The House on Fabrika Hill - !"# $#%&' 2012 Areal photograph of Fabrika Hill and location of the house Introduction The objective of this excavation mid April-mid May 2012, was to date the house found in the year 2010, on the northern slope of the hill of Fabrika, and to find out its status in relation to the community and to the planning of the city of Nea Paphos.

1. Introduction
The objective of this excavation mid April-mid May 2012, was to date the house found in the year
2010, on the northern slope of the hill of Fabrika, and to find out its status in relation to the
community and to the planning of the city of Nea Paphos.
1
The House on Fabrika Hill - !"# $#%&' 2012
Areal photograph of Fabrika Hill and location of the house
Plan of the house on Fabrika Hill
Maria Musto
Report
27-06-2012

2. Location
Fabrika Hill is located in Kato Paphos. In the
4th century BC, the Kingdom of Paphos
occupied the west and north-west coast of
Cyprus, having borders with the kingdom of
Marion to the north, and the kingdom of
Kourion to the south-east. The ancient
capital was Palaipaphos, then the capital was
transferred northwards, within the limits of
the modern village of Kouklia by King
Nikokles, and was named Nea Paphos. It was
located in the area known today as Kato
Paphos.1 Fabrika Hill with the hill of Fanari
is situated within approximately 5 m above
the sea level. 2 Apparently this hill may have
been the Acropolis of Palaipaphos. In fact,
the discovery of ancient fragments of an
inscription relating to Aphrodite at the foot
of the hill,3 and the traces of a foundation
wall,4 at the southern edge of the plateau
aback the theater, favor the existence of a
temple, which may be the Temple of
Aphrodite Paphia,5 of the Hellenistic period.
2
1 Daszewski 1987,pp.171-175
2 Balandier 2009, p.431;
3 Ibid, p.431;
4 Balandier 2009, p. 431;
5 Ibid, p.431;
Fabrika Hill
Kourion
Palaipaphos
Marion

3. These evidences prompted to think that the acropolis was located in this place.6 Then, the importance of its
location is given by the implementation of the surrounding area: at the southern side of the hill the theater
and the necropolis of Aghia Solomoni’s of the Hellenistic period and a wealthy habitat of the Roman period,
dated to the IV-V century AD.7 Such as the “House of Dyonisos,” the “Villa of Theseus,” and the “House
of Orpheus.” At the northern, according to the tradition the north gate of the ancient city.8 Then, further
excavations have reveled more clues about the habitat of the hill. During the excavation in 2008,9 on the
eastern slope of the hill, was found a wall of 0.50 m. This wall consisted of two regular pseudo-isodome
rows, bonded by mortar, of which the blocks were carefully cut and their joints were covered of a coating .
Until now it is still unclear what is the function of this wall, or to what construction belonged to. After its
destruction, it served as the foundation for a later building, of which its remains consisted of only few stones.
At the west of this wall the excavation has reveled many findings of Medieval pottery sherds, mostly of the
frankish period. Amongst them the mould of a seal of an Italian bishop from Bologna, Girardus IV Ariostis was
found.10 The writing on the seal’s matrix dates it to the XIII AD.11 As a result, this seal and the trace of a vault
3
6 Ibid;
7 Daszewski 1988;
8 Balandier 2009, p.431;
9 Ibid;
10 Cappelletti1845, pp.579-580;
11 Balandier 2009, pp.440-441;
Map of Paphos . - B.House of Orpheus - C. Villa of Theseus - E. - House of Dyonisos - I. Aghia Solomoni’s catacombs - J. Theatre -
A.H.S. Megaw after Balandier 1999 -
E
C
I
B
Northern
Gate
J

4. on its adversed face also
released at the south of
this wall, prompted to
think that during the
Medieval period an
important building, such
as a church, was in the
habitat of the hill.12
Finally the toponym of
Fabrika itself,13 (“factory
o r m a n u f a c t u r e , ” )
suggests the presence of
activities occurred on the
hill. Indeed its toponym
suggests a cotton or a
linen mill, or a sugar
refinery of the late
Medieval period.14 To
sum up, the surrounding
area of the hill confirms
its importance within the
residential area and in the
planning of the city of
P a p h o s d u r i n g i t s
evolution from the
Hellenistic to Roman,
and Medieval periods.
4
12 Balandier 2008;
13 Oberhummer 1949;
14 Balandier 2009, p.431;
remains of a wall on the Eastern slope of the hill - two regular pseudo-isodom rows
Matrix of the episcopal seal

