This document provides an overview of fiber optic network design and troubleshooting. It discusses fiber optic cable splicing techniques, including mechanical, adhesive bonding, and fusion splicing. It also covers cable end preparation steps, required tools, common fiber optic connectors, patch cords, pigtails, fiber distribution frames, and troubleshooting tools like OTDR and optical power meters. The key aspects covered include proper fiber splicing, cleaning, and termination to ensure low loss and high-quality fiber optic connections.

1. FIBER OPTICS NETWORK DESIGN

2. AGENDA
•Optical Fiber cable splicing techniques.
• OF indicators.
• OF connectors.
• OF cable terminations.
• OF network trouble shooting.

3. OFC splicing
Splicing Methods
The following three types are widely used:
1. Mechanical or V- groove splicing.
2. Adhesive bonding or Glue splicing.
3. Fusion splicing.
• Fusion splicing method is widely using.

4. Cable End Preparation

5. ACS Tool
ACS Tool used for Mid-
Span
• The Miller ACS (Armored Cable Slitter) tool as shown
below is recommended by Sterlite to remove the outer
jacket, armoring, and inner jacket for cable end
preparation.
•The sheath should be
removed in layers: first
the outer jacket, then
the and then the inner
jacket with centre tube

6. Cable End Preparation for
Splicing/Termination
Step1: Make a ring cut over cable from 5-10cm from cable end
Note: Depth of the cutting tool blade needs to be adjusted in such a manner it shall not damaged/cut elements
below outer sheath

7. Cable End Preparation for
Splicing/Termination
Step2: Slightly bend, squeeze and pull the end 5-10cm so that we
can able to see the elements below cable sheath

8. Cable End Preparation for
Splicing/Termination
Step3: Take out the rip cord thread
(2 nos. of twisted red & white coloured thread)

9. Cable End Preparation for
Splicing/Termination
Step4: Pull out both the rip cords along the cable length required for
splicing (0.75 to 1.5m) and cut outer jacket

10. Cable End Preparation for
Splicing/Termination
Step5: Now we will remain with stranded core. Identify unwanted
elements like binder thread,dummy fillers and cut them.

11. Cable End Preparation for
Splicing/Termination
Step6: Now we will remain with 8 nos. Of loose tube in outer layer
and centre tube . Make a ring cut over centre black tube which will
separate both outer black sheath.
Note: Depth of the cutting tool blade needs to be adjusted in such a manner it shall not
damaged/cut ribbon fiber.

12. Cable End Preparation for
Splicing/Termination
Step7: Mark a cut over all loose tubes in sensory layer and take out
PBT covering and clean a fibre in all tubes
Note: Ensure no damage to the fibre at the time making cut on

13. OFC cable cutter

14. SCISSORS

15. LOOSE TUBE CUTTER

16. Fiber Stripper

17. Fiber Cleaver

18. Fiber Cleaver

19. (i) Broken ends.
(ii) Ripped ends.
(iii) Slanting cuts.
(iv) Unclean ends
Fibers should not splice with the following conditions.

23. The main functions of Fusion splicing machine
are:
•Auto active alignment of the core.
•Auto arc fusion.
•Video display of the entire process.
•Indication of the estimated splice loss.
Functions of Fusion Splicing machine

24. Fusion splicing
• Fusion
• Lowest loss
• Lowest back reflection
• Strongest
• Faster
• High capital cost
• Low per splice cost
• Generally used for OSP construction

25. Fusion splicing machine

26. Fusion splicing procedure.
•Overlapping of OF cable 1+ mtr in where splicing has to
done.
• Insert both ends into joint closure kit and fix it for preparation.
• Prepare fibers to insert into the machine.
Main functions in fusion splicing procedure are:
•Auto active alignment of the core and cladding.
•Auto arc fusion.
•Video display of the entire process.
•Indication of the estimated splice loss.
• Proof test.

27. Auto alignment

31. It is desirable to limit the
average splice loss to be
less than 0.1 dB.

32. JOINTING CLOSURE KIT

33. JOINTING TYPES
Jointing types
• Straight joint (SJC) : When ever joint execute in
between equal size cable
ex: 24 F x 24 F
•Branch joint (BJC): When ever joint execute from one
direction to different directions.
ex: 24 F x 12 F x 12 F

34. Indicators along route
• Route indicator
At every 200 m route length of showing name of
route & no of indicators.
• Joint indicator
At every joint (Splice) generally it is placed at
every 2/4 Km(Drum length).
.

35. Indicators
OF cable Joint indicator is in orange colour.
OF cable running indicator is in yellow colour.

36. OF connectors
• Connectors are using to connect easily at terminal
points.
•There are quite a few different styles of connectors.
Through out the globe, for networking and audio/video,
the three most popular styles are FC,LC, SC, and ST. LC
and SC tend to be the most commonly used styles.
Today, ST connectors are seeing more limited usage.

37. Fiber connectors.

39. CONNECTOR
• The connectors are re-matable interconnect
devices, which provide flexibility required in a
Fiber Optic Transmission system.
•The basic function required of connectors is to
allow transfer of optical power from one fiber
component to another with minimum loss and
possibility of disconnection and re-mating number
of times with minimum insertion loss.

