1. **********************************
biologia, 2005 w. moskovi
saxelmZRvanelo me-10-11 klasebisTvis (Targmani)
Tavi 10.
evoluciis hipoTeza da samyaros Seqmna.
dabadebis wignis pirvel TavebSi naTqvamia, rom samyaro, dedamiwa da
yvelaferi, rac maszea, RvTis Semoqmedebis nayofia da igi eqvs dReSi
Seiqmna. amas wmida mamebi mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi
amtkicebdnen (ix. danarTi).
mecxramete saukuneSi sazogadoeba daSorda rwmenas da TandaTan
gaZlierda evoluciuri Sexedulebebi, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom adamianebi.,
cxovelebi da mcenareebi materiis istoriuli TviTganviTarebis procesSi
warmoiSvnen. swored am process uwodes evolucia. am hipoTezis
Tanaxmad, Tevzebi moluskebisgan ganviTardnen, amfibiebi_ Tevzebisgan,
qvewarmavlebi_ amfibiebisgan, xolo frinvelebi da ZuZumwovrebi_
qvewarmavlebisgan.
mecnierebma organizmebis im hipoTezur cvlilebebs, romlebic
makroevoluciur gadasvlebs iwveven, aromorfozebi uwodes (berZ. airo- vwev+
morfe
forma), mcire SeguebiTi xasiaTis cvlilebebs_ idioadaptacia (berZ. idios
Taviseburi+ laT.- adaptatio), xolo individTa navaraudev istoriul
TviTganviTarebas _ filogenezi.
xerxemlianebSi aromorfozebs miakuTvnes ybebis gaCena (ufro aqtiuri
kveba), ConCxis Camoyalibeba kunTebis mimagrebisaTvis (organizmis
meti moZraoba), venuri da arteriuli sisxlis mimoqcevis gayofa (sisxlis
maqsimalurad gajereba JangbadiT da Tbilsisxlianoba), aseve layuCebis,
1

2. filtvebis warmoqmna (sasunTqi funqciebi), gulis gaCena (sisxlis mimoqcevis
funqcia). mcenareebSi did aromorfozad iTvleba fotosinTezis unaris
warmoSoba, farulTeslovnebSi yvavilisa da nayofis gaCena da sxv.
varaudobdnen, rom frinvelTa klasis warmoSoba gamoiwvia mTelma rigma
didma aromorfozebma, xolo am klasis mravalferovneba ganapiroba
Semdgomma idioadaptaciebma. frinvelebSi aromorfozebad iTvleba
Rrublovani filtvebis warmoSoba, gulis marjvena da marcxena parkuWebs
Soris mTliani tixris warmoqmna, sisxlis mimoqcevis didi da mcire wris sruli
ganyofa da Tbilsisxlianoba. am TvisebebiT frinvelebi arsebiTad
gansxvavdebian qvewarmavlebisgan. frenasTan
Seguebulobad_idioadaptaciad iTvleba wina kidurebis frTebad gardaqmna,
bumbulis safarvelis da rqovani niskartis warmoqmna, ormagi sunTqva da
sahaero parkebi, damoklebuli nawlavebi da Sardis buStis ar arseboba.
Tanamedrove evoluciur TeoriaSi aromorfozebs uwodeben im
SeguebulobaTa hipoTezur warmoSobas romlebic iwveven organizmis
organizaciis donis arsebiT amaRlebas, xolo idioadaptaciebi ewodeba garemo
pirobebTan organizmTa iseT Seguebas, romelic ar iwvevs biologiuri
organizaciis donis principul cvlilebas. agreTve gamoyofen degeneracias_
organizaciis donis hipoTezuri mkveTri gamartiveba, rac dakavSirebulia
mTel organoTa sistemebis gaqrobasTan. magaliTad, varaudoben, rom Wiaparazitebs parazitul cxovrebis nirze gadasvlasTan dakavSirebiT, gauqraT
grZnoobaTa organoebi, gaumartivdaT nervuli da saWmlis momnelebeli
sistema. mcenare parazitebma dakarges fotosinTezis unari. Txunelas
Tvalebis gaqrobac degeneraciis magaliTad iTvleba.
(naxati gv. 189.)
$ 43. evoluciuri ideebis ganviTareba
2

3. cocxali arsebebi, dawyebuli erTujrediani cxovelidan damTavrebuli
adamianiT, xasiaTdebian organizaciis gansakuTrebuli sirTuliT, organizmis
nawilebis gasaocrad zusti urTierTqmedebiT, formaTa gansacvifrebeli
mravalferovnebiT. rogor warmoiSva yovelive es? uZvelesi droidan
mecxramete saukunemde zeimobda kreacionistuli koncefcia (laT. kreaturaSeqmna) mTeli mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaro da adamianic RvTis
qmnilebaa da isini inarCuneben pirvelqmnil Tvisebebs.
meTvramete saukuneSi Camoyalibda transformistuli koncefcia, romlis
Tanaxmad Tavdapirvelad Seiqmna Zalian martivi organizmebi. isini RvTis
Canafiqris Sesabamisad ganviTardnen da Camoyalibdnen ufro rTul
Tanamedrove formebad anu ganicades evolucia. tranformistuli Teoriis
mxardamWerebi iyvnen i.kanti, m. de-mopertiui, r.huki, J.biufoni, erazm
darvini (Carlz darvinis babua).
zogierT evoluciur ideebs Zvel filosofosTa naSromebSic vxvdebiT.
magaliTad, Talesi, anaqsimandre, epikure, lukreciusi. magram yvelaze
ganvrcobili forma evoluciurma hopoTezam Jan-batist lamarkis SromebSi
miiRo, romlebic mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi gamoqveynda. lamarki
varaudobda, rom sicocxle TviT Caisaxeba da Semdeg miemarTeba
maRalorganizebuli formisken, srulyofilebisken. es swrafva RvTisganaa
Cadebuli. organizmTa im jgufebma, romlebic sxvebze adre warmoiSvnen,
ukve miaRwies maRal organizebas, xolo ufro gvian warmoSobilebi,
agebulebiiT da ganviTarebiT jer kidev martivni arian. lamarkma evoluciis
mimdinareobis meqanizmic SemogvTavaza: ama Tu im organos
gaZlierebuli varjiSi iwvevs am organos zomebSi zrdas da srulyofas, xolo
uvarjiSoba_ gamartivebas da gaqrobas.
lamarki varaudobda, rom Jirafis grZeli kiseri Camoyalibda mraval TaobaSi
kisris varjiSisa da gaWimvis Sedegad, xolo Txunelas Tvalebis gaqroba
gamoiwvia am organos uvarjiSobam. frinvelebs, romlebic mdinareebis
Slamian napirebTan binadroben, grZeli fexebi aqvT, rom SlamSi ar Caeflon.
lamarki Tvlida, rom individis mier SeZenili adaptaciuri Tvisebebi Taobidan
3

4. Taobas memkvidrebiT gadaecemoda. lamarkis mcdari Sexedulebebi
gamoaaSkarava genetikis ganviTareba.
Jan-batist lamarks ekuTvnis termini “biologia”. lamarkis mixedviT,
bunebaSi Camoyalibebuli wesrigi “damyarebulia uzenaesi Semoqmedis
mier, romelmac Seqmna yvela arseba”.
lamarkis evoluciurma Teoriam farTo aRiareba ver hpova. mecxramete
saukuneSi mas gauswro J. kiuves da misi mimdevrebis kreacionulma
modelma. kiuvem gadaxeda biologiur klasifikacias da SemoiRo “tipis” da
“ojaxis” kategoriebi. is swavlobda xerxemlianTa agebulebas da mixvda, rom
yvela organo warmoadgens erTi mTliani sistemis nawils. ase rom Tu
cxovels aqvs Cliqi, mTeli misi organizmi balaxismWamelis cxovrebis nirs
Seesabameba: kbilebi da ybebi Seguebulia mcenareulobis ReWvas, kuWi
mravalsakniania, xolo nawlavebi_ Zalian grZeli. Tu arsebas mxverplis
dasaglejad mWreli kbilebi aqvs, maSin ybebic ise aqvs Camoyalibebuli, rom
ukeT daiWiros da gaiCeros msxverpli, aqvs brWyalebi, moqnili xerxemali da
mokle saWmlis momnelebeli traqti. sxeulis nawilebis aseT urTierT
Sesabamisobas kiuvem korelaciis principi uwoda. am principis
xelmZRvanelobiT mecnierma warmatebiT aRwera mravali namarxi
organizmi da Camoayaliba ori axali disciplina_ SedarebiTi anatomia da
paleontologia.
kiuve amtkicebda, rom yvela cocxali organizmi Seqmnilia RvTisgan da
dedamiwaze isini srulyofili saxiT gamoCndnen. igi fiqrobda, rom geologiurpaleontologiuri danaleqebi katastrofebis Sedegia, romelmac organizmebi
masiuri raodenobiT Camarxa da aramc da aramc is ar SeiZleba
ganixilebodes, rogorc evoluciuri ganviTarebis matiane. samwuxarod, kiuve
mwir geologiur masalebs flobda da SecdomiT fiqrobda, rom katastrofebi,
maT Soris msoflios warRvnac, dedamiwaze yovelgvar cocxals anadgurebda
da yoveli katastofis Semdeg sicocxle xelaxla iqmneboda. ufro gviani
kreacionistebi, maT Soris Tanamedrovenic ganixilaven erT globalur
katastrofas_ msoflio warRvnas. msoflio warRvnaSi gulisxmomen ara marto
did wyaldidobas, aramed gacilebiT did masStabian da mravalwaxnagian
4

