GENERAL BIOLOGY, ABOUT EVOLUTION ON FOSSIL RECORDS

1. FOSSIL
RECORDS!
The contribution of Fossil Records to Charles
Darwin’s Origin of Species

2. INTRODUCTION
Charles Darwin's "On the Origin of
Species" is a seminal work that laid the
foundations of evolutionary biology. This
presentation explores the key elements of
Darwin's journey and the impact of his
groundbreaking ideas.

3. Brief Overview
There are four types of data that document the
pattern of evolution
● Direct Observations
● Homology
● Fossil Record
● Biogeography

4. OVERVIEW
Charles Darwin (born February 12, 1809, Shrewsbury,
Shropshire, England—died April 19, 1882, Downe,
Kent) English naturalist whose scientific theory of
evolution by natural selection became the foundation of
modern evolutionary studies. An affable country
gentleman, Darwin at first shocked religious Victorian
society by suggesting that animals and humans shared
a common ancestry. However, his nonreligious biology
appealed to the rising class of professional scientists,
and by the time of his death evolutionary imagery had
spread through all of science, literature, and politics.
Darwin, himself an agnostic, was accorded the ultimate
British accolade of burial in Westminster Abbey,London.

5. Significance of Fossil Records.
Fossil records have played a crucial role in supporting and
extending Charles Darwin's groundbreaking work on
evolution. Darwin's theory of evolution, as presented in his
seminal work "On the Origin of Species" (1859), proposed the
idea that species change over time through the process of
natural selection, with those possessing advantageous traits
being more likely to survive and reproduce.

6. What is Evolution?
The theory of evolution is based on
the idea that all species? are
related and gradually change over
time.
Evolution relies on there
being genetic variation? in a
population which affects the
physical characteristics
(phenotype) of an organism.
Some of these characteristics
may give the individual an
advantage over other individuals
which they can then pass on to
their offspring.

7. What is
fossils?

8. A fossil is any preserved remains,
impression, or trace of any once-living
thing from a past geological age.
Examples include bones, shells,
exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals
or microbes, objects preserved in amber,
hair, petrified wood and DNA remnants.
The totality of fossils is known as the
fossil record.
Fossils

9. Importance of Studying Fossils
Fossil records gives us an
indication on the types of
animals and plants that
existed in the past for
many million of years ago
right up until 10,000 years
ago.
Fossil Records
The study of
numbers and
placements of
fossils within certain
types and areas.

10. Paleontology
is the scientific study of life that existed
prior to, and sometimes including, the
start of the Holocene epoch. It includes
the study of fossils to classify organisms
and study their interactions with each
other and their environments.
Paleontologist
studies fossils by comparing
fossilized body structures and
fossilized tracts of movements
that they painstakingly piece
together the story of how
animals and plants have
changed and evolved
throughout the years.

11. By comparing
fossils from
different species,
paleontologist
can look for
similarities in
structures to try
and work out
which ones are
related

12. This enables scientist to
visualize how some species
have evolved from o.thers

13. Discovery of transitional fossils
A transitional fossil is any
fossilized remains of a life
form that exhibits traits
common to both an
ancestral group and its
derived descendant
group. This is especially
important where the
descendant group is
sharply differentiated by
gross anatomy and mode
of living from the ancestral
group.
For example;
In 1988, scientist found a 370 million year
old fossilized fish with a hand like fin,
suggesting a transition form from sea
dwelling creature to land.

14. Discovery of
transitional
fossils

15. Discovery of Transitional Reptile
Fossils
The discovery of transitional
reptile fossils with mammal
like jaw bones, has enabled
paleontologist to date the
emergence of early
mammals to about 245
million years ago.
They discovered that
mammals have lived
alongside the dinosaurs

16. Discovery of Transitional Reptile
Fossils
The fossil record allowed
the scientists to track the
path of human evolution
from great apes and has
even allowed us to
identify where humans
and chimpanzees went
their separate ways
Our last common ancestor
lived about five to seven
million years ago. Since that
time, about 20 hominins
species have been discoved

17. Discovery of Transitional Reptile
Fossils
The fossil record allowed the
scientists to track the path of
human evolution from great
apes and has even allowed us
to identify where humans and
chimpanzees went their
separate ways
Our last common ancestor
lived about five to seven
million years ago. Since that
time, about 20 hominins
species have been discoved

18. However as new fossil
are being discovered all
the time, we can expect
at least some of the gap
to eventually be filled
Gaps
Using fossil records is not
exact science. With the lack of
transitional fossils, it lead to
significant gaps.
Because to the formation
of fossils is a rare event,
many transitional species
have just not formed

19. “Natural selection acts only by taking advantage of slight
successive variations. It can never take a great and
sudden leap, but must advance by short and sure,
though slow steps”
—CHARLES DARWIN

20. Maybe you need a graph
To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link, change the data
and paste the new graph here
Venus has a beautiful
name
Ven
us
It’s a gas giant and the
biggest planet
Mars
Despite being red,
Mars is a cold place
Jupit
er

21. DARWIN’S VOYAGE ON THE
BEAGLE
Venus has a beautiful
name
1831-
1833
It’s a gas giant and the
biggest planet
1836
Despite being red,
Mars is a cold place
1834-
1835

22. 8,700,0
00
The natural world contains this
number of the species

23. AWESOME
WORDS

24. PROCESS
2010
Mercury is the
closest planet to
the Sun
2014
Despite being
red, Mars is a
cold place 2018
It's a gas giant
and the biggest
planet
now
Venus is the
second planet to
the Sun

25. OVERVIEW DIAGRAM
SAT
URN
Saturn is the ringed
one
NEP
TUN
E
Neptune is the
farthest planet
JUPI
TER
Jupiter is the
biggest planet
VEN
US
Venus is the
second planet
MAR
S
It is actually a cold
place
MER
CUR
Y
Mercury is the
smallest planet

26. ● Three different sized
seeds/beans or pasta
● Two different sized pairs of
tweezers or scoopers
● Straws and pegs - optional
● Stopwatch
● Six pots
NATURAL SELECTION
EXERCISE
YOU WILL
NEED
You can find out for yourself why the size and
shape of bird beaks is so important

27. 1. Count 10 of each seed or pasta pieces into three of the pots
2. Decide which pair of tweezers you will use first
3. Time yourself moving the seeds from the pots they are in to an empty pot Repeat this with
the same tweezers for each seed type
4. Repeat again with the larger tweezers
5. Record your results
NATURAL SELECTION
EXERCISE
INSTRUCTI
ON
If you do this with a friend you can start racing each other and see who can move
the seeds the fastest!

28. ASSIGNMENT - conclusions
Record
results
tweezer 1
(fastest
with)
tweezer 2
(fastest
with)
tweezer 1
(suitable
with)
tweezer 2
(suitable
with)
Seed 1
Seed 2
Seed 3

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