5. Historical background
There are legends and myths that acquaint with Paphos. One of them advises of Kinyras representing
the indigenous population, as the founder of the city. Literary sources, inform us that at the end of the
Trojan War, XII BC, Paphos was founded by Agapenor, king of Tegea and chief of the Arcadians. Agapenor
was one of the commanders of the Arcadian contingent in the Trojan War.15 On his way from Troy to the
Peloponnese his ship was diverted by a storm towards Cyprus.16 Strabo states,17 "Palaipaphos, which last is
situated at about ten stadia above the sea, has a mooring-place and temple… Then the promontory of
Zephyria, with a landing-place, and to another Arsinoe, which likewise has a landing-place… And at a little
distanced from the sea is Heirocepis. Then to Paphus, which was founded by Agapenor, an has both a harbor
and well-built temples…"Indeed, Paphos in Ancient time, was featured as a primary stopover on the sea
route between Egypt and the Near East, because of its favorable location against the winds on the protected
north-west and south-west region of Cyprus.18 So, during their journey ships paused there, and this helped
to develop trades and maritime contacts.
Namely, the beginning of the Achean colonization contributed to make Paphos an important urban
centre during the XII BC. An example is reflected by the architectural remains of the Temple of Aphrodite
in Paleapaphos and the wealthy tombs found in the locality of Evreti.19 The influence of the Agean people is
clearly stated by the appearance in Cyprus of Mycenaean iconographic features in the late XII and XI BC.20
5
15 Grant/Hazel, 1973, p. 17;
16 Homer, Iliad, 2.603-614;
17 Strabo, Geography, 14.6;
18 Hohlfelder 1995, pp.191-210;
19 Catling 1968, pp. 162-169;
20 D’Acunto 2008-2009, p.41;

6. This is well illustrated by the clay figurines with upraised arms, wearing a long dress bell shaped. The first of
two very similar figurines is from Limassol. Their bodies have the breast rendered in relief. The lower part of
the garment is cylindrical, ending its length
by a disc turned outward. The face is
characterized by a large nose and round eyes.
One of the two Cypriot figurines reaches 24
cm in height. This shows that since this time
in Cyprus we are dealing with a specialized
production, which is found in the plastic clay
of the Aegean Proto-Geometric.21 Cyprus has
documented a continuity of female figurine
with cylindrical body and upraised arms over
the following centuries (Cyprus Geometric
phases I-III).22 This continuity is well
illustrated by one of the fine figurines of
Pieridis Collection, which strongly echoes the
Cretan-Mycenaean models. This figurine is
dated to the VII-VI BC and is from the Shrine
of the Temple of Aphrodite from
Palaipaphos.23
During the Hellenistic period the city of
Paphos became the capital of Cyprus,
replacing Salamis, and a large port was
constructed whose remains may still be seen
at the site of the modern harbor.24
The ascendance to become the capital was
favored by its port and its resources.
According to traditional sources the last King
of the kingdom of Paphos was king
Nikokles.25 Towards the end of the IV BC, he
decided to found a new city on the coast, and
named it Nea Paphos. The reasons that led
him to this change, namely, were triggered by
the fact that the old city, (Paleapaphos) was
inland. In fact the new city had a port with
three harbors, with easy access to the timber
forests, ideal for shipbuilding, and with the
ports of Alexandria and Rhodes within easy
reach,26 The name of Nikokles appears in a
fragment of Arrian in the year 321 BC. 27 The
fragment lists four kings on the island of
Cyprus, who concluded an alliance with
41statuetta fittile del Geometrico Antico da Ialysos
osa ipotizza in
pro, dopo aver
c. a.C., abbia
ella continua-
ipo allo stesso
co35
.
o ed integrato
à considerato
mento dell’uni-
mpaniforme ad
tto periodo di
ta stricto sensu
eneo a braccia
lafine del XII
imo momento
sol,fig. 3 (una
oro corpo pre-
tra statuetta la
ma soprattutto
altre statuette
ste in basso a
ato dal grande
e due statuette
il che dimostra
una produzio-
(così come è la
geo). A Cipro
ipo femminile
lzate nel corso
etrico I-III)38
.
lcuni pezzi di
ella Collezione
una eco ancora
39
. Per quanto
dettaglio della
riconoscere un
lare di Ialysos;
rebbero essere
(qui dipinte),
, gli occhi cir-
la presenza del
diadema (che ricorre con frequenza nelle statuette
cipriote), il collo allungato.
Nella stessa Rodi il tipo femminile a corpo cilin-
drico o campaniforme è documentato tra i votivi
fittili dell’acropoli di Lindos, in una serie di esem-
plari che non possiamo datare con precisione, ma
che verosimilmente si riferiscono ad un momento
dell’avanzato periodo geometrico (in effetti, gli ex-
voto degli strati arcaici sembrano iniziare attorno
58-59, fig. 51,
orghis 2002, pp.
2002, pp. 18-19,
e due in Kourou
60, tav. 27.7-8
pp. 82-86, tavv.
Fig. 3. Limassol, Museo Distrettuale inv. 580/8: statuetta
fittile dal santuario di Limassol-Kommissariato (da Kara-
gheorghis 2002).
26-27 (Cipro Geometrico II-III).
39
Karagheorghis 1993, n. LGA(iv)12, p. 84, tav. 37.6 (Cipro
Geometrico II-III); Kourou 1997, p. 85, fig. 6. È assegnabile
al VII-VI sec. a.C. una bella statuetta dal santuario di Afrodite
a Palaepaphos al British Museum: J. Karagheorghis, ‘The
Goddess of Cyprus between the Orient and the Occident’, in
Stampolidis-Karagheorghis 2003, pp. 353-361, discussione
361-362, spec. 357-358, fig. 3.
6
21 Kourou 1997, p. 85, fig. 6 VII-VI BC;
22 D’Acunto 2008-2009,
23 Karagheorghis 2003, pp. 353-361;
24 Hohlfelder 1995, pp.191-210
25 Ibid;
26 Ibid;
27 FGrH IIB, 10.6, p. 848;
Gold ornaments - bracelets, earrings, toe rings, cloisonne, finger-rings -
Kouklia , Evreti Tomb 8
figurine from the shrine of Limassol - Museum of
Limassol - Karagheorghis 2002