5. geologiur movlenebs, maT Soris dedamiwis qerqis gardaqmnas,
qvanaxSirisa da navTobis sabadoebis Camoyalibebas, planetis klimatis
cvlelebebs da amasTan kavSirSi cxovelTa da mcenareTa samyaroSi
momxdar did Zvrebs. kiuves erT-erTi mimdevari Jan lui agasisi, Tevzebisa
da kaneklianebis dargSi fundamenturi Sromis avtori, romelmac
paleontologiis, geologiis da warRvnis Sesaxeb bibliis gadmocemebze
dayrdnobiT SeimuSava katastofebis Teoria, lakoniurad gamoTqvams
mecxramete saukunis mecnier-katastrofistebis SemoqmedebiTi Ziebis arss:
”mecniereba_ es aris RvTis azrebis, Canafiqris Targmaneba adamianur
enaze”.
evoluciuri ideebis formirebis mniSvnelovan etapad iqca Carlz darvinis
Sromebi. mecnierma SeniSna, rom organizmebi warmodgenilia metnaklebad msgavsi saxeobebiT, romelTagan TiToeuli Seguebulia konkretul
garemo pirobebs. darvins ekuTvnis moZRvreba adaptirebul niSanTvisebaTa formirebaSi bunebrivi gadarCevis rolis Sesaxeb. darvinis azriT,
gadarCevis masalas warmoadgens organizmebis aramimarTuli
cvalebadoba.
mcire cvlilebebi polulaciebSi dResac SeiniSneba. magram darvini Sors
wavida. misi azriT, Cveni planetis yvela Tanamedrove binadari nel-nela,
TandaTan TviT ganviTarda martivi organizmebidan, es hipoTeza arcerTi
faqtiT ar dadasturda. misi farTo gavrceleba drois suliskveTebam moitana,
romelic adamianis gonebis SesaZleblobes gazviarebulad uyurebda da yvela
movlenis axsnas naturalisturi midgomebiT cdilobda.
darvinma saxelganTqmuli kembrijis universitetis saRvTismetyvelo fakulteti
daamTavra. miuxedavad imisa, rom Semdgom misma azrebma “evolucia”
ganicades, mecnieri sicocxlis warmoSobis upirveles mizezad RvTis
SemoqmedebiT aqts Tvlida. is werda: ,,radganac SeuZlebelia imis Tqma,
rom uzarmazari da saocari samyaro Cveni _ gonieri arsebebis CaTvliT
SemTxveviT warmoiSva, me mimaCnia RvTis arsebobis mTavar
damamtkicebel sabuTad”.
meoce saukunis pirvel naxevarSi cxadi gaxda, rom bunebrivi gadarCevis
5

6. TeoriiT veranairad ver aixsneboda zesaxeobrivi taqsonebis formireba.
genetikis monacemebi mkveTrad gaemijnen darviniseul TvisebaTa
TandaTanobiT cvlilebebis meqanizms.
mTeli rigi mecnierebi_ s. Cetverikovi, j. holdeini, j. heqsli, f. dobJanski, e.
mairi, i. Smalhauzeni, a.n. da a.s severcovebi, l.tatarinovi da sxvebi
cdilobdnen gadaelaxaT darvinis hipoTezis umweoba da Seqmnes egreT
wodebuli evoluciis sinTezuri Teoria. es iyo mcdeloba, aegoT evoluciuri Teoria
genetikis monacemTa gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic mutaciur cvlilebebs da
bunebriv gadarCevas populaciur doneze ganixilavda. amavdroulad
mecnierebaSi yalibdeboda sinTezuri Teoriis sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebebi.
1920-ian wlebSi akademikosi l.s. bergi marTebulad amtkicebda, rom
SemTxveviT da aramimarTul xasiaTis cvlilebebs SeuZliaT mxolod da
mxolod daarRvion organizmis gamarTuli muSaoba da arasdros ar srulyofen
da ar daxvewen mas. meoce saukunis meore naxevvarSi evoluciuri Teoria
daiSala mraval urTierTsapirispiro da urTierTgamomricxav hipoTezebad,
romlebic veranairad ver ayalibebdnen rTuli sistemis evoluciis ZiriTad
meqanizms.
axali mecnieruli monacemebi aCvenebdnen im hipoTezis umweobas,
romelic cdilobda TiToeuli niSan-Tvisebis Camoyalibeba aexsna bunebrivi
gadarCevis saSualebiT. amis gamo 1968 wels molekulur biologiaSi
moRvawe mecnierebma m.kimuram, t.juqsma da d.kingma
SemogvTavazes evoluciis hipoTeza neitraluri mutaciebis safuZvelze. es
mutaciebi ar eqvemdebareboda bunebrivi gadarCevis procesebs. am
“neitralurma evoluciurma Teoriam” mZafri kritika gamoiwvia bunebrivi
gadarCevis “SemoqmedebiTi rolis” (darviniseburad) momxre mecnierebis
mxridan.
1972 wels ori cnobili paleontologi n.eldriji amerikis bunebis istoriis
muzeumidan da s.guldi harvardidan, im faqtze dayrdnobiT, rom ar arsebobs
msxvil taqsonebs Soris gardamavali formebi, mividnen daskvnamde, rom
evolucia TandaTanobiTi cvlilebebis gziT SeuZlebelia warmarTuliyo. maT
6

7. wamoayenes koncefcia evoluciis araTanabari tempis Sesaxeb, romelic
mimdinareobda stabilurobis xangrZlivi periodebis da swrafi evoluciuri
naxtomebis monacvleobiT, anu es iyo “wyvetili wonasworobis” pipoTeza. amis
Taobaze kamaTi dResac ar wydeba, magram aseTi naxtomebis meqanizmi
jer kidev ucnobia.
germaneli paleontologi o.Sindevolfi da amerikeli genetikosi r.goldSmidti
cdilobdnen erTmaneTTan SeeTanxmebinaT evoluciuri Teoria da namarxi
gardamavali formebis ararsebobis faqti. maT evoluciis sinTerzuri Teoriis
mcire mutaciuri cvlilebebis sapirispirod SemogvTavazes hipoTeza “sistemuri
mutaciebis” Sesaxeb, romelsac mivyavarT genomis did gardaqmnamde e.w.
“damaimedebeli simaxinjeebis” warmoqmnamde. Sindevolfis mixedviT,
“pirveli Citi qvewarmavlis kvercxidan gamofrinda”. Zneli gasagebi ar unda
iyos, Tu ra simravlis warmoudgenel arsebebs gaaCenda msgavsi
SemTxveviTi procesebi. amis gaTvaliswinebiT genetikosebi im daskvnamde
mividnen, rom Tuki aseTi naxtomebi marTlac migviyvanda Tanamedrove
florisa da faunis warmoSobamde, es SesaZlebeli iqneboda isev da isev
Semoqmedi RmerTis mier ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis Sesabamisad.
rusma mecnierebma i.altuxovma da n.voroncovma ivaraudes, rom
evoluciuri ganviTareba SesaZlebelia moxdes genomis gansazRvrul nawilSi
naxtomiseburi cvlilebebis gziT. n.voroncovma agreTve wamoayena
hipoTeza mozaikuri evoluciis Taobaze (organizmis fragmentebis cvlilebebis
saSualebiT).
Tanamedrove evoluciuri Teoria warmoadgens urTierTgamomricxav da
urTierTsapirispiro koncefciebis erTobliobas, romelTagan vercerTi ver xsnis
organizmTa warmoSobas.
savaraudo makroevoluciis erTaderT damamtkicebel sabuTad
paleontogiuri namarxebi gamodgeboda, romlebic cxadyofdnen Tu rogor
gadadioda erTi saxeoba meoreSi, magram aseTi gardamavali formebi
arasdros da arsad iqna napovni.
ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondenti, avtoritetuli
7

8. genetikosi da evolucionisti e.k.xusnutdinovi aRiarebs, rom mecnieruli
monacemebis CarCoebSi savsebiT “SesaZlebelia vifiqroT”, rom es samyaro
evoluciis produqti ar aris, aramed igi RvTis Semoqmedebaa. radganac
Tanamedrove mecnierebs SesaniSnavad esmiT evoluciuri Teoriis
dasabuTebis mTeli sirTuleebi, isini sul ufro xSirad ubrundebian wmida
werils.
$44. mutacia da savaraudo
makroevolucia
organizmSi mutaciebi mudmivad mimdinareobs. mutaciebis simravles
garemos araxelsayreli faqtorebi iwvevs. es faqtorebi SeiZleba iyos mavne
gamosxiveba, qimiuri zemoqmedeba da sxv. mutaciaTa nawili uSualo
kavSirSia organizmis funqcionirebasTan. genebis kvlavwarmoqmnis
procesSi mudmivad xdeba Secdomebi. Tumca arseboben uamravi
sxvadasxva funqciis mqone fermentebi, romlebic akontroleben da
asworeben genebis dazianebebs. garkveul cvlilebebs iwvevs
rekombinaciebic. “mobiluri genetikuri elementebis” Carevis gamo zogjer
genebi sxvadasxvagvarad ikiTxeba. am “mobilur genetikur elementebs”
sxvagvarad “mxtomare genebsac” uwodeben, Tumca, rom iqvas, isini
genebs arc ki warmoadgenen. rodesac isini “Caxtebian” romelime genSi,
cvlian mis informacias. CamoTvlili meqanizmebi uzrunvelyofen
Seguebulobebis warmoqmnas da iZlevian formaTa simravles saxeobis
SigniT.
garegnuli cvlilebebi, rogori SesamCnevic ar unda iyos, organizmis
fundamentur struqturas da funqciebs ar exeba. genebis ufro masStabur
cvlilebebs mivyavarT ara axali saxeobis warmoSobamde, aramed mis
daRupvamde. organizmisTvis yvela cvlileba misaRebi ar aris. arseboben
dasaSvebi zonebi, romelTa CarCoSic genSi momxdar cvlilebebs katastrofuli
8

