definitions and classifications of terrorism, describes some major terrorist attacks, and explains the different types of weapons of mass destruction including how they work and historical uses. The document also discusses treaties like the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty which aims to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and allow peaceful use of nuclear technology.
The document discusses the right to self-determination as recognized by international law and several legal documents. Specifically, it is recognized by the South African Constitution, the African Union Charter on Human and Peoples Rights, the United Nations Charter, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The document argues that the Cape region fulfills the criteria for self-determination and independence, as prior to 1910 South Africa did not exist as a unified entity, and other regions have since achieved independence. It encourages support for Cape independence organizations working toward exercising the right to self-determination.
This document discusses arms control and disarmament. It defines arms control as any agreement among states to regulate some aspect of their military capabilities, such as locations, amounts, readiness of forces and weapons. The goal of arms control is to stabilize security and manage conflict through cooperation between adversaries. Disarmament aims to drastically reduce or eliminate weapons with the goal of ending war. The document outlines several major arms control agreements throughout history and explains that arms control developed during the Cold War to address questions around deterrence and minimizing the risks of an arms race escalating to war.
Disarmament and arms control aim to reduce weapons and the threat of armed violence. Disarmament involves reducing or eliminating weapons, while arms control limits but does not necessarily reduce weapons. The United Nations and organizations like the Conference on Disarmament work to negotiate treaties on issues like nuclear, chemical, and conventional weapons. Success has been seen in treaties like the Antarctic Treaty, but achieving full disarmament remains an ongoing challenge.
This presentation discusses the rights of parties to a conflict to adopt methods and means of warfare at their choice while also highlighting their limits in this regard.
Regulation of scientific experiments leading to loss ofVishnu Manoharan
This document discusses the regulation of scientific experiments that result in loss of human life. It provides background on how science has increasingly been used for military purposes over time, especially with the world wars accelerating this relationship. It discusses several international treaties and conventions that have been established to regulate weapons and warfare, including those that banned chemical weapons, biological weapons, and restricted nuclear proliferation. Specific treaties mentioned include the Geneva Protocol, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, Biological Weapons Convention, and Environmental Modification Convention. The document also discusses the nuclear arms race between the US and Soviet Union during the Cold War.
A paper detailing the need to involve the military in disaster management situations. A review of existing legislation and current practice in the United States.
The document examines the United Nations' role in disarmament for global security. It discusses the definitions and history of disarmament, including treaties like the Versailles Treaty and the Rush–Bagot Agreement. It outlines the UN's work through organizations like the UN Office for Disarmament Affairs and conferences to negotiate agreements limiting weapons. Experts argue for the importance of nuclear disarmament education given aging atomic bomb survivors. The UN promotes non-proliferation and strengthening disarmament regimes regarding chemical and biological weapons.
National Security has a close linkage with cross border threats, aggression by non- state actors, and the role of the International Criminal Court. This presentation discusses the efficacy of ICC.
This document discusses treaty making and its application under Nigerian law. It begins by defining key terms like treaty, convention, and protocol. It then examines Nigeria's capacity and process for entering into treaties as a member of the international community. It notes that treaty making authority in Nigeria is unclear and not comprehensively addressed in law. While the constitution focuses on treaty implementation, it does not specify which entities have authority to negotiate and ratify treaties. The document recommends Nigeria establish clearer legal guidelines on treaty making procedures and authorities.
Taiwan has implicitly and explicitly accepted key provisions of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) through its domestic laws and practices. While Taiwan is not a UN member, it adhered to international maritime conventions in the past and its shipping laws reference adopting international standards. The interception of foreign vessels by threat of force, as occurred in the 2009 MT Tosa incident, violates UNCLOS which Taiwan follows in practice through its maritime regulations and history of international cooperation on legal maritime issues.
The document discusses the importance of disarmament and arms control in reducing threats from nuclear weapons and achieving peace. It notes that we must choose between disarmament, a divided world, or total destruction. Over 30,000 nuclear weapons currently exist worldwide in the arsenals of 9 states. The document outlines the differences between disarmament and arms control, and various international treaties and organizations working on limiting weapons proliferation and reducing stockpiles. While progress has been mixed, continued cooperation on binding agreements is important for global security.
The document summarizes the Antarctic Treaty which was signed in 1959 to set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve and ban military activity on the continent. It established Antarctica as a natural reserve to be used only for peaceful purposes. The treaty has 46 member nations that meet periodically to exchange information and make recommendations to promote scientific research and international cooperation regarding Antarctica. Key provisions prohibit nuclear explosions, claim no territorial sovereignty, and require open access and inspection of activities in Antarctica.
The document discusses several key cases and conventions related to establishing boundaries and jurisdiction in maritime law:
- The 1958 and 1982 UN Conventions codified states' territorial seas, economic zones, and related rights and duties. The 1982 Convention established a standard 12-nautical mile territorial sea and 200-nautical mile exclusive economic zone.
- The Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries Case established that coastal states can draw straight baselines to determine their territorial seas, within reason based on geographic features. This approach was later codified in the 1982 Convention.
- Other cases examined what crimes fall under a state's jurisdiction when committed in territorial waters or aboard foreign-flagged vessels in port. Jurisdiction depends on factors like the crime's
The Supreme Court of Canada heard a case regarding Canada's implementation of sections 31 and 32 of the Manitoba Act of 1870, which promised land grants to Métis children and recognition of existing Métis landholdings. The Court found that while Canada did not owe the Métis a fiduciary duty, it did fail to implement section 31's land grant provision in accordance with the honour of the Crown due to errors and delays that interfered with distributing the land. The Court also granted public interest standing to the Manitoba Metis Federation to advance the collective claims of the Métis people regarding the implementation of the Manitoba Act.
The document summarizes the 1926 Cayuga Indians Case between Great Britain and the United States. The case concerned annuity payments owed to the Cayuga Nation under treaties with New York. Some Cayugas had moved to Canada in the late 18th century but were no longer receiving payments. The arbitration tribunal ruled that the Canadian Cayugas were entitled to a portion of past annuity payments based on equity and the Treaty of Ghent, despite the treaty bar argued by the US. The case emphasized that international law should consider equity to avoid injustice and protect individual rights.