7. Ptolemy I: Nikokles, King of Paphos, Nikokreon King of Salamis, Pasikrates King of Soli, and Androkles
King of Amathous.. According to tradition Nikokles reigned until 310-315, then Ptolemy, had suspicions
of Nikokles as a traitor and sent out to kill him. Nikokles was trapped in his home, and chose to commit
suicide along with his entire household setting fire to its palace.28 In 312 BC Ptolemy I Sotèr came to the
island and had the kings of the kingdoms of Kyrenia, Lapithos and Marion arrested, and wiped off the latter
kingdom. The inhabitants of the kingdom of Marion were transferred to the kingdom of Paphos and the
revenues from its lands given to Nikokreon, king of Salamis, who now became strategos of Cyprus. Ptolemy
I Sotèr was particularly interested in the kingdom of Paphos to access to the timber resources available from
the forests of the Troodos and to the metal resources of Amathous. According to Diodoros,29 the people
transferred from the kingdom of Marion strongly contributed to the development of the settlement of the
new city of Nea Paphos. 30 Yet, early researches in Kato Paphos have revealed no agglomerations before the
classical era.31 Then the name of Nea Paphos is not mentioned in any source.32 However, some
investigations have hypothesized the existence of an earlier city, located between the two necropolis situated
near the hill of Fabrika, at the “Ellinika “ place.33 Cyprus was to remain under Ptolemaic rule for most of the
Hellenistic period, up to 58 BC when the island was annexed by Rome to the Roman province of Cilicia.
During this period the island had become the primary military headquarters of the III century strategos and
then in the II century the naval base of the navarch. The Ptolemean saw the island as an important source for
shipbuilding timber, minerals (especially copper), and grain. This favored the newly founded city of Nea
Paphos. For these reasons the city grew rapidly in size and importance. By the late second century BC it had
become the capital of the island. 34 After 58 BC Nea Paphos was the seat of the Roman quaestor and of the
governor of the island. In 22 B.C. after the general consolidation in the east, Cyprus exchanged its status
from the imperial- direct administration of Augustus (Octavian) and the military occupation, to a senatorial
province. Separated from Cilicia in 27 B.C., Cyprus was ruled by a pro-consul as civil governor. Its capital
7
28 Diod.XIX. 62;
29 Ibid;
30 Ibid, XX,21;
31 Nicolau 1966, pp.561-601;
32 M!ynarczyk 1990, p.28;
33 Balandier 2009, p.426;
34 Daszewski, 1987, pp.171-75;
Minoan figurines introduced from Crete in XI BC introduced to the end of the Cypro-Archaic period identified with the local goddess of fertility
represented nude - Archaeological Museum of Cyprus - Nicosia 2012