9. Sedegebi ar mohyveba. amaze metyvelebs seleqcionerTa
mravalsaukunovani gamocdileba. variaciebs, romelTac aRwevs seleqcia,
aqvT mkacrad dadgenili sazRvrebi. romelime niSan-Tvisebis ganviTareba
SesaZlebelia garkveul zRvramde, romlis gadalaxvis Semdegac xdeba
darRvevebi an sawyis mdgomareobaSi dabruneba.
ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT evoluciuri hipoTeza, romelic exeba
SemTxveviTi mutaciebis gziT saxeobaTa warmoSobas. warmovidginoT,
rom genebSi daSvebulma Secdomebma Tvalis baduraSi garkveuli
cvlilebebi gamoiwvia. aseTi cvlilebebi ukavSirdeba mTeli aparatis
gardaqmnas: erTdroulad sasargeblo mimarTulebiT unda Seicvalos ara
marto Tvalis nawilebi, aramed Tavis tvinis Sesabamisi centric. yovelive
amaze pasuxismgebelia mravali genisgan Semdgari struqturaTa mTeli rigi.
ramdenad realuria am struqturebis erTdrouli, SeTanxmebuli, sasargeblo
mutaciebis molodini?
raRac movlenis moxdenis SesaZlebloba mecnierebaSi albaTobiT
xasiaTdeba. vTqvaT, Cven moneta avagdeT. imis albaToba, rom moneta
miwaze daecema 1-is tolia- anu es gardauvalia. gerbis mxares davardnis
albaToba 0.5½-ia, aseve zurgis mxares davardnisac-½0.5-, anu es movlena
Tanabrad SesaZlebelia. imis albaToba, rom moneta kidiT davardes, Zalian
4
mcirea (yvelaze frTxilad srolis SemTxvevaSic ki araumetes 10- . aseTi ram
jer aravis unaxavs, magram maTematikurad amgvari SesaZlebloba
gamoricxuli ar aris. monetis haerSi gaCerebis albaToba nulis tolia, anu es
movlena saerTod gamoricxulia. Tuki molekulebSi mimdinareobs
SemTxveviTi cvlilebebi, maSin maTac gaaCniaT TavianTi albaToba.
mecnierebis mier registrirebuli mutaciebi momdinareobs saSualod 10
_10
-10
albaTobiT, gacilebiT iSviaTad 10-6 – 10
-8
-9
Cveulebriv, genebSi es
mcire darRvevebia, romlebic odnav cvlian organizms. SevecadoT,
gaverkveT ramdenad SesaZlebelia msgavsma cvlilebebma gardaqmnan
genebis kompleqsi ise, rom aman migviyvanos axali saxeobis
Camoyalibebamde.
yvela mutacias rodi mohyveba axali cilis warmoqmna, arc yvela axali cila
9

10. niSnavs axali funqciis gaCenas, xolo axali funqcia jer kidev ar niSnavs axali
niSan-Tvisebis Camoyalibebas. saWiroa konstruqciuli cvlilebebi. erTi
saxeobis organizmTa genebis meore saxeobis genebad konstruqciuli
gardaqmnisTvis aucilebelia moxdes saSualod 5 damoukidebeli zusti da
sasargeblo mutacia; anu es niSnavs, rom sul ubralo niSan-Tvisebis
gamosavlenad unda Seicvalos saSualod xuTi geni. Cveulebriv ama Tu im
niSan-Tvisebas aTi geni gansazrvravs (ZuZumwovarTa organizmSi
daaxloebiT ramdenime aTeuli aTasi genia, baqteriis organizmSi_ aTidan
aTasamde). ase rom sul martivi axali niSan-Tvisebis warmoqmnis albaToba
10
-250
Seadgens. es imdenad mcire ricxvia, rom sulerTia ra droSi
davelodebiT msgavs mutacias _ erT weliwadSi Tu miliardSi, erT individSi
Tu miliardSi. dedamiwaze sicocxlis arsebobis mTel savaraudo droSi
SeuZlebelia Tundac erTi rTuli niSan-Tviseba Camoyalibebuliyo. albaT, ar
aris Zneli warmosadgeni, Tu ra raodenobis niSan-Tvisebis Camoyalibeba
iqneboda saWiro erTi saxeobis meored gardaqmnisaTvis da dedamiwaze
mravali organizmis warmoSobisaTvis. nebismieri axali niSan-Tvisebis
Camoyalibebas ar eyofoda mTlianad is dro, romelsac mecnierebi samyaros
arsebobas miaweren.
mutaciebi SemTxveviTia, rogor unda velodoT maTgan sinqronulobas da
Tanazomierebas? sxva saqmea, rodesac mutaciebs ganvixilavT rogorc
avadmyofobis, simaxinjis an sikvdilis mizezs. amisTvis, albaT, nebismieri
darRveva gamodgeba, magram is, rom mutacia CaiTvalos xelsayrelad,
aucilebelia mTeli im genTa nakrebis “sasargeblo darRvevebis”
saswaulebrivi Tanxvedra da sinqronuloba, romlebic pasuxismgebelni arian
organizmis sxvadasxva zustad TanSewyobil sistemebsa da funqciebze.
akademikosi l.s. bergi werda: ”SemTxveviT warmoqmnil axal niSanTvisebas iolad SeuZlia daarRvios rTuli meqanizmi. arakeTilgoniereba
iqneboda molodini imisa, rom es niSan-Tviseba srulyofs am meqanizms”.
geologiuri fenebi Semoinaxavdnen daujerebeli raodenobis simaxinjeebs da
is gacilebiT meti iqneboda, vidre normaluri arsebebi, magram araviTari
msgavsi ram namarxebSi ar aRmoCenila.
10

11. paleontologiisa da maTematikis faqtebTan kamaTi rTulia. saxeobaTa
mravalferovneba aranairad ar SeiZleboda warmoSobilyo SemTxveviTi
mutaciebis gziT.
mutaciebis farTo diapazonis dasamtkiceblad xSirad mohyavT drozofilaze
Catarebuli cdebis Sedegebi; Tumca faqtiurad gansxvaveba mutaciebs Soris
sakmaod mcirea. drozofilebis erT-erTi sakmaod cnobili mkvlevari
r.goldSmidti amtkicebda, rom “Cven romc SegveZlos erTad SevaerToT erTi
individis aTasze meti variacia,
sulerTia es mainc ar iqneba axali saxeoba im saxiT, rogorc bunebaSi
gvxvdeba”. uamravma drozofilam gamoscada yvela SesaZlo genetikurad
uaryofiTi zemoqmedeba, magram misgan veraferi ver miiRes, garda odnav
Secvlili drozofilisa, ufro metic, aRmoCnda, rom am mweris mutaciebis
umravlesoba dakavSirebulia ara genebis darRvevebTan, aramed “mobiluri
genetikuri elementebis” CasmasTan. mobiluri elementebis CasmiT
homeozisur genebSi, romlebic ujredis SigniT marTaven procesebs,
aixsneba drozofilebSi ulvaSebis nacvlad Tavze umaqnisi da arasaWiro
TaTebis gaCena. SesaZlebelia ki Tavze paralizebuli fexebis gaCena
miviCnioT progresuli ganviTarebis niSnad? baqteriebsa da virusebSi
SeZenili mutaciuri cvlilebebis diapazoni sakmaod farToa. genebis
arahomologiurobis xarisxi SesaZloa aTeul procentebs aRwevdes. Ees
organizmebi swrafad eguebian garemo pirobebs, magram sakuTar
saxeobriv specifiurobas inarCuneben. magaliTad, tuberkuliozis
gamomwvevi Cxirebi ganicdian mutaciebs, swrafad warmoqmnian
antibiotikis mimarT rezistentul Stamebs, magram TavianT ZiriTad Tvisebebs
inarCuneben. biofizikurma gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom mutaciebi,
romlebic iwveven antibiotikebis mimarT rezistentulobas
(aramgrZnobelobas), ar mateben organizms axal sasargeblo genebs,
piriqiT, is mihyavT morfologiur degeneraciamde. magaliTad, streptomicinis
mimarT aramgrZnobeloba yalibdeba im mutaciis Sedegad, romelic
ribosomis muSaobis SezRudvas da struqturis daSlas iwvevs; anu mutacia,
romelic viTomda icavs baqterias antibiotikis damRupveli moqmedebisgan,
11

12. aRaribebs genofonds da arRvevs ribosomebis normalur muSaobas.
baqteriebze Catarebulma cdebma eqsperimentulad daamtkices
mutaciebis saSualebiT makroevoluciis SeuZlebloba. evoluciuri
procesisaTvis mniSvnelovania ara dros xangrZlivoba, aramed Taobebis is
raodenoba , romelsac baqteria wlebis ganmavlobaSi iZleoda. baqteriebis
populaciebze dakvirvebebi aTeulobiT wlebis manZilze mimdinareobda.
mutaciaTa raodenobas specialurad zrdidnen anomaluri garemos
zemoqmedebiT, anu qmnidnen e.w. mutaciur zewolas. baqteriebma gaiares
gza, romelic umaRles cxovelebSi aseul milion wels Seesabameba
(TaobaTa raodenobiT). baqteriebis mutanturi Stamebi mudmivad
ubrundebodnen sawyis e.w. “velur tips”. axali Stamebis warmoqmna ar
scildeboda Sida saxeobriv CarCoebs.
ase rom, saxeobis sazRvrebSi dasakvirvebeli niSan-Tvisebebis variaciebi
SezRudulia. Sejvarebis dros rekombinaciebis da mutaciebis wyalobiT
organizmebs eZlevaT cvalebadobis saSualeba, rac uzrunvelyofs TiToeuli
saxeobis individTa gasaocar mravalferovnebas, maT garemosTan
Seguebas da gadarCenas. magram aseT cvlilebebs, rogorc ukve
davrwmundiT, ar SeuZliaT erTi saxeobis genuri kompleqsi meore saxeobis
genur kompleqsad Secvalon. bunebas rom darviniseuli evoluciis gziT evlo,
romlis mixedviTac bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegad mxolod ufro Zlieri da
ukeT Seguebuli mutanti gadarCeba, maSin dedamiwa savse iqneboda
koSmaruli arsebebiT, romelTa Sorisac virTagva erT-erTi simpatiuri da
uwyinari cxoveli aRmoCndeboda. magram ase rom ar aris?! samyaro
saocrad mSvenieria. is uzadoa gansakuTrebuli da amaRlebuli
mSvenierebiT, romelic SeuZlebelia mutaciebiT aixsnas. “RvTis qmnileba _
samyaro yvelaze srulyofilia”,- werda didi germaneli maTematikosi leibnici.
Temis dasasruls aRvniSnavT Semdegs: Tuki vaRiarebT, rom
arsebobisaTvis brZola aris mizezi saxeobaTa warmoSobisa, rogorc amas
darvini ambobda, maSin ratomaa, rom martiv formebs xSirad gaaCniaT
upiratesoba rTul formebTan SedarebiT? umartivesi organizmebi saeWvoa
CaiTvalos garemosTan naklebad Seguebulad, vidre maRalorganizebuli
12