The document is a scanned receipt from a grocery store purchase on June 15th, 2022 totaling $58.37. It lists items bought including ground beef, chicken breasts, tortillas, cheese, and produce such as tomatoes, lettuce, and onions. The receipt shows the item prices, taxes, and total amount due.
This document summarizes a presentation on solutions to family homelessness. It discusses various interventions like rapid re-housing, permanent supportive housing, and adding family assessments. Data is presented showing that rapid re-housing and permanent supportive housing have had success in keeping families stably housed. A new Family Housing Solutions project is described that uses a standardized family assessment and matches families to different levels of assistance. Preliminary results found most families were referred to rapid re-housing while a smaller number were referred to permanent supportive housing or temporary assistance. Lessons learned focused on coordination challenges and the need for more affordable housing.
El documento explica el funcionamiento del registro de dominios en Internet. Menciona que el ICANN es la organización responsable de asignar direcciones IP, identificadores de protocolo y funciones de gestión de dominios. Para registrar un dominio .com hay que elegir un nombre único y proveedor de hosting, y existen diferentes tipos de extensiones como .org o .net. El registro de dominios .ar se realiza a través de nic.ar, donde se verifica disponibilidad, registra datos y configura servidores DNS. Los cybersquatters y typosquatters son personas que registran domin
A seguito del Workshop del 21 aprile su Coworking e Turismo, un approfondimento sulle opportunità di finanziamento delle startup in ambito Coworking. Tor Vergata, Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia, 30 maggio 2016
El documento trata sobre la gestión de la cadena de suministro. Explica que la gestión de la cadena de suministro (SCOR) permite evaluar y mejorar el rendimiento de toda la empresa mediante definiciones estándar, terminología y métricas. También discute los problemas en la gestión que pueden provenir de la administración o los empleados, y cómo esto se refleja en el producto final. Finalmente, resume varias teorías sobre la logística, la gestión de riesgos en la cadena de suministro y cómo los modelos de gestión
Los boletus son un tipo de seta, con más de 100 variedades. La más conocida es el boletus edulis, apreciada en la cocina. Crece en forma de paraguas con sombrero, poros y pie. Se encuentran principalmente en otoño en bosques de pinos, robles y castaños. Algunas variedades son comestibles y otras no. Se reproducen por esporas que germinan en condiciones húmedas y cálidas.
El documento habla sobre la paz y los pájaros como metáforas para las relaciones entre hombres y mujeres. Describe cómo diferentes estados civiles afectan la paz y los pájaros de una persona, sugiriendo que la única manera de mantener ambos es estar casado.
Make It Happen ofrece soluciones integrales de marketing, incluyendo correo electrónico, materiales gráficos, traducción y organización de eventos. Su misión es brindar soluciones de alta calidad y efectividad al mejor costo. Ofrecen servicios como desarrollo de campañas de correo electrónico, creación de contenido impreso y digital, traducción a otros idiomas y planeación completa de eventos.
Este documento describe la vida y carrera de Hilda Taba, una destacada pedagoga estadounidense de origen estonio. A pesar de nacer y estudiar en Estonia, su trabajo no fue reconocido en su país de origen hasta décadas después. Después de estudiar en los Estados Unidos, tuvo dificultades para encontrar trabajo en Estonia y regresó a Estados Unidos, donde se convirtió en una importante figura en el desarrollo de currículos educativos.
Este documento describe la firma electrónica en dispositivos móviles. Explica que la firma electrónica móvil permite a los usuarios realizar transacciones y procesos de negocio desde su teléfono con las mismas garantías legales que la firma electrónica tradicional. Detalla los requisitos como una tarjeta SIM criptográfica y un certificado digital, y el proceso para obtener un certificado y realizar una firma desde un dispositivo móvil. Finalmente, enumera algunos usos comunes de la firma electrónica m
Este documento presenta una guía pedagógica para el uso de un software multimedia llamado "Vivir en el extranjero y compartir la experiencia". El software tiene como objetivo principal que los estudiantes creen de manera colectiva relatos, testimonios y narraciones de viaje sobre experiencias vividas en otros países. La guía explica cómo el profesor puede organizar el trabajo de los estudiantes a través de varias etapas para alcanzar este objetivo, y proporciona sugerencias sobre la implementación del software en el aula, ya sea de forma presen
Este documento presenta los servicios de diseño gráfico de Jesús Sanz, incluyendo diseño de cubiertas de libros, maquetación editorial, diseño web, ilustración y más, para clientes como editoriales, fundaciones y organizaciones. Detalla proyectos específicos realizados para cada cliente.
French Expertise_Metalworking - Automation and Control divisions_Offre en Fra...SYMOP
Symop is a French trade association founded in 1907 that represents approximately 240 manufacturing technology companies. The member companies employ 16,000 employees and have a combined turnover of 2 billion Euros. Symop provides access to a network of suppliers that offer solutions to improve manufacturing competitiveness, and also contributes to workforce development and training in France.
Ley municipal que aumenta faltas sancionables contra los choferes de La PazErbol Digital
El Concejo Municipal de La Paz aprobó una norma mediante la cual modificó la Ley Municipal de Transporte e incrementó la cantidad de faltas por las cuales los choferes podrán ser sancionados. Por ejemplo, en el nuevo texto se incorporó al trameaje como una infracción gravísima.
The document describes ROCOL, a manufacturer of maintenance products including greases, oils, lubricants, and coatings. It has over 150 years of experience developing technically advanced products for diverse industries. ROCOL prides itself on producing high-quality products that meet industry needs and international standards for quality, environment, and safety. The document provides an overview of ROCOL's food grade and industrial product lines.
MEDlab es una plataforma de Innovación basada en la cooperación entre empresas para la materialización de innovación tecnológica en medicina (Medical Devices).
Es un proyecto desarrollado por La Salle Technova Barcelona, que se inicia ahora, y que tiene como objetivo dar sus primeros resultados en 5-6 meses. Resultados tangibles, orientados a mercado, y donde la base del proyecto no es el I+D a largo plazo sino todo lo contrario, la valorización de tecnologia, el apalancamiento sobre las tecnologias y el conocimiento existente de los participantes en el proyecto.
