Facilitating Mobile payment for rural areas in Kenya

Yes-You-Can
CMN 432 – Communication in the Engineering Professions
Abdolreza Roshandel
Andrew Ellis 500615951
Kajeev Gnanasegaram 500631579
Amirali Parsaee 500722398
Mahal Mammadli 500642220
Andres Vogtlander 500623926
Fayaz Fahim 500631579
02/12/15
Solution to RFP
Ken-Ya-Pay’s

Ken-Ya-Pay Solution to RFP: The Yes-You-Can
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Table of Content
Executive Summary………………………………………………………………………………………3
Overview……….…………………………………………………………………………………………3
Design………….………………………………………………………………...…………….…………4
Business………….……………………………………………………………………………………….5
Implementation…….…………….………………………………………………………………….……6
Societal Impacts………………………………………………………………………………………….7
Political Impacts………………………………………………………………………………………….8
Ethical Impacts………………………………………………………….….…………………………….9
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………….9
References……………….…………………………………………………………………………….…10
Appendix A………………………………………………………………………………………………13
Appendix B………………………………………………………………………………………………16
Appendix C………………………………………………………………………………………………17
Appendix D………………………………………………………………………………………………18

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List of Figures
Figure 1…………...………………………………………………………………………………………4
Table A1……….…………………………………………………………………………………………13
Table A2……….…………………………………………………………………………………………13
Table A3……….…………………………………………………………………………………………13
Table A4……….…………………………………………………………………………………………14
Table A5……….…………………………………………………………………………………………14
Table A6……….…………………………………………………………………………………………15
Figure B1……….…………………………………………………………………………………………16
Figure B2……….…………………………………………………………………………………………16
Figure C1-C5….…………………………………………………………………………………………..17
Figure D1-D4….………………………………………………………………………………….………18

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Executive Summary
Ken-Ya-Pay’s response The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation’s RFP to promote the adoption
and use of mobile payments for merchants living on less than $2.00 USD per day is a device
designed to facilitate mobile transactions in rural areas of Kenya. Rather than attempting to
replace current successful systems such as M-Pesa, Interact and Bitcoin, the Yes-You-Can device
is designed to complement these systems compensating for the limitation that each of these share:
no payments can currently be processed in areas of low connectivity. The device is designed to
create a spider-web like network amongst devices such that encrypted transactions may pass
from device to device until they are capable of being uploaded to the desired payment system
through 3G, Wi-Fi, or satellite connectivity. Various impacts such as implementation, business,
politics, ethics and society are considered through the report. The proposed model will be cost
effective, environmentally friendly, politically supported and available to Kenyans with minimal
literacy and education. The goal of this proposal is not only to enable mobile transaction, but also
by extension stimulate the Kenyan economy and increase the quality of life.
Overview
The Bill and Melinda Gates foundation states that “access to formal payments systems is
fundamental to enable poor people to become more economically stable, prosperous and resilient”
(Global Grand Challenges, 2015). Fortunately as of 2007, Kenya became one of the first third
world countries to implement a successful large mobile payment system. This system, known as
M-Pesa, has become so successful that it already has over 60 million active accounts worldwide
(Mugambi, Njunge, & Samuel, 2014). It allows users to make payments to businesses, banks, or
any other users all from a simple app or text message. Its use has become so widespread that
over 67% of Kenyans already use this service (Craven, 2012). The primary reason that 33% of
the Kenyan population does not take advantage of this modern economic resource is not lack of
possession of a device or even insufficient literacy, but is rather that over 70% of Kenya does not
support sufficient receptivity to process transactions (Koopman, 2014). When this lack of
reception is compared to a population density map (Figures D1 and D2), it is evident that this
lack of reception does not solely encompasses minimally populated areas, but in fact expands
into many major cities including the capital Nairobi itself (OpenSignal, 2015).
The standard approach to expand connectivity has traditionally been to construct additional
cell phone towers. Although this model is perfectly feasible in most first world countries, the
initial investment of approximately $150,000 per tower (Statistic Brain, 2015) may seem
daunting for less economically stable countries like Kenya. To facilitate transactions, our model
enables devices to communicate amongst each other such that only one device needs to be within
cell receptivity to allow any unit with which it is linked to preform transactions (see Appendix C).
By expanding the range of access to mobile transaction processing, the device will by
extension stimulate the Kenyan economy and consequently bring the Bill and Melinda Gates
Foundation one step closer to its goal: To improve the quality of live for individuals around the
world (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 2015). This proposal responds to The Bill and
Melinda Gates Foundations’ RFP to promote the adoption and use of mobile payments in
developing regions of Kenya by instigating the use of peep-to-peer devices to expand the range
in which transactions may be processed.