13. formebi. Tuki gadarCeba yvelaze ukeT Seguebulni, maSin dedamiwaze
mxolod saarsebo garemosTan SesaniSnavad Seguebuli umartivesebi unda
cxovrobdnen. SemTxveviTi mutaciebis bunebrivi gadarCeviT Znelia aixsnas
planetaze mcxovrebi aseTi rTuli organizmebis mravalferovneba.
materializmma, romelmac daatyveva mravali mkvlevaris goneba,
daamtkica Tavisi umweoba biologiaSi. misi dro wavida. dRes mravali
seriozuli biologi evoluciur Teorias, rogorc mecnierebas organizmSi SesaZlo
cvalebadobebis Sesaxeb, gamohyofs “evoluciis xis” rekonstruqciisgan da
am ukanasknels miiCnevs savaraudo istoriad. Tanamedrove evoluciuri
Teoria warmoadgens hipoTezur, Tavisebur filosofias mecnierebaSi. iqneba
es darvinizmi Tu evoluciis sinTezuri Teoria, goldSmidtis mutaciuri sistema
Tu guld-eldrijis wyvetili wonasworobis modeli, kimuras, jugsis da kingis
neitraluri evoluciis hipoTeza Tu altuxovis naxtomiseburi evolucia, an
voroncovis mozaikuri evolucia, yvela es modeli warmoadgens varauds,
Seumowmebelsa da urTierTgamomricxavs.
cota Tu iqneba is kvalificiuri biologi, romelic kvlav darwmunebulia
evoluciur-materialisturi versiis marTebulobaSi. biologebi, iseve rogorc sxva
dargis mecnierebi sul ufro metad uRrmavdebian azrs Semoqmedi RmerTis
Sesaxeb.
$ 45. homologiuri organoebi, rudimentebi
da
atavizmebi
am organoebis arseboba, erTi SexedviT, SesaZloa mogveCvenos ganvlili
evoluciis damamowmebel faqtebad.
homologiuri organoebi. ganvixiloT yvelaze cnobili homologia_
xerxemlianTa wina kidurebi. TiTqosda saxeze gvaqvs kiduris evoluciuri
13

14. ganviTareba Tevzis farflidan frinvelis frTamde.
naxati gv. 199 xrxemlianTa wina kidurebi
magram ra? aRmoCnda, rom msgavsi kidurebi sxvadasxva klasebSi
formirdeba gansxvavebuli Canasaxovani ujredebis jgufisgan. raime
Tanamimdevrul ganviTarebaze laparakic ki SeuZlebelia. rogorc biologebi
amtkiceben, homologia araWeSmariti aRmoCnda. organoebi Tuki
namdvilad erTmaneTis homologebi iqnebodnen, maSin isini embriogenezSi
ebrionis erTi da igive ujredebisgan unda viTardebodes.
mosalodneli iyo, rom homologiuri organoebi, rogorc saerTo warmoSobis
mqone da erTi struqturisgan ganviTarebuli, unda kontrolirdebodes identur
genTa kompleqsiT. magram arc es molodini gamarTlda.
mecnierebi aRniSnaven, rom mravali ZuZumwovris garegnuli msgavseba
gvaZlevs saSualebas vifiqroT maT evoluciur urTierTkavSirze. magram maTi
organizmebis makromolekulebis (magaliTad dnm-s, cilebisa da sxva)
aRnagoba aseT kavSirebs uaryofs. cilebis filogenezur xeTa (evoluciuri
molekuluri Tanmimdevroba) umravlesoba urTierTgamomricxvelni arian.
gaerTianebul xeze yvelgan Cans filogenetikuri Seusabamoba- Ziridan
dawyebuli, totebis CaTvliT yvela rangis jgufebSi. SedarebiTi molekuluri
gamokvlevebi uaryofen evolucias.
homologia WeSmariti ar aRmoCnda "evoluciuri naTesavebis” sxva
organoTa Seswavlis SemTxvevaSic. dadginda, rom Tevzebsa da amfibiebs
Tirkmelebi uviTardebaT embrionis iseTi qsovilidan, romelic reptiliebsa da
ZuZumZovrebSi gaiwoveba Canasaxis ganviTarebis procesSi, xolo maTi
Tirkmlebi viTardeba embrionis sruliad sxva adgilidan. zvigenis saylapavi
formirdeba embrionuli nawlavis Rrus zeda nawilidan, xolo salamandris da
minogis saylapavi_ qveda nawilidan. rTuli asaxsneli Seiqmna
ZuZumwovarTa bewvis, balnis safarvelis evoluciuri warmoSoba reptiliebis
qerclidan. es struqturebi embrionis sxvadasxva qsovilebidan viTardeba:
balniani safarveli yalibdeba epidermisis bolqvidan, xolo qercli dermis
14

15. Canasaxidan.
mecnierebs Zalian iSviaTad eZlevaT saSualeba aRmoaCinon namdvilad
homologiuri organoebi, anu ara marto garegnobiT msgavsi, aramed
embrionis identuri nawilebidan formirebuli.
"evoluciuri naTesavebis” organoebs Soris embrionuli da genetikuri saerTo
kanonzomierebebis ararseboba amtkicebs, rom ar SeiZleba es organoebi
erTmaneTisgan ganviTarebuliyo.
cxovelTa kidurebis formebis msgavseba, ra Tqma unda, SemTxveviTi ar
aris. isini zustad Seesabameba am cxovelTa saarsebo garemosa da
cxovrebis nirs. wylis binadar Tevzs zustad aseTi formis farfli sWirdeba, sxva
cxovels ufro rTuli kidurebi esaWiroeba. isini dasaxsruli kidurebis gareSe ver
iarsebebdnen. Aaba, SeecadeT da CaideT rame pirSi, roca idayvis saxsari
ar muSaobs; aba, SeecadeT dajdeT muxlis saxris mouxrelad; CaketeT
majis saxsari da SeecadeT raime gaakeToT aseTi xeliT. wina mxrisa da
wvivis ormagi Zvlebic gvexmareba xelis mtevnisa da fexis terfis
mobrunebaSi. cocxal arsebaTa kidurebi Seqmnilia optimaluri msgavsebagansxvavebiT, rac ganapirobebs am organizmTa normalur
cxovelqmedebas. veranairi gamomgoneblur-inJinerul-konstruqtoruli azri ufro
gonivrul formas ver SemogvTavazebda.
anatomma r.ouenma darvinamde bevrad adre, 1843 wels SemoiRo
homologiis cneba. is sxvadasxva organizmTa organoebis garegnul
msgavsebas ganixilavda rogorc maTi Seqmnis erTiani gegmis
damamtkicebel sabuTs.
rudimentebi. ase eZaxian im organoebs, romlebic cxovelebSi TiTqos
araviTar funqcias aRar asruleben, magram maT didi mniSvneloba hqondaT
organizmis evoluciuri winaprisTvis. me-19 saukuneSi miCneuli iyo, rom
adamians 180-mde rudimentuli organo gaaCnda. am organoebs
miakuTvnebdnen Tvalis mesame quTuTos, farisebr, nuSisebr jirkvlebs,
muxlis menisks, apendiqss, kudusuns da mraval sxva organoebs, romelTa
funqciebi ar iyo aRmoCenili da Seswavlili. rogorc dadginda, adamians ar
15

16. aqvs arcerTi usargeblo organo da yvelas Tavis funqcia gaaCnia.
Tvalis mesame quTuTo anu naxevarmTvariseburi nakeci mdebareobs
Tvalis Siga kuTxeSi da Tvalis kakals exmareba Setrialdes nebismieri
mimarTulebiT. mis gareSe mobrunebis kuTxe mkveTrad SezRuduli
iqneboda. is atenianebs Tvals da monawileobs TvalSi moxvedrili ucxo
nawilakebis CamowmendaSi. es nakeci gamoyofs webovan nivTierebas,
romelic agrovebs ucxo nawilakebs patara grovebad da aadvilebs Tvalis
zedapiridan maT usafrTxo mocilebas. naxevarmTvariseburi nakeci
SeuZlebelia CaiTvalos cxovelTa moxamxame apkis naSTad im mizezis
gamo, rom es organoebi sxvadasxva nervebiT inervirdeba.
rogorc aRmoCnda, apendiqsi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs adamianis
imunur sistemaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki organizmis intensiuri zrdis periodSi.
mas gaaCnia damcvelobiT funqcia da axorcielebs brma nawlavis baqteriuli
floris kontrols. statistika aCvenebs, rom apendiqsis amoclis SemTxvevaSi
izrdeba avTvisebian warmonaqmnTa gaCenis 0riski.
amerikaSi 30-ian wlebSi bavSvebis naxevarze mets moaciles “sruliad
usargeblo” nuSisebri jirkvlebi. droTa ganmavlobaSi niu-iorkis onkologiuri
samsaxuris TanamSromlebma aRmoaCines, rom is adamianebi, romlebsac
amoclili hqondaT nuSisebri jirkvlebi, daaxloebiT samjer metad iyvnen
daavadebulni limfogranulomatoziT_ avTvisebiani daavadebiT, vidre is
adamianebi, romelTac es operacia ar hqondaT Catarebuli.
1889 wels frangma eqimma f. glenerma wamoayena originaluri koncefcia
imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianis saWmlis momnelebeli sistema srulyofili ar
aris, rasac is xsnida adamianis cxoveluri warmoSobiT. amis Sesaxeb man
30-mde samecniero statia gamoaqveyna. adamians, romelsac awuxebda
tkivili kuWis areSi, diagnozs usvamdnen “gleneris sindromi”- nawlavebisa
da sxva organoebis daweva. maT eniSnebodaT qirurgiuli CareviT brma
nawlavis fiqsacia da gastropeqsia- es rTuli operaciebi miznad isaxavda
bunebis “arasrulyofilebis” gamosworebas.
i. meCnikovis mier wamoyenebuli hipoTeziT, adamianis saWmlis
momnelebeli sistema jer kidev evoluciuri ganviTarebis etapebs gadis da
16