En caso de ser empresas o instituciones interesadas en participar, la información de contacto esta disponible en la presentación.
Wie man das Echo-Prinzip nutzen kann - Kommunikationstag 2013Yussi Pick
Wurde bisher der öffentliche Diskurs in traditionellen Medien mit traditionellen PR/PA Instrumenten beeinflusst, macht heute das Netz Diskussionen sichtbar, die bisher nicht-öffentlich stattgefunden haben und zwingt Player dazu, sich mit neuen KonsumentInnen und MeinungsführerInnen auseinander zu setzen. Dieser neue Kanal verlangt nach neuen Regeln und Instrumenten, die Yussi Pick basierend auf internationalen Beispielen aufzeigt.
El documento recomienda varios mangas, incluyendo Transfer Student Storm Bringer sobre un estudiante que usa su ingenio y suerte para sobrevivir en una nueva escuela, Nurarihyon no Mago sobre Rikou, el heredero de un clan yokai que intenta llevar una vida normal, y Rave Master sobre Haru Glory y sus amigos que luchan contra la organización Demon Card mientras buscan las piedras Rave.
The document discusses employment laws in Canada. It notes that determining the employer-employee relationship can be complex as there is no single test, and courts consider multiple factors. A contract of employment establishes that a worker performs services under the direction of an employer in exchange for payment. The terms of the contract may be written or oral. Another type of contract is one where a person works independently rather than as an employee.
The document discusses the debate around whether the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) or the Privy Council would be more effective as the final court of appeal for Eastern Caribbean countries. It outlines arguments on both sides of the debate. Supporters of the CCJ argue it would be more familiar with Caribbean issues and culture, while critics argue the CCJ could be subject to political influence and its judges may not have sufficient competence. Ultimately, the document supports the view that the CCJ will grow in effectiveness over time as countries' independence and integration increase within the Caribbean region.
What the UN can do to Assist Non-self Governing TerritoriesDr Lendy Spires
This document discusses how various UN agencies can assist non-self-governing territories in working towards self-governance and independence. It provides an overview of the UN's role in decolonization since its founding, and lists 17 remaining non-self-governing territories. It then summarizes assistance that several UN bodies, including UNICEF, UNDP, UNEP, UNHCR, UNFPA, UNAIDS, UNESCO, FAO, WHO and ILO can provide to territories in areas like education, healthcare, economic development, and protecting human rights.
Statement of Fifth Constitutional Convention President Luz James II Speech ...Genevieve Whitaker
The president of the Fifth Constitutional Convention of the U.S. Virgin Islands addressed the United Nations General Assembly to summarize the territory's ongoing efforts to draft a locally written constitution to replace the current constitution imposed by the administering power, the United States. However, the governor of the U.S. Virgin Islands refused to transmit the draft constitution to the U.S. for review as required by law, citing objections to some provisions. The Constitutional Convention has sued to force the governor to transmit the draft. The president emphasized that the draft constitution is not intended to change the territory's non-self-governing status but to organize its internal governance, and asked the U.N. to support the public education process on
- The October Crisis in Quebec saw the federal government invoke the War Measures Act in response, granting it absolute power and halting civil rights.
- Secret cabinet meetings discussed emergency legislation at Bourassa's request to help fortify the provincial government.
- The War Measures Act allowed police to jail 497 suspected terrorists or sympathizers without due process. Most detainees were later released without charge.
This document provides an overview and analysis of key provisions in the 1987 Philippine Constitution relating to political law and the national territory. It begins with definitions of the constitution and methods of interpreting its provisions. It then examines several Sections of Article II on Declaration of Principles and State Policies, discussing the intent of the framers and relevant Supreme Court rulings. It also analyzes provisions defining the scope of the national territory and Philippine archipelago, and evaluates the constitutionality of the Philippine Baselines Law in the context of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.
The Special Rapporteur examines the human rights situation of indigenous peoples in Canada based on research conducted during an October 2013 visit. While Canada has developed legal protections for indigenous rights, significant human rights challenges remain. The socioeconomic gap between indigenous and non-indigenous Canadians has not narrowed, and indigenous peoples experience high levels of poverty, low educational achievement, poor housing, and lack of access to social services. Indigenous women and girls also remain vulnerable to violence. Overall, there are high levels of distrust between indigenous peoples and the federal and provincial governments regarding the unresolved nature of land claims and self-governance issues. Urgent measures are needed to establish long-term solutions based on partnership with indigenous peoples.
The document is a report from the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples examining the human rights situation of indigenous peoples in Canada. It summarizes that while Canada has developed legal frameworks and policies to protect indigenous rights, significant challenges remain. The well-being gap between indigenous and non-indigenous Canadians has not narrowed. Treaty and land claims remain unresolved and indigenous women face abuse. Overall, indigenous peoples have high distrust of government. Concerted efforts and real partnership with indigenous groups are needed to establish long-term solutions respecting their rights.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The document discusses a session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues regarding the World Conference on Indigenous Peoples. It notes that the WCIP provides an opportunity to accelerate implementation of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, but there is a risk that states could undermine indigenous interests if the conference is not organized in line with UN standards. It calls for the conference to ensure full and equal participation of indigenous peoples in all aspects, be inclusive of all communities, and obtain free, prior and informed consent on decisions impacting indigenous rights. The document recommends referencing themes from past Permanent Forum sessions, such as decolonization, in the WCIP agenda.
Politicsandgovernancewithphil constitution-091020093200-phpapp02John Kent Gines
The document discusses the meaning and classification of constitutions. It can be broadly defined as the set of rules that establish and limit governmental powers. More specifically, the Philippine constitution is the written instrument that establishes the fundamental powers of the Philippine government and distributes them among branches.
Constitutions can be classified in several ways: by origin (conventional/enacted vs cumulative/evolved), by form (written vs unwritten), and by amendment process (rigid/inelastic vs flexible/elastic). The Philippine constitution is conventional/enacted, written, and rigid/inelastic.
