articulos de medicina nuclear

1. titulo abstract Revista
H index
Quartil fact
or
de
imp
act
o
Nombre y
Trayecto
ría autor
The Evolution and
Ecology of Bacterial
Warfare
Bacteria have evolved a wide range of mechanisms to harm and kill
their competitors, including chemical, mechanical and biological
weapons. Here we review the incredible diversity of bacterial
weapon systems, which comprise antibiotics, toxic proteins,
mechanical weapons that stab and pierce, viruses, and more. The
evolution of bacterial weapons is shaped by many factors, including
cell density and nutrient abundance, and how strains are arranged
in space. Bacteria also employ a diverse range of combat
behaviours, including pre-emptive attacks, suicidal attacks, and
reciprocation (tit-for-tat). However, why bacteria carry so many
weapons, and why they are so often used, remains poorly
understood. By comparison with animals, we argue that the way that
bacteria live - often in dense and genetically diverse communities -
is likely to be key to their aggression as it encourages them to dig in
and fight alongside their clonemates. The intensity of bacterial
aggression is such that it can strongly affect communities, via
complex coevolutionary and eco-evolutionary dynamics, which
influence species over space and time. Bacterial warfare is a
fascinating topic for ecology and evolution, as well as one of
increasing relevance. Understanding how bacteria win wars is
important for the goal of manipulating the human microbiome and
other important microbial systems.
H-
INDEX
347
Q1 Granato,
Elisa T.
 Información
División de
Ciencias
Médicas de
la
Universidad
de
OxfordEste
352
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por 318
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2. oral ecosystems Abstract
Acquisition and establishment of the oral microbiota occur in a
dynamic process over various stages and involve close and
continuous interactions with the host and its environment. In the
present review, we discuss the stages of this process in
chronological order. We start with the prenatal period and address
the following questions: ‘Is the fetus exposed to maternal
microbiota during pregnancy?’ and ‘If so, what is the potential role
of this exposure?’ We comment on recent reports of finding
bacterial DNA in placenta during pregnancies, and provide current
views on the potential functions of prenatal microbial encounters.
Next, we discuss the physiological adaptations that take place in
the newborn during the birth process and the effect of this phase of
life on the acquisition of the oral microbiota. Is it really just
exposure to maternal vaginal microbes that results in the difference
between vaginally and Cesarian section-born infants? Then, we
review the postnatal phase, in which we focus on transmission of
microbes, the intraoral niche specificity, the effects of the host
behavior and environment, as well as the role of genetic
background of the host on shaping the oral microbial ecosystem.
We discuss the changes in oral microbiota during the transition
from deciduous to permanent dentition and during puberty. We
also address the finite knowledge on colonization of the oral cavity
by microbes other than the bacterial component. Finally, we
identify the main outstanding questions that limit our understanding
of the acquisition and establishment of a healthy microbiome at an
individual level.
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A. M.
(Marije)
Kaan,
B. La
Universi
dad de
Columbi
a
Británica
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enlace
está
deshabil
itado., V
ancouve
r,
Canadá
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3. 26
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h
F.
Microbial
differences
between dental
plaque and
historic dental
calculus are
related to oral
biofilm
maturation
stage
Dental calculus, calcified oral plaque biofilm, contains
microbial and host biomolecules that can be used to
study historic microbiome communities and host
responses. Dental calculus does not typically accumulate
as much today as historically, and clinical oral
microbiome research studies focus primarily on living
dental plaque biofilm. However, plaque and calculus
reflect different conditions of the oral biofilm, and the
differences in microbial characteristics between the
sample types have not yet been systematically explored.
Here, we compare the microbial profiles of modern
dental plaque, modern dental calculus, and historic
dental calculus to establish expected differences
between these substrates.
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Irina M.
Velsko,
1.332
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por 999
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The dental
plaque
Advances in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing have given us
unprecedented insights into the identity of microbial cells within complex
consortia, such as dental plaque biofilms. Our understanding of the other key
component of microbial biofilms, the extracellular matrix, has not benefited to
such an extent from this technological revolution. Nevertheless, a great deal of
progress has been made in recent years toward defining the structure and
function of biofilm matrices. The roles of macromolecules, such as nucleic acids,
proteins, and lipids, in addition to polysaccharides, are beginning to be
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Jakubovics,
Nicholas S.
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111

4. biofilm
matrix
unraveled. A more thorough characterization of these components may lead to
new approaches to control biofilms based on inhibition of matrix function.
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Oral Biofilms: Pathogens,
Matrix and Polymicrobial
Interactions in
Microenvironments
Biofilms are microbial communities embedded within an extracellular matrix,
forming a highly organized structure that causes many human infections. Dental
caries (tooth-decay) is a polymicrobial biofilm disease driven by the diet and
microbiota-matrix interactions that occur on a solid surface. Sugars fuel the
emergence of pathogens, the assembly of the matrix, and the acidification of the
biofilm microenvironment, promoting ecological changes and concerted
multispecies efforts that are conducive for acid damage of the mineralized tooth
tissue. Here, we discuss recent advances on the role of the biofilm matrix and
interactions between opportunistic pathogens and commensals in the
pathogenesis of dental caries. In addition, we highlight the importance of matrix-
producing organisms in fostering a pathogenic habitat where inter-species
competition and synergies occur to drive the disease process, which could have
implications to other infections associated with polymicrobial biofilms
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Bowen,
William
Henry
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por 5.810
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Biopelícula dental:
ecológicainteraccion
es en la salud
yenfermed
Abstract
Background: The oral microbiome is diverse and exists as
multispecies microbial communities on oral surfaces in structurally
and functionally organized biofilms.