17. cudadaa Seguebuli kvebis racions. am hipoTeziT STagonebulma ingliselma
eqimma leinma daiwyo operaciebis keTeba, romlis drosac adamianebs
umoklebda msxvil nawlavs. pirvel rigSi is Tvlida, rom adamianebs
aTavisuflebda lpobis baqteriebisagan, romelic msxvil nawlavebSi
binadroben. mas miaCnda, rom am gziT SesaZlebeli iyo uamravi
daavadebis gankurneba:dawyebuli Tormetgoja nawlavis wyluliT da
damTavrebuli SizofreniiT. marto leinma am tipis daaxloebiT 1000-ze meti
operacia gaakeTa. mas mimdevrebic bevri hyavda.
es monaTxrobi dRes gancvifrebasa da gaognebas iwvevs. unda iTqvas,
rom am eqsperimentebis ukan aTasobiT sabralo msxverolia, maT Soris
daRupulebic.
axla ki cxovelTa Sesaxeb. iTvleba, rom veSapi is ZuZumwovaraa, romelic
wylis garemos daubrunda. (darvini varaudobda, rom uwyveti plastikuri
deformaciebis Sedegad SesaZlebelia daTvi gadaiqces veSapad). veSaps
daaxloebiT sxeulis Sua nawilze gaaCnia Zvlovani gamonazardebi.
varaudobdnen, rom es gamonazardebi sruliad usargebloa da veSapis
ukana kidurebis rudimentebia_ anu im kidurebisa, romliTac odesRac am
cxovelis winapari xmeleTze dadioda. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom es Zvvlebi
aranairad ar ukavSirdeba xerxemals. rogorc gamokvlevebma aCvena, es
Zvlovani gamonazardebi sulac ar yofila usargeblo, isini iWeren kunTebs da
icaven am adgilze arsebul sust organoebs.
kivis, romelic garegnulad ukudo qaTams mogvagonebs, Tvlian, rom
aqvs rudimentuli frTebi. am frTebiT misi winaprebi haerSi dafrinavdnen,
xolo exla usargebloa. aRmoCnda, rom frTis es narCenebi kivis
wonasworobis dasacavad aucileblad sWirdeba. warmoidgineT, ramdenad
aucilebelia is am frinvelisTvis. Cvenc, adamianebi wonasworobis
SesanarCuneblad xelebs vSliT xolme, kivisac xom sWirdeba
wonasworobis SenarCuneba?
atavizmebi. kacobriobis cxoveluri warmoSobis dasamtkiceblad
xSirad mohyavT adamianTa e.w. atavizmebis magaliTi, maT Soris Warbi
17

18. Tmianoba saxesa da Tvalis siaxloves. avRniSnavT, rom am Tmian
safarvels ise xataven, rogorc cxovelur balans, sinamdvileSi ki es
adamianis Cveulebrivi Tmebia. arsebobs embrionuri darRvevebis sxva
uamravi magaliTic. romel evoluciur process unda mieweros, magaliTad,
orTaviani Tevzis an gvelis gaCena, an ra SeiZleba vTqvaT cxovelis
warmoSobis Sesaxeb, Tu is oTxfexianis nacvlad xuTfexiani daibada?
aseTi darRvevebi da simaxinjeebi drodadro Cndeba bunebaSi.
SeniSnulia bavSvebis dabadeba “kudiT”. am movlenis aRwerisas
bavSvs xSirad xataven goWis dagrexili kudiT. sinamdvileSi ki aseT
kudebs ar gaaCniaT malebi, rogorc es Cveulebric cxovelis kudebs aqvT.
isini warmoadgenen Canasaxovani Sris naSTs, romelic SemTxveviT kudis
adgilze aRmoCnda da sulac ar hgavs cxovelis kuds, radgan
mogvagonebs Camokidebul qsovilis naglejs, danarCeni ki mxatvris
warmosaxvis nayofia.
$46. biogenetikuri kanonis
aramarTebuloba
darvinis Tanamedrove ingliseli mecnieri ernst hekeli swavlobda embrionebis
gamosaxulebebs da mivida im daskvnamde, rom embrionTa ganviTarebaSi aisaxeba
warsuli evoluciis niSan-Tvisebebi.
hekelis biogenetikuri kanoni Semdegnairad Camoyalibda: TiToeuli
organizmi Tavis embrionaluri ganviTarebis dros imeorebs
stadiebs, romlebic misma saxeobam gaiara evoluciis procesSi.
kanoni sakmaod STambeWdavad JRers. amis dasamtkiceblad hekelma
gamoaqveyna adamianis embrionis gamosaxuleba, romelzec garkveviT Canda
18

19. layuCebi da kudi. hekelis am wignis gamoqveynebam didi aRSfoTeba
gamoiwvia. rodesac profesionalma embriologebma ixiles adamianis Canasaxis
es gamosaxuleba, hekeli amxiles faqtebis falsifikaciaSi. avtorma aRiara, rom
suraTi ramdenadme “tuSiT daamuSava” (martivad rom vTqvaT, miaxata
layuCebis xvrelebi), Tavi ki imarTla - ra moxda, yvela xom ase iqceva?! ienis
universitetis samecniero sabWom hekeli damnaSaved scno mecnierul
TvalTmaqcobaSi da profesorTa Semadgenlobidan garicxa.
adamianis Canasaxis yba-kisris ubanSi arsebul kanis nakecs araviTari kavSiri
ara aqvs layuCis xvrelTan. es saylapavis qsovilis nakecebia, romelzec
ramdenime jirkvalic aris ganlagebuli. moxris adgilze aseTi nakecis arseboba
savsebiT bunebrivia. zrdis naklebi siCqaris gamo embrionis qveda nawili
yovelTvis ufro momcroa Canasaxis sxva nawilTan SedarebiT.
naxati gv. 203. xerxemlianTa embriogenezis adreuli stadiebis msgavseba.
biogenetikuri kanoni amtkicebs, rom xerxemlianTa embrionebi ganviTarebis
sawyis etapze erTmaneTis msgavsia, romlis mizezic TiTqosda maTi saerTo
winapris arsebobaa. msgavseba namdvilad arsebobs, magram imitom xom ara,
rom yvela xerxemliani organizmis agebulebaSi saerTo idea devs da es
mkveTrad vlindeba Canasaxis ganviTarebis adreul etapze. amas jer kidev
hekelamde miuTiTebda akademikosi k.beri, romelic iTvleba embrionis
ganviTarebis kanonzomierebis aRmomCenad. igi werda, rom biogenetikuri
kanoni SeuZlebelia WeSmariti iyos Tundac im mizezis gamo, rom embrions
aReniSneba ganviTarebis iseTi niSnebic, romlebic mxolod maRali organizaciis
formebs gaaCniaT. magaliTad, yvela ZuZumwovris Canasaxs ebriogenezis
dasawyisSi ybebi iseTive patara da mokle aqvs, rogorc adamians. frinvelTa
Canasaxis tvini embriogenezis pirvel mesamedSi hgavs ZuZumwovarTa tvins,
Semdeg ki, ra Tqma unda, Zlier gansxvavdeba. paleontologi a.p. pavlovi jer
kidev 1901 wels miuTiTebda, rom cxovelebis -amonitebis axalgazrda individTa
namarx formebs gaaCniaT mTeli rigi iseTi niSnebi, romlebic zrdasrul asakSi
qrebian, Tumca es niSnebi gaaCniaT ufro rTul formebs.
19

20. imis damamtkicebel sabuTad, rom veSapis winapari xmeleTis binadari
ZuZumwovari iyo, mohyavT ara marto ukana kidurebis “rudimentis” arseboba,
aramed kbilebis embrionuli Canasaxebis magaliTic. aRniSnuli Canasaxovani
kbilebi arasdros ar yalibdeba namdvil kbilebad. ufro dawvrilebiTma kvlevebma
aCvena, rom embrionis es nawili absoluturad funqcionirebadia_ isini
mniSvnelovan rols asruleben ybis Zvlebis formirebaSi.
evoluciuri Teoria xSirad awydeba urTierTgamomricxav faqtebs. ase magaliTad,
cxenis "evoluciis procesSi” dakarguli TiTebi reducirebulia embrionaluri
ganviTarebis Zalian adreul stadiaze, es ki ewinaaRmdgeba biogenetikur kanons.
sazRvargareTul samecniero literaturaSi biogenetikuri kanoni TiTqmis aRar
ganixileba. mecnierTa umravlesoba gadaWriT miiCnevs, rom is saerTod
SeuZlebelia xorcieldebodes embrionSi, radgan ewinaaRmdegena Teoriuli
biologiis mTel rig debulebebs. rusi mecnierebi agrZeleben kavSirebis Ziebas
hipoTezur evoluciasa da embrionis agebulebas Soris. am mxriv raime
mniSvnelovans ver miaRwies. cnobili embriologi a.s. severcovi ambobs, rom
mecnierebi mxolod “xelebis cecebiT” cdiloben ipovon raime urTierTkavSiri
evoluciasa da embrions Soris.
embrionis ganviTarebis kvlevisas bolo dros aRmoCenili kanonzomierebebi ar
eTanxmeba biogenetikur kanons. amitom gasakviri araa mecnierTa skeptikuri
damokidebuleba am kanonis mimarT. Tanamedrove cnobili avtoritetuli embriologi
s.gilberti metad kategoriulia. is werda:”embriologiisa da evoluciuri biologiis
damRupveli kavSiri Seiqmna me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi germaniaSi
moRvawe ebriologisa da filosofosis ernst hekelis mier”. evoluciuri ideis erT-erTi
yvelaze damRupveli Sedegi embriologiaSi aris abortebis gamarTleba. mecnierevolucionistTa azriT, adreul stadiebze orsulobis Sewyveta niSnavs ara
adamianis, aramed jer kidev cxovelis sikvdils. marTlmadidebeli eklesia bavSvTa
mkvlelobis am faqts erT-erT umZimes codvad miiCnevs.
hekelis mcdari kanonis analizisas gvaxsendeba sabWoTa akademikosi
T.d.lisenko, romelsac aseve surda evoluciis ideas “daxmareboda”. man
aaRorZina lamarkis idea garemo pirobebis ganmsazRvreli rolis Sesaxeb da
“aRmoaCina” naxtomiseburi gadaqceva xorblis Wvavad, qeris-Svriad da
20