8. was still Paphos, known as “Augusta Claudia Flavia Paphos.” 35 With the triumph of the Christian faith, Nea
Paphos became the seat of the most important bishop of the island. In 47 AD by the miracle of the "Blinding
of Elymas," St. Paul converted Sergius Paulus, the Roman proconsul of the island, to Christianity. 36 During
the Roman period, Paphos seems to have reached its peak in the later second and third centuries AD,
receiving the most elaborate and important title of its history: "Sebaste Claudia Flavia Paphos,37the sacred
metropolis of all the towns of Cyprus." It’s likely that this title was given to the city by the emperor
Septimius Severus in 193-211 AD.38 Many of the most spectacular remains now visible in Paphos date from
this period, including the House of Dionysus and the House of Orpheus.After the earthquakes that struck
the region during the I AD (15-77 AD) an other earthquakes struck the area once again at the end of the IV
AD, with the result that the city of Paphos fell into decline, as did the harbor complex. The hiatus in the
succession of bishops of Paphos between Sapricius, present at the Council of Ephesus in 431AD and the
Council of Neophyte in 1159, supports the fact that the city was abandoned.39 Perhaps, the deserted city of
Paphos prompted the emperor Constantin II to transfer the capital from Paphos to Salamis, which for the
occasion was renamed Constantia.40 Then under the reign of Justinian 527–565 AD, Paphos does not
appear in the list of the twelve city of Cyprus, but excavations prove that the city had been rebuilt, and
became the headquarter of a Byzantine fortress. 41 Next In 688 AD the island of Cyprus was attacked by Arab
raids. Muawiya I, a member of the Umayyad family, installed a garrison of 12,000 Arabic men. Then the peace treaty
signed between the Byzantine Empire and the Saracens in 688 AD, renewed in 698 AD allowed the reconstruction
of the city. Thus, Paphos became an important port of call for pilgrims going to the Holy Land. 42 A large church
dedicated to Panayia Limeniotissa (Virgin of the Harbour) was the shrine for all those pilgrims going to Jerusalem.43
During the Medieval time, in the Frankish period the island was sold to a french nobleman Guy de Lusignian.44 The
town became known as Ktima ( land property) because it became a king’s property under the feudal system. Then in
1489-1571 AD the city was overtaken by Famagusta under the Venetian.45 Under the Ottoman regime 1571-1878
A.D, its population left the coastal plain of Paphos, and went to live at Ktima. 46 The decline of the town, however, was
irremediable and reached its lowest point during the Turkish occupation of the island (1570-1878).47Paphos
remained the capital of the district under British Colonial rule (1878-1960),48 and even later when Cyprus became an
independent republic, but it continued to be small, poor, and remote. In 1974, with the Turkish invasion and
occupation of the northern part of the island and the consequent loss of the big holiday resorts of Kyrenia and
Famagusta, the tourist industry turned its attention to the then unspoiled region of Paphos. The tourist boom soon
threatened to encroach into the archaeological zone but, thanks to a systematic program of land acquisition by the
Department of Antiquities, the largest part of the 950,000 square meters enclosed within the Hellenistic walls of the
city is now free of modern buildings and preserved for archaeological research. Since 1981, moreover, the ancient
city of Nea Paphos, a considerable part of its necropolis, and the area of the Sanctuary of Aphrodite at Palaepaphos,
have been included in UNESCO's World Cultural Heritage List. 49
8
35 Karageorghis, 1982, pp."181.
36 Acts (13:6-13)
37 Cesnola 1877, pp. 210-13, 158-271;
38 Hill 1941;
39 Ibid.
40 Ibid.
41 Ibid.
42 Ibid.
43 Ibid.
44 Ibid.
45 Ibid.
46 Ibid.
47 Ibid.
48 Ibid.
49Michaelides 2012 ;