The document then discusses the framing and ratification of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, which was drafted by a Constitutional Commission and
The document summarizes the key aspects of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. It begins by defining what a constitution is and classifying different types of constitutions. It then provides details on the framing and ratification of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, including that it was drafted by a Constitutional Commission and ratified by plebiscite. The summary concludes with a brief overview of the structure and content of the Constitution, mentioning that it contains a Preamble and 18 Articles covering topics like national territory, declaration of principles, and state policies.
Indigenous People and the United Nations Human Rights SystemDr Lendy Spires
This document provides an overview of indigenous peoples' rights under international law and the United Nations system. It discusses key rights such as self-determination, lands and resources, economic and cultural rights, and collective rights as defined in the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. It also briefly describes the international bodies and mechanisms that advocate for and protect indigenous rights, including the UN human rights system, regional human rights organizations, and UN agencies focused on indigenous issues.
Principios y asuntos policiales en china tratado de las nueve potenciasRuben Reyes
The Nine-Power Treaty was signed on February 6, 1922 in Washington D.C. by nine nations - the United States, Belgium, Britain, China, France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, and Portugal. The treaty aimed to stabilize conditions in the Far East by respecting China's sovereignty and territorial integrity, maintaining an open door policy of equal commercial opportunity, and avoiding exclusive economic spheres of influence in China. It also committed parties to non-discrimination on Chinese railways and respect for China's neutrality in wars not involving China. The treaty took effect in 1925 upon ratification by all signatories.
The Caribbean Community (CARICOM) was established in 1973 to foster economic cooperation and integration among 15 Caribbean nations and dependencies. It was formed from the transformation of the Caribbean Free Trade Association in response to the failure of the West Indies Federation to achieve political unity. CARICOM's objectives include improving living standards, promoting full employment, coordinating economic development policies, and strengthening cooperation in foreign policy and functional areas among member states. It comprises a common market and coordinates efforts in areas like education, health, trade and agriculture.
The document discusses several topics related to the United Nations:
The International Court of Justice settles disputes between states and gives advisory opinions. Its 15 judges are elected by the UN General Assembly and Security Council. The ICJ helped resolve a territorial dispute between Malaysia and Singapore over Pedra Branca.
The UN protects children's rights through instruments like the Convention on the Rights of the Child and two Optional Protocols addressing child soldiers and sale of children.
The environment faces threats like pollution, deforestation, and climate change. Sustainable development and practices like sustainable forestry can protect the environment while enabling resource use.
The UN played roles in the Korean War by providing military aid to South Korea, and
This document provides an overview of the key concepts of statehood and sovereignty in international law. It discusses the definition of a state according to the Montevideo Convention criteria of having a permanent population, defined territory, government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states. The document also examines the concept of state sovereignty and how territory can be acquired. It analyzes the right to self-determination and how this relates to the creation of new states.
Politics And Governance With Phil. Constitution boaraileeanne
The document discusses the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines. It begins by defining what a constitution is and describing different types of constitutions. It then provides details on the framing and ratification of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, including that it was drafted by a Constitutional Commission and ratified by plebiscite. The document concludes by outlining the Preamble and several Articles of the 1987 Constitution pertaining to principles, policies, and rights.
Similar to Final report Model United Nation Falkland Islands- Las Malvinas case (20)
2. 2
Table of Content:
Group members ...........................................................................................................................2
Introduction ...........................................................................................................................4
Legal issues ...........................................................................................................................5
Legal Matrix ...........................................................................................................................6
Policy Matrix ...........................................................................................................................8
Position Paper ...........................................................................................................................9
Appendix .........................................................................................................................11
Resolutions .............................................................................................................11
Meeting minutes .............................................................................................................19
Group contract .............................................................................................................23
3. 3
Final report
Model United Nations: Falkland Islands conflict
Project 1
Group members:
Aza Lemmer
Cécile Fournis
Clinton Rosina
Eric AdomaKo
Filipp Lisovski
Jean-Marc K. Musoko
Julia Pomorska
Kyona Van Deventer
Stephan J. Brockel
4. 4
Introduction
This final report is conducted for the purpose of a project 1 MUN (Model United Nations) concerning
the Falkland Islands case. This case is a dispute between United Kingdom and Argentina over the title
of territory of the Falkland Islands. As a team, we needed to conduct research on this conflict;
therefore this report is a reflection of our work as representatives of Canada.
The work division was equally divided amongst the participants to the project. The first group product
after the task division was the legal matrix. In order to produce the legal matrix, we subdivided the
group into issue teams so that each issue team conducted a research on different legal issues that dealt
with the dispute.
The second group product was the policy matrix in which the policy of Canada was reflected on the
conflict. We also provide in the policy matrix a list of potential allies concerning the raises issues in
the dispute.
The final product was a position paper reflecting the position of Canada on the topic of the Agenda:
“Are the Falkland Islands/Las Malvinas part of the British or part of the Argentinean territory”?
Provided in the appendix are the minutes of each meeting we held and therein specific data concerning
the dates, times and names of the individuals or groups that carried out the attributed tasks. Below is a
diagram with a rough picture of the organisational structure.
Chairman
Aza Lemmer
Spokesperson
Cécile Fournis
Secretary
Filipp Lisovski
5. 5
Legal issues on the Falkland Islands / Las Malvinas case
1) Issues concerning the Falkland Islands / Las Malvinas
- Can the Islands choose/realize their own sovereignty?
- What are the requirements of self-determination?
2) Issues concerning the United Kingdom
- Can Britain use military force to defend the Falklands Islands?
- Is the claim of the British that they have territorial ownership over the Falklands islands
legally valid? ( Acquisition by prescription)
3) Issues concerning Argentina
- Can Argentina legally pursue a blockade against the Falkland Islands?
- Can Argentina argue that the Falkland Islands are part of their territory because it is
mentioned in their Constitution? (Acquisition by cession)
6. 6
Legal Matrix
Source of International Law under
Article 38 of the Statute of the
International Court of Justice
Source of the rule Content of the rule
International Conventions (Article
38(a) of the Statute of the
International Court of Justice)
Acquisition through cession Transfer of land and sovereignty of a
territory through a Treaty.
International Customary Law (Article
38(b) of the Statute of the
International Court of Justice)
Use of force under U.N. Charter
Article 2(4)
Use of force is forbidden in a conflict.