21. sakuTari sicruiT STagonebulma pawawina frinvelis yaranas kvercxidan gugulic ki
gamoCeka. erT-erT samecniero konferenciaze mecnierma genetikosma lisenkos
hkiTxa, ratomaa, rom mas da mis aspirantebs yvelaferi gamosdiT, xolo sxvebs,
sabWoTa kavSirSic da sazRvargareTac, ki ara? “saxalxo akademikosma”
upasuxa: ,,imisaTvis, rom miiRoT garkveuli Sedegi, saWiroa gsurdeT swored am
Sedegis miReba. Tu Tqven gindaT miiRoT gansazRvruli Sedegi, Tqven mas
aucileblad miiRebT”. magram keTilsindisieri mkvlevari am gziT ar wava. mas
emaxsovreba nikoloz kopernikis sityvebi: ”Cemi amocanaa vipovo WeSmariteba
uzenaesi RmerTis SemoqmedebaSi”. simarTle rom iTqvas, darvinis
TanamedroveebSi adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb hipoTeza seriozulad arc ki
yofila aRqmuli. is warmoadgenda cnobismoyvareobisa da dausrulebeli xumrobis
sagans. darvinis megobarma da maswavlebelma sejvikma am hipoTezas
uwoda ,,mamacurad da ramdenadme sarwmunod gamoTqmuli “gansacvifrebeli
paradoqsi”, Tumca igi, umTavresad, mogvagonebs sapnis buStebisgan dawnul
Toks”. erT-erTi werili man daasrula sevdiani iumoriT:”warsulSi Tqveni megobari,
axla maimunis STamomavali”. mxatvrebi erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen karikaturebis
xatvaSi, xolo mwerlebi sasacilo siuJetebis SeTxzvaSi. magaliTad, meTevzeTa
dagrZelebuli xelebis da STamomavlobiT fostalionebis grZeli fexebis Sesaxeb.
rac Seexeba saxeobaTa warmoqmnas, yvelasTvis cnobili iyo, rom erTi saxeobis
cxovelebi SesaZloa erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebodnen da amis mixedviT
daiyon qvesaxeobad an jiSebad (Sinaur cxovelebSi), magram erTi saxeobis sxva
saxeobad gardaqmna, ra Tqma unda, saeWvod miaCndaT. Aaseve, adamianebi
ratomRac WeSmaritad ver “afasebdnen” bunebrivi gadarCevis SemoqmedebiT
rols. damamtkicebeli sabuTebis ararsebobis gamo am axal hipoTezas sxva
TezisiT icavdnen, rom cvlilebaTa dagrovebis procesi Zalian nela, milionobiT
wlebi mimdinareobs da adamianisTvis amis danaxva SeuZlebelia. yvela es
dasabuTeba, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos azrs moklebuli ar unda iyos. amitom
adamianebi xSirad SecdomaSi Sedian da askvnian_ Tu mcire cvlilebebi
populaciebSi faqtia, maSin makroevoluciac realobaa. aseT cTomilebaSi
Cavardna sapatio iyo asi wlis win da ara dRes. genetikis ganviTarebasTan erTad
naTeli gaxda genetikuri meqanizmebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs cvalebadobebs
21

22. populaciebSi magram es meqanizmebi veranairad ver xsnian hipoTezur
makroevolucias. am meqanizmebis moqmedeba mxolod saxeobis sazRvrebiT
Semoifargleba.
$47. Semoqmedebis gegma
Tuki organizmebi erTmaneTisgan ar warmoiSvnen, maS, riTi
aixsneba evoluciis xeze Tvalxiluli kanonzomierebebis arseboba? es
wesrigi zustad mogvagonebs samyaros Seqmnis Cvens mier daviwyebul
RvTiur gegmas, romelic aRwerilia dabadebis wignis pirvel gverdebze.
cnobili mecnieri maikl faradei werda: ”me gancvifrebuli var, ratomaa rom
adamianebi mraval mniSvnelovan sakiTxebSi arCeven ixetialon
SeucnobelSi maSin, roca RmerTma maT aseTi SesaniSnavi wigni
aCuqa”. O
organizmebis saarsebo garemo pirobebis Sesabamisad iqmneboda
ara calkeuli saxeobebi, aramed saxeobaTa jgufebi. swored amiT aixsneba
biologebis mier didi xnis win aRmoCenili konvergencia_ agebulebisa da
garegnobis msgavseba Zalian daSorebul saxeobebs Soris, romlebic
sxvadasxva klasebs miekuTvnebian. magaliTad, ixtiozavri, zvigeni, delfini
da pingvini. es organizmebi gansxvavebuli evoluciuri gzebiT
damoukideblad viTardebodnen msgavs pirobebSi (wyalSi). Tanamedrove
genetikosebi, im daskvnamde mividnen, rom konvergenciis mizezi aris
“winaswar daprogramebuli gegma”. saarsebo garemos gaTvaliswinebiT
yvela organizmma Semoqmedisgan miiRo aucilebeli niSan-Tvisebebi.
ix. naxati 207, 208.
ganvixiloT Tevzebis magaliTi. isini srulyofilad arian Seguebuli wyalSi
22

23. cxovrebis nirTan. maT ar sWirdeba Termoreguliaciis meqanizmi.
moZraobis saSualeba da agebuleba SedarebiT martivia. cxovroben
“rogorc Tevzi wyalSi”. sanapiro zolis da Waobebis binadarT
(qvewarmavlebi, amfibiebi da sxv.) Tevzebisgan gansxvavebiT xoxvac
sWirdebaT, amitom elementaruli farflebis nacvlad mravalsaxsrini da
TiTebiani kidurebi aqvT maTi qerclic sxva garemo pirobebis moTxovnebs
akmayofilebs. xmeleTis binadarT siarulisa da sirbilisTvis Zlieri kidurebi
gaaCniaT, Tavi sxeulidan wamoweulia, xolo bewvi SesaniSnavad icavs
maT rogorc sicxis, aseve sicivisgan. frinvelebs frenisTvis frTebi miecaT.
Semoqmedebis gegmis arseboba TvalsaCinoa da eWvs ar unda
iwvevdes. cnobili Tanamedrove mecnieri, nobelis premiis laureati artur
komptoni werda: ”umaRlesma gonebam Seqmna samyaro da adamiani.
me ar miWirs amis dajereba, radgan is faqti, rom arsebobs gegma da
Sesabamisad goneba, utyuaria”.
Semoqmedebis gegmis arseboba xsnis sxvadasxva saxeobebis
cxovelTa organoebis msgavsebas. mcenareebSic n.vavilovis mier
aRmoCenili erTi da igive niSan-Tvisebebis mdgrad ganmeorebas da
“homologiuri rigebis” cvalebadobis arsebobasac swored Semoqmedebis
gegmis arseboba xsnis. ix. & 34. niSan-TvisebaTa msgavsebebi
SeiniSneba ara marto monaTesave saxeobebSi, aramed gvarebSi,
ojaxebsa da klasebs Sorisac ki. RvTiuri gegmiTaa ganpirobebuli mTel rig
cocxal arsebebSi msgavsi struqturuli warmonaqmnebi. magaliTad, frTebi
frinvelebSi, RamurebSi, mwerebsa da uZveles reptiliebSi. cnobili mecnieri
s.v.meieni amtkicebda, rom cocxal organizmebs, romlebic aranairad
monaTesaveni ar arian, formaTa warmoqmnis doneze Zalian bevri saerTo
gaaCnia.
gonieri SemoqmedebiTi mizanmimarTulebiT aixsneba cxovelTa
gansxvavebul sistematikur jgufebSi (magaliTad, CanTosnebSi da
placentianebSi) e.w. paraleluri (damoukidebeli) evolucia. is principi, romlis
mixedviTac Camoyalibda mcenareTa da cxovelTa erTi saxeobis mTeli rigi
niSan-Tvisebebi misi Seqmnisas, ra Tqma unda, gavrcelda sxva
23

24. saxeobebis Camoyalibebis drosac. cocxal organizmebs Soris zoologiur,
genetikur da embrionalur doneze aRmoCenili msgavsebebi naTlad
amtkicebs Semoqmedis erTiani gegmis arsebobas.
ix. naxatebi gv. 208, 209.
ratom ar SeiZleba iyos Semoqmedis mier Seqmnili organizmebi
erTmaneTis msgavni? ratomaa aucilebeli rom maT hqondeT absoluturad
gansxvavebuli organoebi da genebi? kanonzomieria, rom Cven yvelani
erTmaneTs vgavarT. aqedan gamomdinare yovelTvis iqneba SesaZlebeli
simarTlis msgavsi makroevoluciuri Tanmimdevrobis ageba, romelSic ar
iqneba rTuli ZiriTadi da Sualeduri formebis gamoyofa.
upirobod SeiZleba iTqvas, rom cxovelTa nebismier saxeobaSi
Cadebulia cvalebadobis farTo SesaZlebloba. es niSnavs, rom, magaliTad,
katebma sacxovrebel pirobebTan kavSirSi SeiZleba zomaSi moimaton an
dapataravdnen, gaxdnen fumfulebi an sworbewvianebi, magram isini ar
gaxdebian maimunebi. saxeobaTa urTierTgardaqceva ar dadasturda arc
paleontologiuri masalebiT, arc genetikuri gamokvlevebiT. TiToeul
saxeobas aseTi gardaqmnebisgan uZlieresi dacva gaaCnia genetikur
doneze. swored saxeobis stabilurobis damamtkicebeli mTeli rigi
aRmoCenebis gamo genetika burJuaziul cru mecnierebad gamoacxades,
xolo mecnier genetikosebi, vavilovis meTaurobiT, represiulebi
aRmoCndnen.
Tanamedrove mecnierebi xSirad scildebian erTmaneTs SexedulebebiT,
roca msjeloba midis saxeobebisa da gvarebis arssa da mkacrad dadgenil
sazRvrebze. araa dadgenili populaciebSi SesaZlo cvalebadobis
sazRvrebi. magaliTad, lokokinebis erTerT gvarSi ganasxvavebdnen
orasze met saxeobas, magram ufro dawvrilebiTi gamokvlevebis Sedegad
aRmoCnda, rom SesaZlebelia isini or saxeobad gaerTiandnen. bevri
mecnieris azriT. bibliuri “gvari” (Seqmnili arqetipi) zogjer Seesabameba
saxeobas, zogjer gvars da zogjer_ ojaxs. umaRles cxovelTa Soris,
24