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Design
In order to best target Kenya’s emerging market, the Yes-You-Can was designed with the
following goals:
 To facilitate the mobile payments in
areas of low connectivity
 Simplicity of use and Accessibility
 Secure Transactions
 Low Cost
To ensure that the device would be affordable to users with incomes of
less than two dollars per day, the Yes-You-Can was designed as modular
device. For a device to be considered modular, each component must be
individually designed such that user may simply purchase a base unit, then
add on any modules they deem necessary (Starr, 2010) based on their
financial and geographical situation. The Yes-You-Can would have
dimensions similar to standard smartphone of 6 cm wide by 10 cm tall. This
follows the golden ratio of 1.6 which is widely considered to be the most
visually appealing side length ratio (Weisstein, 2014). The base unit would
consist of the following modules1
:
Radio Tranciever + Antenna. The base unit would have radio
capabilities with a range of approximately 1 km. This will allow the device
to communicate amongst each other and transmit transactions into areas of
cell connectivity. The 1 km range should be sufficient given the average
population density of 78.83 people per square kilometer (Trading
Economics, 2014). Upgrades antenna would be available with ranges up to
40 km for those living in particularly rural areas.
Satellite Receiver. The device would have a satellite receiver so
that payment confirmation can be sent directly to the device. This is an
added measure of security to ensure that the user will be told exactly how much money was
transferred and to whom it was transferred to.
Battery + Solar Cell. The device would run on a coin cell battery, powered by a solar
cell mounted on the front. Options for a larger battery with a USB charging port would be
available.
Chipset. The base unit device would come with ATMega328 processor. Upgrades would
be available for those wishing for faster transaction speeds, or those wishing to process multiple
transactions at once.
Screen + Keypad. Each unit would come with a simple black and white LCD screen.
The keypad would consist of a rectangular number pad allowing users to input transaction
amounts and pin codes. The keys would also have multi-press functionality similar to that of a
flip-phone to enable alphabetical input if necessary. Options would be available to upgrade to a
standard 30 key alphanumeric keyboard, or a touch screen interface.
Language Switch. One of the back panels of the device would make the device more
accessible by featuring a language switch allowing users to easily switch between an English,
Swahili, and image based interface without having to navigate through any software menus.
Additional Components. The device would also feature the following added modules
available for those in more financially stable conditions wishing for advanced functionality.
1
Pricing Options listed in Appendix A. Visual Depictions of various modules available in Appendix B.
Figure 1: Yes-You-Can
Base Unit

5
Credit Card Processing. Although the base unit would be capable of processing credit
card transactions by manually entering all the required information, vendors seeking a quicker
and simpler method of payment may opt to add credit card reading functionality (Figure B1).
Connectivity Options. Merchants wishing to process multiple transactions at once may
wish to purchase the Bluetooth or Wi-Fi connectivity options. This would allow users to connect
their phones to the device thus allowing them to take advantage of the expanded range of
reception while still feeling secure in using the familiar interface of their own mobile device.
This would also allow merchants in a small market to collectively buy one device to enable
mobile payments in their market to anyone with a cell phone without physically having to pass
the device around whenever someone wished to make a transaction.
GPS. This particular module would provide the user with dual functionality. The primary
function of this unit would be so that users in more rural areas who are not close enough to other
devices to process transactions can easily locate areas of higher connectivity. This module also
adds an additional layer of security onto the device as each transaction could utilize 256 bit
encryption2
with a decryption seed based on the user’s GPS location (and numerous randomly
generated numbers). This exact location would be unknown to other users whose devices the
transaction information will pass through making it exceedingly difficult to decrypt.
3G Transceiver. This component allows users to upload transactions to various payment
servers. This is not part of the base unit as many users will never find themselves within cell
reception. The module is highly recommended as it is key to the functionality of the system and
for each payment that is uploaded through a user device, they are given a premium of 1% of the
transaction which can pay of the module and eventually the device itself.
Satellite Uplink. This component would work almost exactly the same as the 3G
Transceiver except it would not require cell reception to upload transactions. This would make it
an ideal module for those living in areas very far from cell reception. Unfortunately, this device
would come with an additional monthly cost making it more ideal to purchase as a small
community rather than as a sole merchant.
Business
Device cost. This device is targeted for rural citizens living under $2 USD per day who
have limited access to formal financial services. We had to make sure it’s reasonably priced and
affordable. In our first phase of implementation we are provided with $100,000 USD and in case
of success we will gain an added $1,000,000 USD (Bill & Melinda gate foundation, 2015). The
basic model of Yes-You-Can consist of six components. The breakdown of prices is provided in
Appendix A which are derived from several international trade companies and online markets in
wholesale price including Walmart®, Alibaba®, Sparkfun®, Amazon® and several others. Note
that all prices are in US dollars and the tax is included in calculations. The sum of the
components' cost would be $14.93 for the base unit.
The cost of exporting the components to Kenya is estimated to be $10,000 USD
according to international shipping cargo rates. This can be easily covered by the foundation's
initial grand. The average hourly wage for industrial labor in Kenya is $0.84 which is involved in
our assembly process labor (AfricaPay Organization, 2015).
2
256 bit encryption is the security standard for almost all credit card transaction/online government files. It
consists of mapping every digit used in the transaction to one of 256 other digits (Henderson, 2014).

