The document provides a series of photographs documenting the eruption of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano in Iceland in April 2010. The photos show lightning over the volcano, ash covering the landscape, flooded areas from glacial melting, farmers working around ash clouds, and the large plume of ash stretching over the Atlantic ocean, which caused major flight cancellations across Europe.
The volcano continues to rumble and hurl ash skyward, if at a slightly diminished rate now, as the dispersing ash plume has dropped closer to the ground, and the World Health Organization has issued a health warning to Europeans with respiratory conditions. Collected here are some images from Iceland over the past few days.
WHAT IS HAPPENING? AIRLINES ON RED ALERT AFTER VOLCANIC ERUPTION IN ICELAND. After a week of seismic activity rattled the uninhabited area 200 miles (320 kilometers) east of the capital of Reykjavik with thou-sands of earthquakes, Iceland's Bardarbunga volcano began erupting Saturday (Aug. 23rd) under the country's largest glacier. An Iceland volcanologist said it was not clear when, or if, the eruption would melt through the ice — which is between 100 and 400 meters (330 feet and 1,300 feet) thick — and send steam and ash into the air. On Saturday, Icelandic authorities declared a no-fly zone of 100 nautical miles by 140 nautical miles around the eruption, but did not shut the country's airspace. An eruption at the Katla volcano could be disastrous, both for Iceland and other nations. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
The volcano continues to rumble and hurl ash skyward, if at a slightly diminished rate now, as the dispersing ash plume has dropped closer to the ground, and the World Health Organization has issued a health warning to Europeans with respiratory conditions. Collected here are some images from Iceland over the past few days.
WHAT IS HAPPENING? AIRLINES ON RED ALERT AFTER VOLCANIC ERUPTION IN ICELAND. After a week of seismic activity rattled the uninhabited area 200 miles (320 kilometers) east of the capital of Reykjavik with thou-sands of earthquakes, Iceland's Bardarbunga volcano began erupting Saturday (Aug. 23rd) under the country's largest glacier. An Iceland volcanologist said it was not clear when, or if, the eruption would melt through the ice — which is between 100 and 400 meters (330 feet and 1,300 feet) thick — and send steam and ash into the air. On Saturday, Icelandic authorities declared a no-fly zone of 100 nautical miles by 140 nautical miles around the eruption, but did not shut the country's airspace. An eruption at the Katla volcano could be disastrous, both for Iceland and other nations. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
A amp B 3 The term tephra defines all pieces of rock fra.pdfsanjaychauhan1530
#A & B
3) The term tephra defines all pieces of rock fragments ejected into the air by an erupting volcano.
Most tephra falls back onto the slopes of the volcano, enlarging it. But, billions of smaller and
lighter pieces less than 2mm in diameter (less than one-tenth of an inch), termed ash, are carried
by winds for thousands of miles. Falling ash, even in low concentrations, can disrupt human
activities hundreds of miles downwind, and drifting clouds of fine ash can endanger jet aircraft
thousands of miles away. When it has settled on and near the ground, volcanic ash threatens the
health of people and livestock, damages electronics and machinery, and interrupts power
generation, water and transportation systems, and telecommunications (USGS) The Eyjafjallajkull
volcano in Iceland erupted spectacularly in April 2010. The heat from the lava beneath the crater
of the glacier-covered summit quickly melted and vaporized the glacier ice above. Mud, ice, and
meltwater running off the volcano swelled local rivers and streams, flooding farmland and
damaging roads. Expanding gasses from the rapid vaporization of ice caused explosions that
resulted from the contact of water and magma. The hydro-phreatic explosions sent a plume of
steam and ash almost 7 miles (11km) into the atmosphere. The plume was driven southeast,
across the North Atlantic Ocean to northern Europe, by the prevailing winds. Fearing the damage
to commercial aircraft and potential loss of life that could result from flying through the ash cloud,
many European countries closed their national airspace and grounded flights for several days.