25. magaliTad, mglebSi, daTvebSi, katebSi, am ojaxebis warmomadgenlebs
axasiaTebT saerTo qcevebi da fiziologia. mecnierebs jer kidev gasarkvevi
aqvT romeli organizmebis agebulebaSi moxda cvlilebebi maTi Seqmnidan
dRemde, raTa miakuTvnon isini erT Seqmnil arqetips. SesaZloa yvela
cvlileba ver aixsnas bunebrivi mizezebiT, gansakuTrebiT cocxal arsebaTa
saocari gansaxleba mTel dedamiwaze da maTgan Tanamedrove florisa
da faunis Camoyalibeba.
RvTis mier Seqmnil cxovelTa TvisebebSi Cadebulia adaminisTvis
gasagebi samoZRvrebo mniSvneloba: lomi umaRlesi Zalauflebisa da
Zlierebis simboloa, arwivi yofiT cxovrebebze sulieri amaRlebis, saSineli
dinozavri brma Zalas asaxavs, xolo maimuni sulierebas moklebuli
adamianis pirovnebas.
mtaceblebi da msxverplni. Zalian bevri Tanamedrove saxeoba
idealurad Seguebulia mtacebluri cxovrebis nirs: Tavdasxmas, daWeras,
kvlas. aseTi cxovrebis wesisTvis maT specialuri niSan-Tvisebebi
gaaCniaT. aviRoT, Tundac, gareuli kata, Sxamiani gvelebi an obobebi.
maTi arseboba rogor SevuTavsoT Semoqmedebis gegmas? Seqmna ki
RmerTma Tavidanve sikvdili? wminda werilis mixedviT, adamianis codviT
dacemamde sikvdili ar arsebobda da yvela cocxali arseba, rogor
ucnauradac ar unda mogveCvenos, ikvebeboda mcenareuli sakvebiT.
zogierT pirvelqmnil samyaros niSnebs SegviZlia dResac davakvirdeT,
magaliTad, panda, erTi SexedviT mrisxane mtacebeli, romelsac basri
kbilebi da brWyalebi gaaCnia, Zneli dasajerebelia, rom misi ZiriTadi
sakvebi bambukia. paleontologebma aRmoaCines uZvelesi
balaxismWameli niangis namarxi forma. arseboben piranis saxeobebi,
romelTac mtacebeli mogvareebis msgavsi Zlieri ybebi da basri kbilebi
gaaCniaT, magram mxolod mcenareuli sakvebiT ikvebebian. Ramurebis
zogierTi saxeoba nayofis mWamelia, zogi ki_ mtacebeli. erTsac da
meoresac Zlieri da basri kbilebi aqvT.
lomi SesaniSnavi monadiruli instiqtiT gamoirCeva, aqvs Zlieri
25

26. muskulatura, mas SeuZlia erTi dartymiT xerxemalSi gadatexos antilopa.
saWmlis momnelebeli sistema mowyobilia axali xorcis monelebisTvis,
magram krizisul situaciebSi lomi bostneulis sakvebiTac ikvebeba. unda
gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom Zveli samyaros klimati bevrad ufro xelsayreli iyo
mcenareuli safaris ganviTarebisTvis. mdidari mcenareuloba mTlianad
uzrunvelyofda cocxal organizmTa kvebas.
cnobilia, rom mdedr koRos gasamravleblad aucileblad sWirdeba
hemoglobini, amitomac is cxovelebs wovs sisxls, xolo mamri mxolod
mcenareTa wveniT kmayofildeba. SesaZloa Zveli mcenareebi Seicavdnen
hemoglobins da mdedri koRoebic mcenareuli wveniT ikvebebodnen.
pirvelqmnil samyaroSi Tavdasxmis saSualebaTa funqciebi
gansxvavebuli iyo da ara iseTi, rogorc dResaa. adamianTa codviT
dacemam cxoveluri instiqtebis Secvlac gamoiwvia, maT organizmSi
CairTo genebi, romlebSic kodirebuli iyo gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebis cilebi.
amis Sedegad cxovelebma daiwyes nadiroba, xolo danarCen cxovelebs
daeuflaT mtacebelTa mimarT SiSi. es SiSi maT TavdacvaSi exmarebaT.
instiqti karnaxobda obobebs, sad da rogor gaebaT qseli da ra momentSi
datakebodnen msxverpls. qsels gaaCnia urTulesi qimiuri struqtura da
warmoadgens namdvil inJinerul saocrebas. zogi obobis qselebSi
frinvelebic ki ebmebian.
mas Semdeg, rac pirvelma adamianma Seitana sikvdili pirvelqmnil
samyaroSi, cxovelTa erTma jgufma daiwyo mtacebloba, xolo meoremdamalva da gaqceva. Tanamedrove gvelebis Sxami Seicavs rTul qimiur
nivTierebebs, zogi Sxami azianebs centralur nervul sistemas da arTulebs
sunTqvis process, sxva ki iwvevs sisxlis Sededebas. Cven droSi urTulesi
"reaqtiuli” dacva Svelis xoWo-bombardirs mtaceblebisgan Tavis
dasaRwevad. Semoqmedma RmerTma Tavidanve izruna sakuTar
qmnilebebze da aRWurva maTi organizmi momavali cvlilebebisTvis
aucilebeli “iaraRiT”. agreTve aRvniSnavT, rom Cven, miCveulebma
vifiqroT da viazrovnoT Cveni dacemuli samyaros kategoriebiT, ar
SegviZlia bolomde SevimecnoT pirvelqmnili samyaros gansakuTrebuloba,
26

27. magram nel-nela viwyebT misi ganumeorebeli didebulebis gaazrebas.
ix. naxatebi gv. 210, 211, 213.
wmindanTa saocari cxovreba erTgvari damtkicebaa imisa, rom ucodvel
samyaroSi arsebaTa urTierTobebi gansxvavebuli da mSvidobiani iyo. Rirs
mama germanes lomebi emsaxurebodnen udabnoSi, Rirs sergisa da
serafimesTan uSiSrad modiodnen tyis mxecebi. gavixsenoT daviT
garejelis da Sio mgvimelis cxovrebidan magaliTebi. wmida werilis
mixedviT qristes meored mosvlis Semdeg mtaceblebi daibruneben
pirvelqmnil mdgomareobas. “Zroxa da deda daTvi erTad mosZoven da
maTi Svilebi erTmaneTis gverdiT dawvebian, lomi ZroxasaviT SeWams
Calas” (es. 11,7).
ix. naxati 214, 215.
Tavi 11.
biostratigrafia
makroevoluciis hipoTezis, iseve rogorc nebismieri samecnierokoncefciis
dasamtkiceblad an uarsayofad aucilebelia Teoriuli damuSaveba da
eqsperimentuli gamokvleva. ras SeuZlia daamtkicos ganvlili evoluciis arsebobis
faqti? ra Tqma unda, geologiur fenebSi ganamarxebul organizmebs. aseTi
SemowmebisaTvis aucilebelia geologiuri wiaRis warmoqmnis pirobebis
Seswavla, organizmebis namarxi formebis ganlagebis Tanmimdevrobisa da
gardamavali rgolebis arsebobis dadgena.
darvinis dros geologiur-paleontologiuri masala Zalian mwiri iyo. mas Semdeg
27

28. mecnierebma aRmoaCines milionobiT gaqvavebuli organizmi. winamdebare
TavSi gavecnobiT, Tu ra Sedegebi aCvena am napovni masalebis kvlevam.
$48. geoqronologiuri skala.
naxati gv. 216. geoqronologiuri skala
dedamiwis qerqis dawvrilebiTma Seswavlam aRmoaCina namarxi
organizmebis ganlagebis saintereso kanonzomierebebi: qveda geologiur fenebSi
aRmoCnda martivi formis namarxebi, xolo zedaSi_ ufro rTulis. magram es
kanonzomierebebi iseTi TvalsaCino da advilad saxilveli ar aris, rogorc
winamdebare geoqronologiur skalaze gamosaxaven. fenebSi sakmaod didi
sixSiriT pouloben gaqvavebul formebs ufro dabla an ufro maRla “TavianT
erebTan” SedarebiT. erT fenaSi SesaZloa Segvxvdes sxvadasxva iarusebis
flora da fauna.
saqmes arTulebs is, rom dedamiwis qerqis dauzianebeli da daurRveveli Wra
Zalian iSviaTia. kargi Sedegia, Tu aRmoaCines oTxi-xuTi epoqa periodi, rogorc
es did kanionSi (kolorados raioni) moxda, xolo iseTi SemTxveva, rom Wra aTive
periods moicavdes, saerTod ar arsebobs. dedamiwis zedapiris didi nawili sam
geologiur periodsac ar moicavs. yvela plastebSic rodia SesaZlebeli
maxasiaTebeli gaqvavebulobis aRmoCena, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos plastis
konkretuli periodisTvis mikuTvneba. xSirad fenis asakobrivi ufrosoba
ganisazRvra misi ganlagebis rigiT (stratigrafiulad).
geologiuri mecnierebis damaarsebelma Carlz laielma geoqronologias
safuZvlad daudo uniformizmis principi (mTeli gasuli drois manZilze Tanamedrove
geologiuri pirobebis eqstrapolacia) da paleontologiuri masalis mixedviT geologiuri
fenebis daTariReba (xelmZRvanelobda namarxebiT).
laieli da darvini axlo megobrebi iyvnen da ar aris gasakviri, Tu laielma geologia
daafuZna darvinis hipoTezis jer kidev daumtkicebel faqtiur masalebs. daadgino
28