6
Gathering all things into consideration, total price for the basic model of the device is
$16.77. Prices may vary depending on user needs, but the base unit will suffuce for the everyday
user. One anticipated objection is that $16.77 is not an attractive market price considering an
average family income. Even though the device is still affordable for majority of people, we will
use amortized loan method to facilitate the payment process, in a way that customers can make a
down payment, and pay off the remaining balance of the device by being charged a small amount
on each transaction.
Regional Economic Influences. While we cannot expect a dramatic evolution in
Kenya’s economy, we will see changes in behavior toward local trade after the introduction of
the Yes-You-Can. According to American society of registered nurses (ASRN, 2010), paying for
goods and services with cash would result in provoking the same part of the brain that triggers
“pain”, while using digital payments won’t. This is because we associate the loss of money with
loss of a valued object. The Yes-You-Can promotes digital payment and is expected to encourage
customers to spend more money since the feeling of loss would diminish. Increase of demand
would result in the increase of supply. This can be enough in a small region and in our context to
promote economic growth (Chen, 2009).
Implementation
Utilization of Existing Infrastructure. The device's functionality is ultimately
dependent on cellular coverage because the transmitted signal from the device must be within
cellular range either through the peer to peer network or have been initially in cellular coverage
in order to process the transaction. The cellular coverage in Kenya is sufficient for the device to
function as seen in Figure D1. Figure D2 is a population density map with the darkest shade
representing the highest density. Comparing the two figures it can be seen that a big portion of
the population has little to no cellular coverage especially to the west of Nairobi which is the
capital city. Ultimately, without cellular coverage, mobile payments cannot be processed.
The device’s functionality and success is greatly dependent on the fact that a big portion
of the population is outside the cellular range. This device can help bridge this cellular coverage
gap. These figures outline the potential of the device to connect many merchants to the existing
cellular infrastructure without the need to expand current cellular infrastructure.
Satellites. A major component of the device is the satellite receiver whose duty is to
confirm transactions. Figures D3 and D4 represent the coverage of two satellites the Eutelsat
70B and AFRICA SAT 1A which are run the Lepton Global Solutions and Fast Communications
respectively. Both of these satellites cover all of Kenya (Satsig, 2015). This means that a
transaction confirmation can be received no matter your location and almost instantly increasing
the security of the device.
Both companies provide satellite internet for a monthly cost which is dependent on
download/upload rates desired and specified in Appendix A (Satsig, 2015). This cost would only
apply to those using the Satellite Uplink module.
Manufacturing. Manufacturing and assembly will occur in Kenya however the many of
the components will be imported as the most cost effective quality components are not available
locally. Kenya is a striving environment for manufacturing and assembly featuring over 284
different fabrication companies (SoftKenya, 2015). A warehouse with a work force is sufficient
to assemble the device as long as the proper supervision is present for quality control.
Manufacturing will be done on a small scale with manual assembly of the device meaning no
custom made machinery is required thus significantly reducing costs. Manufacturing has a great

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potential for expansion depending on how successful the device functions in real conditions and
how great of a demand will arise.
Trade Unions. A membership with the Kenya Association of Manufacturers (KAM) can
sort out many details concerning manufacturing. The KAM provides an essential link for co-
operation and understanding with the government of Kenya by representing the views and
concerns of its members to the relevant authorities (KAM, 2015). Kenya has over 1,183 trucking
companies which can be used to distribute the device (AICD, 2015).
Although the device is designed particularly for Kenya, the device could be easily
implemented in many regions around the world. The device's design is universal as long as there
is sufficient infrastructure which consists of cellular and satellite coverage as previously
discussed.
Headquarters. A headquarter can be setup in Kenya to serve as an information and
technical support hub. The headquarters will also be responsible for real time analysis of the
peer-to-peer network to ensure optimal functionality. The headquarters can gather useful data for
further improvements.
Based on everything discussed so far the device can be implemented into existing
infrastructure with ease. Existing companies can be utilized to help with manufacturing and
distribution. This would help to stimulate the economy by creating jobs for locals.
Societal Impacts
Ken-Ya-Pay’s goal is to improve three factors in Kenyan society: poverty, education, and
health.
Poverty. As of 2012, 43.4% of Kenya's population was below the poverty line (The
World Factbook, 2015). It is evident that Kenya needs a new innovative way to do business.
Approximately 75% of Kenya's labor force works in the rural agricultural industry (The World
Factbook, 2015). Ken-Ya-Pay can facilitate commerce by enabling mobile transaction in this
industry. Furthermore, the unemployment rate of Kenya as of 2013 was 40% (The World
Factbook, 2015), a significant factor affecting its economy. By assembling our device in Kenya,
jobs will be created in such areas as: assembly line workers, marketing agents, IT, and other
business related areas. By employing locals to market the device, the population will be more
receptive to its implementation. Overall, Kenya's economy will greatly benefit from Ken-Ya-Pay
by creating jobs and providing an additional source of income to those with the 3G module.
Education. In Kenya, the average person will complete 11 years of school starting at
primary a primary level (The World Factbook, 2015). The Yes-You-Can device will enable them
to gain additional business and technical skills.
Health. Health is currently a major issue in Kenya because of the lack of affordable
health care. The crude death rate in Kenya per 1000 people is eight deaths (The World Bank,
2013). Such a high mortality rate is present because people do not seek healthcare because of "a
lack of money..." (Mwabu, p.315). Our device will bring Kenya one step closer to a stable
economy where lack of affordable health care is less of an issue.
By improving these factors, the overall quality of life in Kenyan society would ultimately
improve as well. By enabling people living under $2 USD a day to afford healthcare, more
people will be healthy and able to add to the workforce. By creating jobs and encouraging
commerce, we help improve Kenya's overall economic state.

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Political Impact
Kenya is a formidable place for the Ken-Ya-Pay to debut. However, Ken-Ya-Pay is
willing to face the challenges of corruption, maintaining a business and importing processes in
order to bring the Yes-You-Can device to the people in need.
Corruption in the Government. Historically, Kenya has been known as politically
corrupt country, ranking 25/100 on the Transparency International African Bribery Index (How
Corrupt Is Your Country, 2014). As of late, many new laws have been placed into the
constitution and according to Maira Martini’s article, “GCB data indicates 48% of the
respondents says corruption has decreased in the last 3 years . . . while 70% assess government
efforts against corruption as effective, compared to only 39% in 2006”(p.7). It is evident that the
government is putting a stop to corruption. Therefore, Kenya would still be the choice of place to
do business.
Means Against Corruption. Running a business is potentially difficult due to corruption.
According to a survey conducted by Ernest and Young, 1 in 3 companies have paid bribes to win
contracts and 27% of higher officials within the companies have committed fraud (Kenya, 2014).
However, the government of Kenya has introduced the Companies Act and the Insolvency Act in
order to be business friendly. The Companies Act was revised and currently the Cabinet
Secretary is responsible for issues related to companies. The act concerns things such as (Kenya
Introduces a New, 2015):
· Validity of any companies registered under Chapter 486 of the laws of Kenya
(Cap 486).
· Changes made to companies including change of names
· Validity of acts of directors under Cap 486
The Insolvency Act focuses more on “alternatives procedures to bankruptcy and winding-up that
will facilitate the management of the affairs for the benefits of persons, companies and creditors”
(Kenya Introduces a New, 2015). Companies can then be introduced to their right of conducting
restructuring and bankruptcy work-outs under an administration process.
Importation Laws. Trade regulations also need to be followed by Ken-Ya-Pay in order
to bring parts into Kenya. When importing into Kenya, the government applies EAC (East
African Community) Customs Union’s Common External Tariff, which is 0% for raw materials,
10% for processed or manufactured items, and 25% for finished goods (Kenya, 2014). Kenya is
also part of another trading union called the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
(COMESA). Even though Kenya has multiple memberships, an Aberystwyth University article
by Khorana, Kimbugwe and Perdikis suggests that there are advantages to multiplicity such as
“[enhancing] market access for the investors and producers to the partner countries’ markets”(p.
8). During the importing process, there is an import declaration fee of 2.25 percent of the value
of imports (Kenya, 2014) and Ken-Ya-Pay is required to declare an Import Declaration Form
before arrival (Kenya: Trade Regulations, 2009). There is also a Certificate Conformity that is
obtained after pre-shipment inspection companies certify the shipment (Kenya, 2014). The
certificate is then provided to the Kenya Bureau of Standards, which belongs to the Ministry of
Trade, Tourism and Industry. The Bureau issues an Import Standardized Mark, a label for
imported items, and require instructions to be in English or Swahili (Kenya, 2014; Kenya: Trade
Regulations, 2009). Therefore, it can be concluded that once Ken-Ya-Pay goes through these
processes, our parts are legal within the nation.

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Ethical Impacts
Security. As a previous study from Article 19 reports that the Kenyan economy lost 23
million USD due to cyber/technology related crimes. (Article 19, 2014). Therefore security is a
major concern regarding ethical impacts. As previously mentioned the device will utilize a 256
bit encryption with the option of GPS based verification for added security.
As the transaction will pass through a multitude of devices, it is crucial to verify that the
encrypted transactions have not been modified. In order to ensure this, the Yes-You-Can uses a
spider web-like verification network (Figure C5). Each time a device receives an encoded
transaction, it will not send the transaction on to the next device without confirming the
transaction with another device in the network first. The result of this is that as more devices are
added to the network, transactions will become more and more secure.
Environmental Issues. For environmental issues, Kenya produces significant amounts of
toxic waste per year (Ndede, 2010). The problem is that their waste is not properly disposed at an
official dumpsite. This can be a cause for major health concerns such as diseases, sicknesses and
long term health effects. The modularity of the design enables users to upgrade their device one
module at a time to eliminate the need to entirely dispose of the device. All component casing
will be made of a recyclable plastic. This will help reduce the amount of e-waste produced in
Kenya every year.
User Accessibility. Only 78% of people in Kenya are literate (UNESCO, 2015 & UNICEF
2013). In order to maximize accessibility, our product offers interface options in English, Swahili
as they are the most commonly spoken languages in Kenya. There is also an image based option
for those who are unable to read. This option will have pictures such as a bank for deposit and a
dollar sign to withdraw.
Marketing. To advertise our product, we are partnering with M-Pesa. M-Pesa is the largest
mobile payment system in Kenya and is a well-known company amongst Kenyans. Since our
product is dealing with the population's money, by partnering with them, our product will be
generally seen as more reliable and trustworthy and not as a scam.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Ken-Ya-Pay's product Yes-You-Can is the best solution to provide a way
for Kenyan's living under $2 USD per day in rural areas to make secure mobile transactions. Our
product ultimately results in a better quality of life for poor Kenyans, stimulates the economy by
creating business and employment opportunities, and allows merchants to accept many forms of
e-payments. The use of this product results aids Kenyans to seek healthcare as many are able to
make a small income using a 3G module. Our product creates jobs and business opportunities
during the manufacturing and assembly processes resulting in development of business and
technical skills. Our company ensures corruption will not affect the business and have backup
plans if the company does not meet quotas. The rules and regulations are followed to ensure we
can stay in business. Also, our environmental impact will be minimal due to our modular design.
Ken-Ya-Pay is focusing on getting these plans through and starting the distribution procedures.
Our numerous security measures will ensure that our products are being used wisely and
guarantee transaction safety for our clientele. The Yes-You-Can device is the solution for Kenya's
mobile payment issue and will eventually help those in poverty to move on and lead a
sustainable life.

