This is a presentation of a research paper on FGM and human rights. This research paper discusses how the rights of women are not seen equally with those of men, and that is the main reason why FGM is still not criminalized.

1. FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION AND
HUMAN RIGHTS DISCOURSE
International Human Rights Law

2. INTRODUCTION
What is Female Genital Mutilation?
Types of Female Genital Mutilation
What are the harmful effects of Female Genital Mutilation?
History of the practice and its prevalence.
Cultural context of the practice.

3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The Research will be asking the following:
1. What are the international and national legal frameworks, treaties,
conventions, and statutes that address Female Genital Mutilation?
2. Is the practice of Female Genital Mutilation one of the human rights
violations, including violations of bodily integrity, gender discrimination,
and the right to health and can the practice of Female Genital Mutilation
(FGM) be justified within the framework of cultural relativism?

4. OBJECTIVES
This research paper has the following objectives:
1. To discuss the relevant human rights documents and declarations and
how the practice of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) violates human
rights.
2. To analyse the enforcement mechanisms and challenges in implementing
legal instruments enacted to combat Female Genital Mutilation.
3. To understand and compare the legal approaches to Female Genital
Mutilation in different countries.

5. LEGAL FRAMEWORK
Out of 30 Nations characterized by the highest prevalence of FGM, 25 have
enacted legislation to prohibit or regulate this practice.
United Nations General Assembly
United Nations Commission Of Human Rights
United Nations Economic And Social Council
Maputo Protocol

6. INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORKS
United Nations Declarations on the elimination of violence against women
UDHR
ICCPR
ICESCR
European convention for the protection of HR
African charter on juman and people’s rights….
American…

7. INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORKS
Female Genital Mutilation and its implications on Health Rights.