40. Connector Requirements
• The attenuation in optical fiber connectors should be
less than 1 dB.
• The connector must provide consistent performance on
each re-mating.
• The connector must provide protection to the fiber so
that it does not break while being handled.
• The connectorisation technique should be simple.
• The connector size should not be very much bigger than
the fiber size and it should not be too small.
• Connector must be cost effective.

41. Popular OF connectors

42. FC (Ferrule Connector)
• Ferrule Connector (It is a round, threaded fiber optic
connector) , designed by NTT-Japan.
• It was the first fiber optic connector to use a
ceramic ferrule.
• The FC is a screw type connector with a 2.5mm
ferrule.
• FC is becoming less common and mostly replaced
by SC and LC because of its vibration loosening and
insertion loss.

43. SC: Square connector / Subscriber
connector
• It was developed by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone.
• Now it has widely applied in single mode fiber optic
cable, analog CATV, GPON, GBIC. (GBIC. Short for gigabit
interface converter, a transceiver that converts serial
electric signals to serial optical signals and vice versa.).
• With the ever-increasing popularity in the market, the
manufacturing cost for SC went down.
• SC is a snap (push-pull coupling) connector with a
2.5mm ferrule diameter.

44. ST ( Straight Tip) Connector
• The ST connector was developed by AT&T shortly after
the arrival of the FC.
• ST uses a bayonet mount other than a screw thread.

45. LC: Lucent Connector
• It is a push-pull, small form factor connector that
uses a 1.25mm ferrule, half the size of the SC.
• It is ideal for high-density connections, SFP and
SFP+ transceivers and XFP( 10G SFP) transceivers.
• LC is compatible for transceivers and active
networking components, it will continue to grow in
the FTTH arena ( ONT side).

46. Patch cord and Pig tail
• Patch cords and pig tails are used in indoor
premises.
• Pig tail having connector on one side to the tight
tube buffer cable.
• Patch cord having connectors on both sides to
the tight tube buffer cable.
• Pig tail use in between CTB ( cable termination
box) and FDF (fiber distribution frame ).
• Patch cord use in between FDF to Transmission
system.

47. Different patch cords
SC-SC
SC-LC
FC-SC

48. Pig Tails
SC pig tail
FC pig tail

49. SC Adapter
SC SM PC Adapter
SC SM APC Adapter
SC SM Duplex Adapter

50. LC Adapter
LC SM PC Adapter
LC SM APC Adapter LC SM Duplex Adapter

51. FC Adapter

52. ST Adapter

53. FDF
Fiber Distribution Frame

54. Features of FDF
• Flexible installation, wall type or back type, and
can be installed in large groups.
• Front operations.
• Suitable for ribbon and non-ribbon optic fibers.
• Suitable for inserting installation of SC, FC, ST
(additional flange)adapters.

55. FDF

56. FDF

57. Transmission Network
Tx
Sys
Tx
Sys
FDF FDF
CTB/TJB
CTB/TJB
OF cable
Pig tail
Pig tail
Patch card

58. TROUBLE SHOOTING

59. Meters using with OFC network
• OTDR ( Optical time Domain Reflecto meter.
. For trace the type of fault and distance of fault.
. Signal loss of entire span / lose events.

60. Optical Time Domain Reflecto meter
• The OTDR Measurements.
• Locate End of Fiber (Fault Locate)
• Measure End-to-End Loss
• Locate Splices & Defects
• Measure Splice & Defect Loss
• Measure Splice & Connector Reflectance
• Calculate Optical Return Loss
60
X-Ray analysis of Fiber cable

61. OTDR Basic Principles
An OTDR uses the effects of
- Rayleigh Backscattered light.
-Fresnel reflection to measure the fiber's
condition, but the Fresnel reflection is tens of
thousands of times greater in power level than the
backscatter.

62. OTDR Basic Principle
62

63. OTDR working
An OTDR uses the effects of Rayleigh scattering and Fresnel reflection
to measure the fiber's condition. The timer produces a voltage pulse .
The ‘on’ time being between 1ns and 10us. Directional Coupler allows
laser to go straight to fibre and backscatter laser to APD. Internal
Memory or Disk or RS 232 used for data backup .
63

66. Typical OTDR display-Fresnel Reflection s
66

67. OTDR Loss- Connector and Splice
67

68. Typical OTDR trace-1
68

69. Fiber Fault Localization using OTDR
(Optical Time Domain Reflectometer)

70. Meters using with OFC network
•OPTICAL POWER METER
An optical power meter (OPM) is a device used
measure the power in an optical signal. The term
usually refers to a device for testing
average power in fiber optic systems.

71. Visual Fault Locator
A visual fault identifier or visual fault locator (VFI / VFL)
is a visible red laser designed to inject visible light
energy into a fiber. Sharp bends, breaks, faulty
connectors and other faults will “leak” red light
allowing technicians to visually spot the defects.

72. Visual fault locator
OF light used in systems is
invisible. By injecting the
visible light from a source,
such as a LED or
incandescent bulb, one can
visually trace the fiber from
transmitter to receiver to
insure correct orientation
and check continuity
besides. The simple
instruments that inject
visible light are called visual
fault locators.
72

73. A simplified FIBRE OPTICS TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM (FOTS) that comprises of the following sub
systems.
• Digital multiplex sub system
• Optical line transmission system
• Central supervisory system
• Alarm sub system
• Power supply sub system
• De-multiplex sub system
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM