2. Face
The face spans from forehead to chin and
ear to ear, defining our individual identity
The basic shape of the face is determined
by the underlying bones.
The buccal fat-pad prevents cheek collapse
during breast-sucking in baby.
The face plays an important role in
communication as facial expression.
3. Scalp
The scalp consists of skin (normally hair-bearing) and subcutaneous tissue that
cover the neurocranium from the superior nuchal lines on the occipital bone to
the supra-orbital margins of the frontal bone. Laterally, the scalp extends over the
temporal fascia to the zygomatic arches.
The scalp is composed of five layers
S skin
C connective tissue
A aponeurosis
L loose connective tissue
P periosteum
12. Muscle of face and scalp
Buccinator also attaches to the
pterygomandibular raphe, a tendinous
thickening of the buccopharyngeal fascia
separating and giving origin to the superior
pharyngeal constrictor posteriorly
19. Parotid gland
The parotid glands are the largest of the
three pairs of main salivary glands in the
head. They are located below and in front of
the lower half of the ear, extending from the
lower border of the mandible up to the
zygomatic arch.
The parotid duct exits the front edge of the
parotid gland, crosses anteriorly and pierces
the buccal fat pad and buccinator m.
It opens into the oral cavity near the second
upper molar tooth
20. Nerves of face
Cutaneous (sensory) innervation of
the face and anterosuperior part of the
scalp is provided primarily by the
trigeminal nerve (CN V), whereas
motor innervation to the facial
muscles is provided by the facial
nerve (CN VII).
24. Sensory
The sensory root holds central
processes of trigeminal ganglion.
The motor root bypasses this
ganglion.
The trigeminal nerve (CN V) emerges
pons, with two roots - motor and
sensory
CN V functions as the facial sensory
nerve and controls the muscles of
chewing and various small muscles.
25. Sensory
The ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) originates as a sensory nerve from the
trigeminal ganglion. As CN V1 enters the orbit through the superior orbital
fissure, it divides into the frontal, nasociliary, and lacrimal nerves.
The maxillary nerve (CN V2) emerges from the trigeminal ganglion and exits
the skull via the foramen rotundum. After entering the pterygopalatine fossa,
CN V2 branches to the pterygopalatine ganglion, enters the orbit through the
inferior orbital fissure. It branches into the zygomatic nerve, travels into the
infra-orbital groove, and eventually passes through the infra-orbital foramen.
27. Sensory
The mandibular nerve (CN V3) exits the cranium through foramen ovale. It
provides three sensory branches that serve the skin in the mandibular
prominence area, and it supplies motor fibers to the muscles of mastication.
30. Motor nerves
Facial expression muscles > CNVII
Muscles of mastication> CNV3
CN VII (Facial nerve) exits the
skull through the stylomastoid
foramen. It immediately gives off
the posterior auricular nerve and
supplies supply auricularis
posterior and occipital belly
31. Motor nerves
The main trunk of CN VII runs anteriorly and is engulfed by the parotid gland, in
which it forms the parotid plexus. This plexus gives rise to the five terminal branches
of the facial nerve: temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, and cervical.
32. Motor nerves
Temporal branch >auricularis superior, auricularis anterior, frontal belly and superior
part of the orbicularis oculi.
Zygomatic branch > inferior part of orbicularis oculiand other facial muscles inferior
to the orbit.
Buccal branch > buccinator, upper parts of orbicularis oris and inferior fibers of
levator labii superioris.
Marginal mandibular > risorius and muscles of the lower lip and chin
Cervical > platysma
35. SUPERFICIAL ARTERIES OF FACE
Most superficial face arteries are facial artery. It originates from the external
carotid artery.
The facial artery follows a path beneath the mandible, anterior to the masseter
muscle.
It crosses over the face, passing the eyelids' medial angle and zygomaticus major
muscle.
The facial artery provides branches to upper and lower lips (superior and inferior
labial arteries), ascends along the side of the nose, and connects with the dorsal
nasal branch of the ophthalmic artery (branch of internal carotid a.)
The terminal part of the facial artery is called the angular artery.
38. Superficial temp. v.
VEINS OF FACE AND SCALP Veins in the face have numerous
anastomoses, allowing drainage through
alternate routes during compression.
Facial v.
IJV
Retromandibular v.
EJV
Deep facial v.
Pterygoid v.
plexus
39. DANGER TRIANGLE OF THE FACE
consists of the area from the corners of
the mouth to the bridge of the nose,
including the nose and maxilla.
The unique blood supply of the human
nose and its surroundings makes it
possible for infections from the nasal
area to spread in reverse to the brain.
This could result in conditions like
cavernous sinus thrombosis, meningitis,
or brain abscess.
40. ECCHYMOSES (EH·KEE·MOW·ZUHZ)
When infection happen at scalp the
abcess or fluid could acumulate in the
skin of eyelids.
Injuries to the periorbital region often
cause damage to the soft tissues. The
tissues get pressed against the strong
and sharp edge, leading to "black eyes"
or periorbital ecchymosis. This can occur
due to injuries on the scalp or forehead.
Ecchymoses, which are purple patches,
form as blood leaks into the
subcutaneous tissue.
41. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF FACE AND SCALP
All lymphatic vessels from the head
and neck drain directly or indirectly
into the deep cervical lymph nodes.
Lymph from these deep nodes passes to the
jugular lymphatic trunk, which joins the
thoracic duct on the left side and the IJV or
brachiocephalic vein on the right side.