9. The house on Fabrika Hill
This house covers an area approximately of 20 m x 40 m. The general outline of the house are almost
defined.
Its western limit is defined by a footpath that starts from the public road at the northern side of the house,
and goes towards south across the plateau of the hill. The southern limit is defined by a supposing
Hellenistic wall. The northern limit is clearly defined by a public road. The eastern side, is presently
undefined. Then, there are several phases to the site in which the house is located. As the building now
stands, presents five rooms, of which one is behind the back wall of the house, and an area at northwest,
which is not clearly yet. At the northeast side of the house, an original courtyard has been altered by later
rebuilding and subdivision, producing two rooms, 3 and 4. Their walls measure 3 meters of height. These
wall are very well preserved, which is a condition that is very unusual to be found on this site, because of the
practice of the reusing building materials. They were found covered of wall painting decorated panels,
which appear to be of the first Pompeian style 150-80 BC. This style is not purely Roman, but is also of the
Hellenistic period III-II BC. Then, at the southern side there is a wall of a supposing Hellenistic period,
which runalongthebackwallofthehouse,andaretainingwallbetween thelatters. Furtherretainingwall’s
additions of later periods, have produced alterations with anomalies to the original aspect of the house,
suchasawindowfoundinroom4andasequenceof largestonesfoundatthenorthwestsideofthehouse .
9
drawing of the house

10. At the northwest side a small
trench, of approximately 1.50
m, was excavated as an
extension to to a an earlier one.
It was located opposite the
excavated room 3. The earlier
trench revealed part of a
building structure which may
have suggested the presence of
an other room. Soundings
below the top soil reached the
bedrock at approximately 0.40
m . The bedrock showed clear
signs of a quarrying, while the
fill included pottery sherds that
can be dated to the roman
period, small fragments of wall
painting decorated plaster, and
a fragment of a clay water pipe.
An irregular-sequence of large
stones, protruding from the
bedrock and running along the
length of the trench with a
band towards room 3. Trace of
burning were found on the
rudimentary earthen floor. No
floor was found and the
mingled context was perhaps backfilled. This area is still
to be identified. The work was carried out by big and
small picks, mattock, trowel and brushes. Then the
recording method was carried out by identifying the
context in section rather then plan.
10
trench at the northeast area

11. At the southwest side, a trench of approximately 1.40 m was cut through the retaining wall towards the
supposing Hellenistic wall. The aim of the investigation was to find both edges of the back wall, which in
turn were also the edges of two dividing walls , respectively to the west of room 2, and to the east of room 3.
The sounding just below the top soil and very close to the supposing Hellenistic wall, at the depth of 0.10
m revealed a coin. It was very incrusted and, perhaps, may be identified by ex-ray. Then soundings reached
the depth of approximately 0.30 m. Medium and small stones came out in a regular sequence, and both
edges of the back wall, respectively to the east and to the west sides of the trench were found.The excavation
of this trench revealed a very mingled context: quarrying materials such as rocks, rubble and sand, while the
fill included many pottery sherds of roman periods, such as samian, red slip, amphora, medieval green ware.
The work was carried out by small pick, mattock, brushes and trowel.
11
top edge to the
east - bottom
edge to the west

12. At the east side of the house, the excavated area of room 1 presented an extensive bedrock
floor and a findspot of a column with the lower part of a small column inclusive of plint
resting on it. But the latter did not fit the findspot. The bedrock showed visible sign of
burning, which suggested activities from the artisan phase of occupation. The walls of this
room showed visible sign of wall painted decorated panels, which were revealed in the
previous excavation.The aim of the investigation was to size the extension of the bedrock.
The bedrock extended thoroughly the room floor. The work was carried out by investigating
pockets of earth between the bedrock and the concrete, by small pick, trowel and
brushes.
12
Room 1 in the front - in the back room 4

13. At the north-west of the house the aim was to establish the front northern wall of room 2 . Two large
foundation stones were found while the rest appeared to be demolished. Then the remains of a plastic bag
were found in a supposing layer wall, which confirmed its modern date. The work was carried out by big
pick, small pick, trowel and brushes.
13
Room 2 foundation stones
Room 2

14. Some investigations were made at the establish room 3, at north side of the excavation. The aim was to
establish the northmost extent. Here the top of the southern wall collapsed and the eastern wall is
destroyed. Some courses have been identified and the eastern foundation later coursing were exposed. The
work was carried out by pick trowel and brushes.
14
Room 3 -
the

15. Room 4 was with excavated in previous
excavations. Apparently seems that it originally
was part of a courtyard with room 3. Then the
courtyard was converted into rooms, after the
walls of room 4 coming off it to the south
collapsed. These rooms in the previous
excavation revealed wall painted panels of the
first Pompeian style.
15
!
Room 4
wall painting panels
found in room 3 and 4 at
the restorer workshop