There are only two exceptions in
international customary law:
1. Self-defense
2. Humanitarian intervention
The argument for self-defense can
also be made if an imminent attack
has not yet been carried out and
therefore in the capacity to prevent
such an attack.
Acquisitive prescription It is a two sided operation at one end
it is a process by which a state receive
a legal recognition of its title to
sovereignty over specific land or sea
territory in situations where it has
actually exercised state authority over
it in a continuous, uninterrupted and
peaceful manner for a sufficient
period of time.
The right of self-determination
(Atlantic Charter 1941)
Nations, based on respect for the
principle of equal rights and equality
of opportunity, have the right to freely
choose their sovereignty and
international political status with no
external compulsion or interference.
Use of non-military force under U.N.
Charter Article 2(4) {Blockade}
An economic blockade has been yet
officially considered illegal.
7. 7
General Principles of International
Law (Article 38(c) of the Statute of
the International Court of Justice)
“Uti Possidetis” affirmed by the
International Court of Justice in the
1986 Burkina-Faso V. Mali case
The principle used to define the post-
colonial boundaries of Latin
American, Asian and African nations,
is a doctrine under which newly
independent states inherit the pre-
independence administrative
boundaries set by the former colonial
power. The doctrine posits that title to
the former colonial territory should be
devolved to the local authorities and
prevails over any competing claim
based on occupation. Thus, uti
possidetis is predicated on a rejection
of self-determination and assumes
that internal administrative
boundaries are functionally equivalent
to international boundaries.
Principle of good faith A State must fulfill its obligations
bona fide. Good faith governs the
exercise of rights. These rights must
therefore not be exercised fictitiously
so as to evade the Rule of Law or
maliciously injure others. A violation
of these requirements on the principle
of good faith amounts to abuse of
rights, prohibited by law.
8. 8
Canada’s Policy Matrix
Use of Force Right to self-determination Potential allies
In accordance with UN charter 1
article 2(4) to which Canada was a
signatory to: Use of force is
prohibited by all United Nations
members. Therefore Canada is against
the use of force by any state.
Source: The Charter of the United
Nations.
Canada supports the right to self-
determination of all the people in the
globe! “The issue of Canada’s policy
does not change, we support the self-
determination of the people of the
Falkland Islands, as we do people
everywhere around the world” Mr.
Baird Minister of Foreign Affairs
Source: The wall street journal
France
The United Kingdom
The United States
Azerbaijan
Germany
Portugal
South Africa
India
Pakistan
Togo
Chile
Saudi Arabia
9. 9
Position paper
Committee: Security Council
Country: Canada
Delegate: Representative of Canada
The Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Territories: states that ‘all
people have a right to self-determination; by virtue of that right they freely determine their political
status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development’. It seems that nowadays this
important declaration is often overlooked, as many peoples are denied their right to decide who they
are for themselves, and those who distinguish themselves as minorities in existing states are frequently
discriminated against.
Canada believes that each and every person in the world has the right to decide their fate and their
national identity. Therefore, it supports people’s right to self-determination and promotes the freedom
of determination of their political status as well as encourages them to work on their economic, social
and cultural development.
Canada has a long history of handling colonization and self-determination issues. It had successfully
declared itself independent from the United Kingdom on July 1st
of 1867, although for many years its
foreign affairs were controlled by the UK. Canada, today still maintains strong bonds with Great
Britain.
As a multicultural country with two official languages – English and French, and therefore two
cultures, Canada understands a nation’s desire to be recognized. In fact, two Canadian culture groups –
Quebecois and First Nations are very open and straight-forward about their strive for being recognized
as Quebecois, Inuit or Indians. While the probability of either the First Nations or Quebecois forming
an independent state and separating from Canada is extremely low, we are happy to have many self-
determined culture groups as a part of the Canadian community. In Canada, Aboriginal communities
do not seek total independence, and so they were allowed to form a government on the Nunavut
territory, which we see as a really good solution to the discord that benefits both parties.
Canada is confident that this dispute between United Kingdom and Argentina over the Falkland
Islands can be resolved peacefully and that the right to self-determination will be respected. At the
same time, we strongly oppose any attempts of use of force on the Falkland Islands by either side of
the conflict.
10. 10
We believe the referendum held by the 3000-plus inhabitants of the Islands is an affirmation of their
self-determination and should be respected by all states.
Canada urges all the states present, that today; this conflict should be resolved so that the purpose of
this Council, maintaining peace and security in the world is achieved.
11. 11
Resolutions
Rutz-group
RESOLUTION UNDER CHAPTER 7 OF THE UN CHARTER
FORUM: United Nations Security Council
QUESTION OF: Sovereignty title and Right to Self-Determination of the
Falkland Islands/ Las Malvinas
SUBMITTED BY: United Nations Security Council
Alarmed by the consequences that the dispute between Argentina and the UK can have, if they do not
come to a peaceful resolution.
Deeply concerned by the presence of British navy armed forces on Falkland Islands/Las Malvinas
territory. Also concerned about the sanctions and trade embargos by Argentina and supporting
countries on the Falkland Islands.
Emphasizing that these concerns could affect international peace and security.
Realizing that the only rapid international action resolving this conflict would be;
1. Urges the removal;
a) of United Kingdom navy armed forces from the Falkland Islands/Las Malvinas territory
b) of sanctions and trade embargo on the Falkland Islands/Las Malvinas by Argentina and supporting
countries
2. Encourages all states to refrain from any action against any of the states involved in the conflict
3. Authorizes the matter to;
a) be submitted to the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), as it concerns a legal
matter
b) the Security Council cannot decide on the legal matter of sovereignty and self-determination of the
Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas, thus giving jurisdiction to the ICJ on this conflict.
4. Demands that;
a) the United Kingdom, Argentina and the Falkland Islands/Las Malvinas submit their dispute to the
International Court of Justice
b) all countries involved or possibly affected by the conflict should also submit to the jurisdiction of
the ICJ
12. 12
c) all states will comply with the decision of the ICJ according to Chapter III of the Statute of the
International Court of Justice
5. Seeks a peaceful resolution of the dispute between all countries involved and reminds that this
resolution is a binding Chapter VII resolution.
Bots-group
United Nations Security Council resolution adopted on the 8th
of November 2012,
Concerning the Las Malvinas/Falkland Islands dispute
The United Nations Security council,
Reaffirming its obligation to seek for a peaceful solution in accordance with article 2 paragraph 4 of
the United Nations charter which holds:
“All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against
the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent
with the Purposes of the United Nations,”
Reaffirming that all treaty obligations or obligations arising from United Nations Security Council
resolution shall be carried out in good faith and in accordance with the object and purpose of that
treaty or resolution. Reaffirmed in article 2 paragraph 2 which holds:
“All Members, in order to ensure to all of them the rights and benefits resulting from membership,
shall fulfill in good faith the obligations assumed by them in accordance with the present Charter,“
Decides that by virtue of article 1 paragraph 1, that if any of the parties involved in this dispute are to
engage in an armed conflict or do not retract their troops immediately, the United Nations will sent
peace keeping troops, and implement a no-flying zone above the Falkland Islands/ Las Malvinas in
order to prevent an armed conflict from happening, if the preventive measures do not provide a
peaceful outcome economic sanctions will follow which include inter alia trading embargo's and
embargo's on exporting arms to country/countries that do not respect the United Nations Security
council resolution;
Decides that within a month after the the resolution has been passed, negotiations will start, the
negotiations will include :
a representative that represents the United Kingdom
a representative that represents Argentina
a representative for the inhabitants of the Falkland Islands/ Las Malvinas
a mediator appointed by the security council;
the negotiations will take place at the United Nations headquarters mediated by a delegate of Togo,
the negotiations have to be finished within a deadline of two years;
Recommends the following topics to be discussed during the negotiations
13. 13
Ownership concerning the islands and or natural resources
A referendum by the inhabitants of the islands
The islands joining the commonwealth country in order for it to build up its own economy.
Vagias-group
France, India, Pakistan, Portugal, UK, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Guatemala, the Republic of
Azerbaijan, Chile and Canada.
The Security Council,
Having considered the question of the Falkland Islands/Las Malvinas,
Having heard the statement of the administering power,
Having also heard the Statement of the representative of the Republic of Argentina,
Taking note of the UN Charter article 1(2)1
regarding the right of self-determination of peoples.
Mindful of the responsibility of the United Nation to render all help to the people of the Falkland
Islands/Las Malvinas in their efforts to freely decide their own future.
The Security Council:
1. Reaffirms the inalienable right to self-determination of the peoples of the Falkland Islands in
accordance with the UN Charter article 1(2).
2. Emphasizes the right to internal self-determination.
3. Takes note with interest to the statements made by of the Republic of France and that of the
Islamic Republic of Pakistan seeing these as a fundamental human right.
4. Approves the status quo on the relations between the United Kingdom and The Falkland
Islands/Las Malvinas until the referendum deciding on the future of the Falkland Islands takes
place.
5. Takes into account that the outcome of the referendum will be accepted by all the signatory
States to the resolution.
1
This rule applies to the Falkland Island case because the people that live on the island should be the ones
deciding to which country they want to belong to.
14. 14
Garcia-group
Forum: UN Security Council
Question: The growing tensions caused by the Falkland Islands territorial dispute
Submitter: the Portuguese Republic
Co-submitters: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Republic of South Africa, Republic of Germany, Republic of
India, Republic of Guatemala, Canada, Republic of Chile, Portuguese Republic, Republic of Togo,
Republic of Pakistan, the United States of America
Alarmed by the Falkland Islands territorial dispute between the United Kingdom and Republic of
Argentina,
Aware of the interest of the international community in the peaceful and definite settlement of the
dispute between the Governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom in accordance with the UN
Charter,
Bearing in mind President Kirchner’s demand of sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Las Malvinas),
as addressed the UN Decolonization Committee,
Fully alarmed by President Kirchner’s threats to place more economic sanctions on the Falkland
Islands /Las Malvinas,
Deeply concerned by the long standing dispute existing between The United Kingdom and Argentina
concerning the sovereignty over the Falkland Islands / Las Malvinas,
Acknowledging that this legal issue with a long history was raised again in 1982 after Argentina’s
invasion on the islands,
Emphasizing that after thirty years, the question whether the Falkland Islands / Las Malvinas are
part of the United Kingdom or part of the Argentinean Territory still forms a controversy,
1. Urges to:
A) Cease hostilities between the UK and Argentina / Prohibition on the use of force,
B) Hold peaceful negotiations between the parties,
C) Execute the right to self-determination of the people of the Falkland Islands (Las
Malvinas),
D) Decide the title by either peaceful negotiations or an ICJ process;
2. Recommends that:
A) The UK stops refraining from talking with Argentina on the subject:
Signatories: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Republic of South Africa, Republic of Germany, Republic of
India, Republic of Guatemala, Canada, Republic of Chile, Portuguese Republic, Republic of Togo,
Republic of Pakistan, the United States
15. 15
Willems-group
Resolution
Committee: United Nations Security Council
Topic: The Falkland Islands
Signatories: The Republic of South-Africa,
Sponsors: The Republic of South-Africa, the Federal Republic of Germany, The Republic of France, The Kingdom of Saudi-Arabia, The United States of America, The United Kingdom of
Great-Britain and Northern Ireland, The Kingdom of Morocco, The Islamic Republic of Pakistan, The Republic of Colombia, The Republic of Canada, The Republic of India, The Republic
of Azerbaijan, The Republic of Togo, The Republic of Guatemala & The Republic of Portugal.
The United Nations Security Council,
Recognizes that this is a special situation, and that rulings made by it on this case are limited
to this dispute alone
Affirms the basic principles of international Human Rights, the Universal declaration of
Human Rights and the rule of law as is embedded in the Charter of the United Nations.
Recognizes the current situation of the Falkland Islands in which the Islands are internally
self-governing with the UK being responsible for defense and foreign affairs matters.
Takes into account the history of the Falkland Islands/Las Malvinas and the self-determination
of the inhabitants of the Falkland Islands under Article 1(2) and Article 55 of the United
Nations Charter and which is also stipulated in the constitution of the Falkland Islands.