Aim: To describe the network of microbial interactions (both
synergistic and antagonistic) occurring within these biofilms and
assess their role in oral health and dental disease.
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Marsh,
Phillip
David
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5. Methods: PubMed database was searched for studies on microbial
ecological interactions in dental biofilms. The search results did not
lend themselves to systematic review and have been summarized in
a narrative review instead.
Results: Five hundred and forty-seven original research articles and
212 reviews were identified. The majority (86%) of research articles
addressed bacterial-bacterial interactions, while inter-kingdom
microbial interactions were the least studied. The interactions
included physical and nutritional synergistic associations,
antagonism, cell-to-cell communication and gene transfer.
Conclusions: Oral microbial communities display emergent
properties that cannot be inferred from studies of single species.
Individual organisms grow in environments they would not tolerate
in pure culture. The networks of multiple synergistic and
antagonistic interactions generate microbial inter-dependencies
and give biofilms a resilience to minor environmental
perturbations, and this contributes to oral health. If key
environmental pressures exceed thresholds associated with health,
then the competitiveness among oral microorganisms is altered
and dysbiosis can occur, increasing the risk of dental disease.
Keywords: ecology; gene transfer; interactions; metabolism; oral
microbiome; signalling.
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6. Competition, Not
Cooperation, Dominates
Interactions among
Culturable Microbial
Species
Pairwise Interactions
We are interested in the frequency of cases where microbial species
help one another in a manner that is consistent with the evolution
of cooperation between species [7]. Examples of cooperation
between species are most familiar in the natural world from
macroscopic examples like plants and pollinators where plants gain
pollen dispersal and insects gain energy-rich nectar from the
interaction. The critical characteristics of such evolved cooperation
between species are that the presence of members of one species
increases the fitness of members of the other species, and vice
versa (more below) [8, 9]. We are interested then in how often
fitness interactions between bacterial strains tend to be positive for
both species. We assessed the fitness impacts of species
interactions by comparing the productivity of single-species and
multispecies cultures of 72 bacterial species where the number of
cells inoculated is constant across the treatments (we relax this
later). All species are collected from one environment—permanent
rainwater pools in a beech tree forest known as “tree holes”—using
a medium that is designed to allow as many species to grow as
possible. We then study these species in spatially structured
laboratory microsms containing beech leaf media that is designed
to capture the natural ecology
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Richard
Foster,
Kevin R
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Role of dental
plaque, saliva and
periodontal disease
in Helicobacter
pylori infection
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is one of the most common
bacterial infections in humans. Although H. pylori may be detected
in the stomach of approximately half of the world's population, the
mechanisms of transmission of the microorganism from individual
to individual are not yet clear. Transmission of H. pylori could occur
through iatrogenic, fecal-oral, and oral-oral routes, and through
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Anand,
Pradeep S.
706
Citas
por 675
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7. food and water. The microorganism may be transmitted orally and
has been detected in dental plaque and saliva. However, the role of
the oral cavity in the transmission and recurrence of H. pylori
infection has been the subject of debate. A large number of studies
investigating the role of oral hygiene and periodontal disease in H.
pylori infection have varied significantly in terms of their
methodology and sample population, resulting in a wide variation
in the reported results. Nevertheless, recent studies have not only
shown that the microorganism can be detected fairly consistently
from the oral cavity but also demonstrated that the chances of
recurrence of H. pylori infection is more likely among patients who
harbor the organism in the oral cavity. Furthermore, initial results
from clinical trials have shown that H. pylori-positive dyspeptic
patients may benefit from periodontal therapy. This paper attempts
to review the current body of evidence regarding the role of dental
plaque, saliva, and periodontal disease in H. pylori infection.
Keywords: Dental plaque; Helicobacter pylori; Oral cavity;
Periodontal therapy; Periodontitis; Saliva.
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8. Interspecies
Communication and
Periodontal Disease
More than 500 bacterial strains may be found in dental plaque. In the beginning,
the emphasis was laid on the isolation of bacteria in pure culture to define their
properties. However, now, it has been well established that in nature the
bacteria exist as a member of polymicrobial community or consortium of
interacting species. Interactions among human oral bacteria are integral to the
development and maturation of the plaque. These interactions occur at several
levels including physical contact, metabolic exchange, small-signal molecule-
mediated communication, and exchange of genetic material. This high level of
interspecies interaction benefits the microorganism by providing a broader
habitat range, effective metabolism, increasing the resistance to host defence,
and enhancing their virulence. This generally has a detrimental effect on the host
and is attributed to many chronic infections which poses a therapeutic challenge.
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Mahajan,
Ajay Mohan
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Dental plaque:
biological
significance of a
biofilm and
community life-
style
Abstract
Background: Most microorganisms in nature attach to surfaces
and form matrix-embedded biofilms. Biofilms are highly structured
and spatially organized, and are often composed of consortia of
interacting microorganisms, termed microbial communities, the
properties of which are more than the sum of the component
species. Microbial gene expression alters markedly in biofilms;
organisms communicate by gene transfer and by secretion of
diffusible signalling molecules. Cells in biofilms are less susceptible
to antimicrobial agents.
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Marcela
Tavares Luiz
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por 118
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