16. At the south-east corner of the back wall, a trench was cut in the retaining wall. Soundings went down to the
depth of 2.50 m. At the eastern end the wall was retaining a part of a building. The excavation revealed a
supposing back-room of the house. The fill revealed sandy context, rocks, rubble, Roman and Hellenistic
pottery, a long articulated bone, a niche surrounded by in foot mortar in the east wall, and two large marked
stones. The discovery of the large marked stones adhering to to the mortar at 2.50 meters depth gives the
terminus ante quem, and identifies them as the foundation stones. The markings of the two large stones
were examined by a building specialist, who recognized them of the Medieval period, and explained that
these marks were made to help the mortar to adhere better to the stones and were typical of the frankish
construction building manufacture. This prompted to think that this room may have been a safe place for the
occupant, during the Medieval time. To conclude, although there is not a trace of an existing floor, this
room was filled during the Medieval period by the occupant, and on the top of this fill a floor was built
engaging with the foundation stones and the niches cut in the bedrock of the east wall. Therefore this house
may be to date to the Medieval period.
16
trench at the southeast corner of the house
foundation stone
south-west corner of the back-wall
At the south-west corner corner
west

17. Appendix
findings from April - May 2012
17

18. 18
some findings from previous excavations

19. Bibliography
Daszewski W.A.1987 "Remarks on the Early History of Nea Paphos", Report of the
Department of Antiquities of Cyprus (1987), Nicosia, pp.171-175
Balandier C. Morvillez E. 2009, Cahiers du Centrre d’Etudes Chypriotes 39, 2009 ”
Nouvelles Recherches Archeologiques a Paphos” Premiere resultats se la mission francaise sur
la colline de Fabrika 2008-2009
Cappelletti G. 1845” Le chiese d’Italia dall’origine ai nostri giorni,” Vol 3, Venezia, pp.
579-580;
Daszewski W.A. 1988 in Farioli Campanati p.11-78 “ Figural mosaic from Paphos: subject,
style and significance”
Grant/Hazel, 1973, Who’s Who in Classical Mythology, p. 17, “Agapenor”
Oberhummer E. 1949 “ Paphos”, in Paulys Realenenzyklopadie der klassiken
Altertumwissenschaft, vol. 36/II, Stuttgart, col. 937-964
Balandier 2008, Journal of Hellenic studies, “French expedition report”
Hohlfelder R., 1995 "Ancient Paphos Beneath the Sea", in Karageorghis V.-Michaelides D.,
Proceedings of the International Symposium Cyprus and the Sea, University of Cyprus-Cyprus
Ports Authority, Nicosia, pp.191-210
19 Catling H.V. 1968, “Evreti Tomb 8,” Vol.92, In: Bulletin de correspondance hellénique.
Volume 92, livraison 1, 1968. pp. 162-169
D’Acunto M. 2008-2009, “Analisi di Archeologia e Storia Antica” - Dipartimento di Studi del
Mondo Classico e del Mediterraneo Antico, n.15-16; p.41
Kourou N.1997, p. 85, fig. 6 VII-VI BC ‘Idols of the Peregrination. Figures and Figurines of
the Transitional Period in Cyprus’, in Memories and Contemporary Roads of Cypriote Plastic
Arts, Nicosia
Karagheorghis J. 2003, ‘The Goddess of Cyprus between the Orient and the Occident’,
in Stampolidis-Karagheorghis 2003, pp. 353-361
Hohlfelder R., 1995 "Ancient Paphos Beneath the Sea", in Karageorghis V.-Michaelides D.,
Proceedings of the International Symposium Cyprus and the Sea, University of Cyprus-Cyprus
Ports Authority, Nicosia, pp.191-210
Nicolau K. 1966 The Topography of Nea Paphos, pp.561-601;
Mitford, T.B. 1961. The Hellenistic Inscriptions of Old Paphos, BSA 56, pp.1-41
M!ynarczyk J. 1990, Nea Paphos in the Hellenistic period, p.28;
19

20. Daszewski, W. A. 1987. Nicocles and Ptolemy: Remarks on the Early History of Nea Paphos,
pp.171-75
Karageorghis, Vassos (1982). Cyprus From the Stone Age to the Romans: The Roman Period.
Thames & Hudson. pp."181.
Easton M.G. 1823-1894, Acts(13:6-13), Easton's Bible
Cesnola 1877, “Cyprus, its ancient cities, tombs and temples “ London, Journal of Hellenic
Studies, IX, pp.158-271;
Michaelides D. March 2012 ,Conservation magazine n.23
20

21. 21