Notes with deep concern the determination of Argentina to claim the Falkland Islands without
taking the choice of the citizens of the Falkland Islands into account.
Emphasizes that the UK supports the self-determination of the inhabitants of the Falkland
Islands.
Takes note that the Falkland Islands have been under British rule since 1882 (for 179 year)
with a gap of 74 days in which Argentina took over the Falkland Islands. Meaning that they
have prescriptive jurisdiction, according to customary law
Regrets the way the Argentine Republic continually thwarts the UK, considering the recently
adopted law which prohibits the UK to moor, load or carry out logistical operations in Buenos
Aires. Also the way Argentina tries to enforce their claims on the Falkland Islands be
disapproved, for example the handing out of the claims on the Falkland Island by president
Kirchner to Prime Minister Cameron during the G20 Summit.
Emphasizes that a referendum is needed to determine the wish of the people of the Falkland
Islands to be independent, remain under British or to be under Argentina.
The UN Security Council, acting under Chapter ?, decides:
16. 16
1). Encourages the Falkland Islanders to voice their opinion in the matter concerning
sovereignty.
2). That the UK and Argentina shall respect the self-determination of the Falkland Islands
and shall abide to them.
3.) Invites the UK and Argentina to resume negotiating and behave properly towards each
other and to settle any remaining diplomatic tension.
4.) Trusts the Republic of Argentine and the United Kingdom of Great-Britain and
Northern Ireland to settle with the outcome.
5.) Seeking an agreement of the United Nations to find an alternative timeframe for the
holding of the Referendum in the Falkland Islands / Las Malvinas. Currently it is due
to take place in 2013. This Referendum should be canceled and postponed, no longer
than 2 years.
6.) Taking note: of the right to self-determination to the people of the Falkland Islands /
Las Malvinas. Fully believing: that consensus must be reached on the content of the
referendum. All parties must come to an agreement on the question/s of the
Referendum: the UK, Argentina, the Falkland Islands and the International
Community.
7.) Reminds that we as a body shall support the Falkland Island in whatever decision they
may
make, whether they choose to remain self-governing under the United Kingdom of
Great-
Britain and Northern Ireland or whether they choose to become independent and shall
assist
the Falkland Island in any way possible.
8.)Authorizes the Falkland Island to have the final vote in this matter since it is concerning
them.
9.) Calls upon both the UK and Argentina to refrain from any use of force concerning the
Falkland Islands after the referendum.
The UN Security Council decides to remain seized of the matter
17. 17
Group-Yosifova
Resolution
Main point is the Referendum of the Falkland Islands. In which people will choose to which country
they want to belong, U.K or Argentina, they will also have the option of choosing independence. Both
countries will present their offer to the Islands which they have discussed in the negotiations. There
should be a reasonable amount of time for people to make up their minds about what they want before
the referendum and after the negotiations.
According to the GA resolution 1514; 1. The subjection of peoples to alien subjugation, domination
and exploitation constitutes a denial of fundamental human rights, is contrary to the charter of the
united nations and is an impediment to the promotion of world peace and co-operation. 2. All peoples
have the right to self-determination; by virtue of that right they freely determine their political status
and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development. 3. Inadequacy of political,
economic, social or educational preparedness should never serve as a pretext for delaying
independence.
If the inhabitants of the Falkland Islands choose the U.K. once again in the referendum there will not
be a change in government on the Falkland Islands. The U.K. will only keep supporting them with
defense.
The negotiations shall only be in the best interest of the people of the Falkland Islands. In other words
the inhabitans of the Falkland Islands are the main point of the negotiations.
If the Falkland Islands choose for independence they will be an Exclusive Economic Zone.
If there are threats of war after the referendum has been held and the people of the Falkland Islands
have chosen, the country who threatens shall endure economical or political consequences.
In the negotiations Argentina and the U.K. can present what they want for the Falkland Islands and
they can present a proposal for the inhabitants of the Falkland Islands, so they have a fair chance to
persuade the people.
We represent the following countries; Canada, Republic of Togo, United Kingdom, Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia.
Falkland Islands were colonized by almost all colonize empires as Spain, France and British Empire,
but only United Kingdom has for the longest time been in charge of this Islands. They were
responsible for it for almost two centuries (since 1833). Falkland Islands were discovered by Spain,
but United Kingdom colonize by bringing there British citizens. United Kingdom helped (and is still)
helping Falkland Islands. First financially and now they are helping them with e.g. defense. In 1975
Falkland Islands had an economic crisis (mentioned above) and United Kingdom came with solution
(Shackleton Report in 1976).
The Islands were discovered in 1520 by Magellan's expedition who was navigating under the control
of King of Spain. Argentina, which was colony of Spain, claims that British Empire illegally settled on
the Falkland Islands in 1833, because they have not discovered the Islands.
18. 18
In April 1982 Argentina invaded Falkland Islands and was claiming that Islands belongs to them now.
United Kingdom sent their troops to solve the problem of invading Falklands. By invading the
Falkland Islands Argentina broke the International Law (you are not allowed to attack another state
and use aggression, but you can defend yourself with using force). Argentina did not declare war to
United Kingdom. It resulted that United Kingdom heard about the invading the Falkland Islands from
media. British government sent their troops as a response. In June 1982 the war has been finished and
United Kingdom has won.
Argentina has never stopped claiming its rights for islands. In 1994 the government of Argentina
changed their constitution and they have put the clause in the Constitution of Argentina that they will
continue claiming Falkland Islands, South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands.
In 2009 president of Argentina - Cristina Fernández - talked about sovereignty for Falkland Islands in
Argentinean embassy in London during G20. Argentinean government does not accept the self-
determination of Falkland Islands and wants make it one of the province of Argentina. On that case,
the inhabitants of the Falklands does not approve this option. Argentina is supported by the countries
as: Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru (members of
MERCOSUR), China, Syria, Tunisia, Congo and Russia.
In 2012 Cristina Fernández claimed again Falkland Islands and is ready to send troops and invade the
Falklands again. United Kingdom declared their readiness for war.