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Appendix A: Pricing Options
* Indicates Non-Bulk Retail Price
Table A1: Antenna Pricing
Module Specifications Base Unit? Price
USD
Distributer
Base Radio
Transceiver*
Sends + Receives radio signal.
Requires antenna for range of
greater than 10 meters
Yes $2.24 Amazon.ca
Base
Antenna*
Increases range of Radio
Transmitter to 1Km
Yes $3.36 Amazon.ca
Kaito Antenna Increases range to about 4 km No $12.99 Amazon.ca
Sirius Antenna Increases range to about 7 km
(may require stronger battery)
No $17.89 Amazon.ca
XBee Radio
Transciver*
Improved Radio Transceiver
for stronger signal strength
when using larger antennas
No $31.00 Amazon.ca
External Yagi
Antenna
40 Km range. Attaches to
device via wire. Not easily
portable. Ideal to be shared
among small market or village
as it can aid to process
transactions for many devices.
Needs external power
No $85.00 Amazon.ca
Table A2: Battery Options
USD
Distributer
Cell Battery Non–Rechargeable, but battery
is not drained while solar cell
is active. Will last about 2
weeks.
Yes $0.43 Alibaba.com
Lithium Ion
Battery
Rechargeable, charges from
solar cell
No $1.43 Alibaba.com
USB charging
Port*
Enables charging by USB.
Does not require battery while
plugged in. Best option for
vendors seeking to process
greater than 5 transactions per
day with access to power.
No $4.01 Amazon.ca
Table A3: Processor Options
USD
Distributer
ATMega 328 Standard Microcontroller Yes $1.50 Amazon.ca

14
capable of handling one
transaction at a time
ATMega
32A*
Ideal for small market where
cell phones are sending
transactions vie wi-fi/Bluetooth
to central hub
No $7.91 Amazon.ca
Intel Edison* Ideal for Large Market where
many numerous devices are
transmitting data to central hub
for Satellite Uplink
No $49.95 Sparkfun.ca
Table A4: Connectivity Options
USD
Distributer
Bluetooth* Enables Device to connect to
Bluetooth enabled phones to
process transactions through
M-PESA, Interact, Bitcoin and
PayPal
No $3.80 Alibaba.ca
Wi-Fi* Enables Device to connect to
Wi-Fi enabled phones or
routers to process transactions
through M-PESA, Interact,
Bitcoin or PayPal
No $4.64 Amazon.ca
3G
Transmitter
Enables device to upload
transactions to Cellular
Networks. Range of 20km
from cell tower
No $6.00 Alibaba.com
Satellite
Uplink*
Enables Device to upload
transactions directly to servers
without needing 3G or Wi-Fi.
Subject to Monthly Fee based
on usage
No $149 GroundControl.com
Table A5: Screen + Keypad Options
USD
Distributer
Standard
Black and
White Display
Display similar to that of a
calculator.
Yes $1.50 Alibaba.com
Numerical
Keypad*
Similar to a flip phone
keyboard. Alphabetical input
possible by pressing keys
numerous times
Yes $1.14 Amazon.ca
Alphanumeric
Keyboard*
Has letters and numbers to
input user information more
No $7.38 Amazon.ca

15
easily. Useful if users wish to
use advanced payment services
such as Bitcoin or Paypal
TouchScreen* 2.4 inch touchscreen. Mounts
in place of keypad
No $8.37 Amazon.ca
Table A6: Credit Card Processing Options
USD
Distributer
Magnetic Strip
Scanner*
Used to read credit cards
without manually entering all
information through keyboard
No $28.20 Amazon.ca
TAP Reader* Used for credit cards with TAP No $30.41 Ebay.ca
Chip Reader Used to read chip credit cards No $13.28 Ebay.ca

16
Appendix B: Visual Representation of Select Modules
Figure B1: Base Unit with Magnetic Figure B2: Base Unit with Kiato Antenna
Strip Reader Module

17
Appendix C: Peer-to-Peer Transaction Process
Figure C1: Devices Use Radio Signal to Form Peer-to-Peer Network
Figure C2: Devices Transmit Transaction Data Through the Network
Figure C3: Devices Stay Connected Even While in Motion
Figure C4: Device with 3G Module Upload all Transactions for Connected Device
Figure C5: Transaction Data is Verified by All Connected Devices

18
Appendix D: Reference Images
Figure D1: Kenyan Cell Reception Map Figure D2: Kenyan Population Density Map
(OpenSignal, 2015) (Socioeconomic Data and Application Center, 2000)
Figure D3: Satellite Coverage for Eutelsat 70B Figure D4: Satellite Coverage for AFRICA SAT 1A
(Satsig, 2015) (Satsig, 2015)

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