(after Britannica)Image left: 2010 ash plume from Eyjafjallajkull eruption. Image right: Composite
map of the volcanic ash cloud spanning 14-25 April 2010. View looking down onto the North Pole.
Source: Wikipedia a) Heat from magma can change water suddenly to steam, which can expand
to more than a thousand times the original volume of water. The sudden expansion results in an
explosive force that can blast a volcano to pieces and create large amounts of volcanic ash. Name
the type of explosion produced when water in groundwater, seawater, or even melting glacial ice
or snow comes into contact with magma. b) Referring to the ash plume map above, estimate the
percentage of the planet's circumference the ash plume traveled in the first 2 weeks of April 2010.
(Hint: Count the wedge-shaped sections that show dark and light gray ash. Divide the number of
sections with ash by the total number of sections. For example, 6 sections with ash divided by 24
total sections =6 divided by 24=.25 or 25% of the globe. Do not use these numbers. Count the
sections on the image above and show your calculations..
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2. Lightning streaks across the sky as lava flows from a volcano in Eyjafjallajokul April 17, 2010. (REUTERS/Lucas Jackson)
3. The volcano in southern Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull glacier sends ash into the air just prior to sunset ON Friday, April 16, 2010. Thick drifts of volcanic ash blanketed parts of rural Iceland on Friday as a vast, invisible plume of grit drifted over Europe, emptying the skies of planes and sending hundreds of thousands in search of hotel rooms, train tickets or rental cars. (AP Photo/Brynjar Gauti)
4. Long lens view of farm near the Eyjafjallajokull volcano as it continues to billow smoke and ash during an eruption late on April 17, 2010. (HALLDOR KOLBEINS/AFP/Getty Images)
5. A car is seen driving near Kirkjubaejarklaustur, Iceland, through the ash from the volcano eruption under the Eyjafjallajokull glacier on Thursday April 15, 2010. (AP Photo/Omar Oskarsson)
6. Chunks of ice from a glacial flood triggered by a volcanic eruption lie in front of the still-erupting volcano near Eyjafjallajokul on April 17, 2010. (REUTERS/Lucas Jackson)
7. Ash covers vegetation in Eyjafjallasveit, southern Iceland April 17, 2010. (REUTERS/Ingolfur Juliusson)
8. This aerial photo shows the Eyjafjallajokull volcano billowing smoke and ash on April 17, 2010. (HALLDOR KOLBEINS/AFP/Getty Images)
9. A woman stands near a waterfall that has been dirtied by ash that has accumulated from the plume of an erupting volcano near Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland on April 18, 2010. (REUTERS/Lucas Jackson)
10. Horses fight near the town of Sulfoss, Iceland as a volcano in Eyjafjallajokull erupts on April 17, 2010. (REUTERS/Lucas Jackson)
11. Farmer Thorarinn Olafsson tries to lure his horse back to the stable as a cloud of black ash looms overhead in Drangshlid at Eyjafjoll on April 17, 2010. (REUTERS/Ingolfur Juliusson)
12. A small plane (upper left) flies past smoke and ash from the volcano in Eyjafjallajokul, Iceland on April 17, ‘10. (REUTERS/Lucas Jackson)
13. Smoke billows from a volcano in Eyjafjallajokull on April 16, 2010. (HALLDOR KOLBEINS/AFP/Getty Images)
14. The sun sets in a sky dusted with ash, over Lake Geneva, as seen from the Lavaux Vineyard Terraces, a UNESCO site in Switzerland, on April 17, 2010. (FABRICE COFFRINI/AFP/Getty Images)
15. The volcano in southern Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull glacier sends ash into the air Saturday, April 17, 2010. (AP Photo/Brynjar Gauti)
16. Farmers team up to rescue cattle from exposure to the toxic volcanic ash at a farm in Nupur, Iceland, as the volcano in southern Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull glacier sends ash into the air Saturday, April 17, 2010. (AP Photo/Brynjar Gauti)
17. A rescue team helps landowners to clear volcanic ash from a roof in Seljavellir, Iceland on April 18, ‘10. (HALLDOR KOLBEINS/Getty Images)
18. sheep farmer Thorkell Eiriksson (R) and his brother-in-law Petur Runottsson work to seal a sheep barn, in case winds shift and ash from a volcano erupting across the valley lands on their farm, in Eyjafjallajokull April 17, 2010. The current season is when the spring lambs are born and such young animals are especially susceptible to volcanic ash in their lungs so they must be stored inside. (REUTERS/Lucas Jackson)
19. A dark ash cloud looms over the Icelandic south coast April 17, 2010. (REUTERS/Ingolfur Juliusson)
20. Lightning, smoke and lava above Iceland's Eyjafjallajokul volcano on April 17, 2010. (REUTERS/Lucas Jackson)
21. View seen from a road leading to the Eyjafjallajokull volcano as it continues to billow smoke and ash during an eruption on April 17, 2010. (HALLDOR KOLBEINS/AFP/Getty Images)
22. A man runs along the roadside, taking pictures of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano as it continues to billow smoke and ash during an eruption on April 17, 2010. (HALLDOR KOLBEINS/AFP/Getty Images)
23. A huge ash cloud creeps over the Icelandic south coast April 16, 2010. (REUTERS/Ingolfur Juliusson)
24. Wearing a mask and goggles to protect against the smoke, dairy farmer Berglind Hilmarsdottir from Nupur, Iceland, looks for cattle lost in ash clouds, Saturday, April 17, 2010. (AP Photo/Brynjar Gauti)
25. A farmer checks muddy volcanic ash on his land in Iceland on April 18, 2010. (HALLDOR KOLBEINS/AFP/Getty Images)
26. This aerial image shows the crater spewing ash and plumes of grit at the summit of the volcano in southern Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull glacier Saturday April 17, 2010. (AP Photo/Arnar Thorisson/Helicopter.is)
27. A pilot takes pictures of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano billowing smoke and ash during an eruption on April 17, 2010. (HALLDOR KOLBEINS/AFP/Getty Images)
28. Construction crews repair a road damaged by floods from glacial melting caused by a volcano in Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland April 17, 2010. (REUTERS/Lucas Jackson)
29. Horses graze in a field near the Eyjafjallajokull volcano as it continues to billow dark smoke and ash during an eruption late on April 17, 2010. (HALLDOR KOLBEINS/AFP/Getty Images)
30. Ingi Sveinbjoernsso leads his horses on a road covered volcanic ash back to his barn in Yzta-baeli, Iceland on April 18, 2010. They come galloping out of the volcanic storm, hooves muffled in the ash, manes flying. 24 hours earlier he had lost the shaggy Icelandic horses in an ash cloud that turned day into night, blanketing the landscape in sticky gray mud. (HALLDOR KOLBEINS/AFP/Getty Images)
31. The ash plume of southwestern Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull volcano streams southwards over the Northern Atlantic Ocean in a satellite photograph made April 17, 2010. The erupting volcano in Iceland sent new tremors on April 19, but the ash plume which has caused air traffic chaos across Europe has dropped to a height of about 2 km (1.2 mi), the Meteorological Office said. (REUTERS/NERC Satellite Receiving Station, Dundee University, Scotland)
32. A woman makes a phone call in the empty arrival hall of Prague's Ruzyne Airport after all flights were grounded due to volcanic ash in the skies coming from Iceland April 18, 2010. Air travel across much of Europe was paralyzed for a fourth day on Sunday by a huge cloud of volcanic ash, but Dutch and German test flights carried out without apparent damage seemed to offer hope of respite. (REUTERS/David W Cerny)
33. Lava and lightning light the crater of Eyjafjallajokul volcano on April 17, 2010. (REUTERS/Lucas Jackson)