19. 19
Meeting minutes
Date and time: 21.09.2012 14:00
Place: The Hague University
Present: Aza (chair), Filipp, Clinton, Eric, Jean-Mark, Cecile
Absent: Kyona, Stefan
Agenda:
1) Distributing the roles and setting priorities (Electing officers)
2) Discuss the background of the conflict and potential legal issues presented in the case
Discussions/ Assignments
1) Aza Lemmer – Chairman
Cecile Fournis – Spokes person
Filipp Lisovski – Secretary
2) Sub-group issue teams were created for each issue.
Argentina - Cecile , Clinton
UK – Aza
Falklands - Eric, Jean-Mark, Stefan
Meeting adjourned: 16:00 (120 min)
Next meeting on 24.09.2012
Minutes taken by Filipp
Date and time: 24.09.2012 16:20
Place: The Hague University
Present: Aza (chair), Filipp, Clinton, Eric, Jean-Mark, Cecile, Stefan
Absent: Kyona
Agenda:
1) Group Attitudes
2) Issue Team assignment
Discussions/ Assignments
1. Discussion on the layout of the legal matrix, on excel
2. Group legal issues on the Falkland Islands Eric, Jean-Mark, Stefan:
Can the Falkland Island realize or choose own sovereignty?
-Customs - Montevideo Convention: requirements of State hood
Do the Falkland Islands fulfill the requirements according to the UN charter for self-
determination?
Article 2 if the UN charter
What is the link between the UK and the Falkland Islands Constitution?
Same answer.
20. 20
3. Group legal issues on Argentina, Cecile and Clinton
The Argentinian constitutional argument valid for sovereignty?
Custom law: utis possidetis, history
Is the blockade legal?
-Declaration of Paris, use of force
Meeting adjourned : 17:05 (45 min)
Next meeting on 03.10.2012
Minutes taken by Filipp
Date and time: 04.10.2012 11:00
Place: The Hague University
Present: Aza (chair), Filipp, Clinton, Eric, Jean-Mark, Cecile, Stefan, Kyona, Julia
Absent:
Agenda:
1) Legal Matrix
2) Canada’s opinion on Falklands; research
3) Understanding the “policy matrix”
4) Locate ally States to Canada
Discussions/ Assignments
1) Legal Matrix was done
2) Canada doesn’t have a strong opinion, mostly for self-determination
3) Policy matrix was done
4) Canada has 12 out of 20 allies
Meeting adjourned: 12:00 (1 hour)
Next meeting on 24.10.2012
Minutes taken by Filipp
Date and time: 24.10.2012 16:00
Place: The Hague University
Present: Aza (chair), Filipp, Clinton, Eric, Jean-Mark, Cecile, Stefan, Kyona, Julia
Absent:
Agenda:
1) Writing a Position Paper reflecting the postion of Canada towards Flakland Islands / Las
Malvinas
2) Discuss any possible difficulties that might arise during the debates
21. 21
Discussions/ Assignments
1) Position paper was written
2) We had debates of possible difficulties and we think we don’t have any more “weak spots”
concerning our position.
Meeting adjourned: 18:00 (120 minutes)
Next meeting on 08.11.2012
Minutes taken by Filipp
Date and time: 08.11.2012 14:00
Place: @ Cecile’s apartment
Present: Aza (chair), Filipp, Clinton, Eric, Jean-Mark, Cecile, Stefan
Absent: none
Agenda:
1) Preparation of arguments to support our views in the debates and to undermine the arguments
proposed by Argentina.
Discussions/ Assignments
We prepared some arguments to support our views in the debates and to undermine the arguments
proposed by Argentina and the legal sources of our arguments.
Meeting adjourned : 16:00 (120 min)
Next meeting on 14.10.2012
Minutes taken by Filipp
Date and time: 14.11.2012 13:00
Place: @ Cecile’s apartament
Present: Aza (chair), Filipp, Clinton, Eric, Jean-Mark, Cecile, Stefan, Kyona, Julia
Absent:
Agenda:
1) Discuss what is still to be done
2) Correct some things before handing in the portfolio
3) Briefly correct legal and policy matrix
Discussions/ Assignments
3) We discussed what we had already done and what we still need to brush up on before handing
in the portfolio
4) Slightly corrected the legal and policy matrices.
23. 23
Cooperation contract for group B.4
Rules of presentence and absence
Presentence on the agreed upon contact hours( Contact hours will be communicated by e-mail
or Facebook)
Everyone is expected to be present during the weekly team meetings (unless otherwise stated)
In case of absence timely notification is required prior one hour before the group meeting or
class lecture.
Absence shall be notify to the Chairman or secretary by e-mail or phone
Absence more than three times will automatically remove and end your participation with the
Project(The veto right of the tutor overrules this agreement by which you agreed upon)
Repeated absence and not doing enough leads to the following procedure
After repeatedly absent you will be informed by the group and chairman and it will be
reported by the secretary
If there is no improvement, you will get one to two warnings from the group
Shall there be no improvement the tutor will be informed of your absent and your work
attitude.
Shall there be no improvement on your absence and work attitude after the informant by the
tutor you will be removed from the project and everything associated with it
Warning is done by means of an official e-mail by the chairman
Rules of participation
Per week it may be that your assignments are distributed to make at home. This should all
carry. After repeated failure of three times, You will be removed from the project and
everything associated with it. Therefore your part with this project will be ended
Everyone is expected to be involved in the group and to make efforts to achieve the best
possible result.
Rules project assignment
Everyone is expected to achieve the agreed upon individual assignments delivery to be by
Sunday delivered by e-mail or Dropbox no later than twelve o’clock midnight time (24:00)
Assignments are distributed to the team on a giving date which is communicated by the
chairman by e-mail and should be completed in the same calendar week unless otherwise
stated
Veto right
Each member of the project group has her or his veto right concerning decisions made within
the group(However if you performed a breach of contract your veto right will be invalid)
The veto right of the tutor overrules any veto decision made by the project group
24. 24
Way of communication between group members
By phone
By e-mail
By Facebook
Personally( face to face)
Agreed and in duplicate formatted page initialed and signed at Den Hague on
Chairman Group member
Name : Name:
signature signature