29. asakobrivi Tanafardoba fenebisa, romlebic erTmaneTisgan Zalian didi
manZiliTaa daSorebuli, rogorc wesi, SeuZlebelia, organizmTa namarxebis
arseboba ganalagebs sruliad konkretul reperebs.
ase magaliTad, devonuri sistemis qanebi pirvelad gamoyves demonSiris
sagrafoSi, xolo permuli- permis olqSi. am qanebs Soris asakobrivi Tanafardoba
mecnierebma gansazRvres organuli namarxebis mixedviT. devonSiris
danaleqebSi didi raodenobiT iyo Tevzebi, xolo permisaSi- qvewarmavlebi.
evoluciuri warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, permuli danaleqebi ufro axalgazrdaa, amis
gamo skalaze is moTavsebuli unda iyos devonurze zemoT. evoluciuri Teoria
Tevzebidan qvewarmavlebis ganviTarebamde 100-120 milion wels gamohyofs
da es mniSvneloba aRebuli aris permul da devonur danaleqebis asakebs Soris
sxvaobad. ase aRmoCnda geoqronologiuri skala mijaWvuli hipoTezuri evoluciis
miliard wlebs.
avtoritetuli sedimentologi (sedimentologia- danaleqebis Semswavleli geologiuri
disciplina) s. i. romanovski aseTi midgomebis arakoreqtulobaze wers: ”laieli
normad iRebda Tanamedrove dedamiwis mdgomareobas da radganac man
miiRo darvinis evoluciuri Teoria, uneblied daiwyo dedamiwis istoriis Secvla
sicoclis istoriiT. laielis es Secdoma sxva Taobis geologebzec gadavida, bevri
maTgani misgan dRemde ver ganTavisflda”. TvalsaCinoebisTvis moviyvanT
martiv magaliTs. vTqvaT, moxda katastrofa, romelmac Camarxa zRvis yure da
misi binadrebi. garkveuli drois Semdeg am adgilze amoizarda tye da masSi
mxecebi dasaxldnen. momdevno katastrofam isinic Camarxa. ori aseTi plastis
arseboba miuTiTebs milioni wlis ganmavlobaSi sicocxlis evoluciur
ganviTarebaze? ra Tqma unda, ara. Tanamedrove mecnierebi midian
dakvnamde, rom fenaTa Tanmimdevroba sulac ar warmoadgens sicocxlis
istoriuli ganviTarebis TandaTanobiT da nel-nela qvaSi aRbeWdvas, aramed igi
aris katastrofebis Sedegi.
didi rusi wmida mama kronStandeli jer kidev me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi
afrTxilebda geologebs evoluciuri daskvnebis mcdarobaSi: ”Tqven ki, geologebo,
Tavs iqebT, rom Tqveni gonebiT gadaaWarbeT RvTis gonebas da CaswvdiT
dedamiwis fenebis agebulebas da amtkicebT amas wminda werilis ,,dabadebis,,
29

30. winaaRmdeg. Tqven ufro gjeraT usulo miwis fenebis mkvdari asoebis, vidre
udidesi winaswarmetyvelisa da RvTis mxilvelis- moses STamagonebeli
sityvebis”.
mecnier-kreacionistebi Jan kiues droidan moyolebuli Semdegnairad
msjelobdnen: Tanamedrove dedamiwaze mcxovrebi organizmebi rom daifaros
danaleqebiT, ras davinaxavT geologiur SreebSi?
moluskebi, nawlavRruianebi da mravalferovani kibosnairebi aRmoCndebian
qvemoT, radgan isini cxovroben zRvebisa da okeaneebis fskerze. zemoT
ganlagdebian Tevzebi, kidev ufro maRla- amfibiebi da reftiliebi, radgan isini
sanapiro zolSi cxovroben. zeda SreSi aRmoCndebian frinvelebi da
ZuZumwovrebi. aseTi Sreebi mogvagoneben geoqronologiur skalas, magra, ra
Tqma unda, ver daamtkiceben evoluciur TviTganviTarebas umartivesidan ufro
rTulisken.
axla Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi dagrovili faqtebis gamo SeimCneba
dabruneba geologiur-paleiontologiuri danaleqebis formirebis procesebis
Tavdapirvel gagebasTan. neokatastrofuli mimarTuleba Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi
iwodeba “aqtualur katastrofizmad”.
daTariRebis radiaciuli meTodebi. geoqronologiuri skalis sisworis
dasamtkiceblad xSirad mohyavT radioizotopiis meTodebiT daTariRebis
Sedegebi. es meTodebia:uran-tyviis, Torium-tyviis, kalium-argonis, rubidiumstronciumis, uran-qsenonis, renium-osmiumis, radionaxSirbadis da sxv.
magaliTad, uranis daSlis erT-erTi produqtia tyviis radiaqtiuli izotopi. uranisa da
tyviis TanafardobiT msjeloben daSlis procesis xangrZlivobis da qanis asakis
Sesaxeb.
radiaciuli meTodebis gamoyeneba daiwyes mas Semdeg, rac dedamiwis
sxvadasxva plastebis asaki saxelmZRvanelod aRebuli namarxebis daxmarebiT
evoluciuri principiT sruliad iyo “gansazRvruli”. Tu sakvlev obieqtSi sawyisi
izotopis da misi daSlis produqtis proporcia daaxloebiT iseTive aRmoCndeboda,
rogorc im warmonaqmnSi, romlis asakic ukve “cnobili” iyo, maSin es obieqti
etalonis Tanatolad CaiTvleboda. Ees mogvagonebs erT arasworad Sekrul Rils,
30

31. romelsac TavisTavad mohyveba sxva Rilebis arasworad Sekvra. amgvarad,
radiaciuli meTodebi mcdar sistemebs miewera.
geologiur warmonaqmnSi Tuki ar arsebobs gansazRvruli qanebi da mineralebi,
izotopebis meTodebis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia. zogjer am qanebis arsebobis
SemTxvevaSic izotopebis meTodebis pirdapiri gamoyeneba, rogorc
damoukidebeli meTodebisa, SedegebSi Zalian did cdomilebebs iZleva. amis
mizezebi Semdegia:
a) uranisa da tyviis Tavdapirveli Semcvelobis dadgena qerqis qanebSi
SeuZlebelia; b) miwisqveSa wylebiT droTa ganmavlobaSi xdeba izotopebis
gamorecxva. amis gamo danaleq qanebSi (romlebSic pouloben gaqvavebul
neStTa umravlesobas) asakis gansazRvra iZleva Sedegebis Zalian did
gafantulobas: TviT danaleqebis formirebis procesi gulisxmobs iq wylis masebis
aucilebel arsebobas da radioaqtiuri elementebis gamorecxvas. wyalSi xsnadi
mineralebis (siliciumis oqsidis, piritis, kalciumis karbonatisa da sxv.) qsovilebSi
TandaTan SeRweva organizmebis gaqvavebas iwvevs.
kalium-argonis meTodis gamoyeneba garTulebulia imis gamoc, rom kaliumi
wyliT metad iolad gamoirecxeba, xolo argoni-gazia. am meTodiT daTariRebis
monacemebis intepretaciisas Cveulebriv uaryofen asakis im maCveneblebs,
romlebic an Zalian didia, an Zalian mcire geoqronologiuri skalis monacemebTan
SedarebiT. ukugdebul da miRebul monacemebs Soris gansxvavebas miaweren
raRac hipoTezuri mizezebis gamo gamowveul argonis siWarbes an danakargs.
qanebis siRrmeebSi argonis didi Semcveloba, romelic maCvenebelia qanis didi
asakisa, nawilobriv dakavSirebulia maRali wnevis pirobebSi magmuri argonis
Semcveli qanebis gamyarebasTan da aramc da aramc ar aris dakavSirebuli
radioaqtiuri daSlis xangrZlivobasTan.
izotopuri meTodebi Zalian xSirad iZleva araswor Sedegebs. adgili aqvs aseT
SemTxvevebs: axali zelandiis axalamofrqveuli lava daTariRdaA 1-3,5 milioni
wliT, xolo 1986 wels amofrqveuli sent-gelensis lava- 0,4-3 milioni wliT, kolorados
platos meoTxeuli bazaltebis asaki, romelic geoqronologiur skalaze 10 aTas wels
Seesabameba, izotopuri meTodiT- 117-2600 milioni wliT daTariRda. axal
urTierTgamomricxav monacemTa miRebis gamo specialistebs uwevT
31

32. daTariRebis am meTodikis xelaxla gadaxedva.
rogor amtkiceben geoqronologias zemoT CamoTvlili daTariRebis meTodebi?
miRebuli Sedegebis farTo speqtridan irCeven ramdenadme ufro “simarTlis
msgavss”, xolo sxva Sedegebis mcdaroba romeliRac mizezebT aixsneba.
geologiaSi gansakuTrebiT rTulia Teoriis Semowmeba. aravis ar unaxavs rogor
yalibdeboda dedamiwis wiaRi. eqsperimentebis Catarebac, rogorc wesi,
SeuZlebelia. rogor unda moiqcnen mecnierebi, Tuki monacemTa dacileba Zalian
didia? winaswar aRiarebul “simarTlesTan” miaxloebuli Sedegebi WeSmaritebad
miaCniaT da aqveyneben, romelic Zalian dacilebulia- iSviaTad aqveyneben, xolo
am uzarmazari cdomilebebis mizezebi kvlav daudgeneli rCeba. amis gamo
geoqronologiuri monacemebiT sargeblobisas saWiroa didi sifrTxile. amis
Sesaxeb gvirCevs Tanamedrove avtoritetuli paleontologi s.v.meieni: ”xSirad
garegani skalis saxiT (Sreebis Tanamimdevrobis urTierTdamokidebulebiT)
gamoisaxeba absoluturi drois radiometriuli skala, rasac SeuZlebelia
daveTanxmoT... saqme mdgomareobs ara imdenad absoluturi daTariRebis
teqnikur arasrulyofilebaSi, ramdenadac imaSi, rom monacemebi mxedvelobaSi
miiRebian mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini drois damokidebulebiT
winaaRmdegobaSi ar modian konkretul geologiur sxeulebTan”.
Sreebis Tanamedrove daTariReba upiratesad biologiuria. magaliTad, Tu
geologiur warmonaqmnSi qvanaxSiris tye aRmoCndeba, radiodaTariRebisgan
damoukideblad am warmonaqmns paleozour eras (400 milion wlis win)
miakuTvneben. Tu aRmoCndeba dinozavrTa raime kvali, maSin, rogorc wesi,
daaTariReben mezozouri eriT (200 milioni weli).
ix. naxatebi gv. 220 saxelmZRvanelo namarxebi, amonitebi,
gv. 221 radioaqtiuri daSla
planetis asaki. me-19 saukunemde kreacionisturi Teoriis Tanaxmad
mTeli samyaro iTvleboda eqvs dreSi Seqmnilad, rogorc es wminda werilSi da
wm. mamaTa swavlebebSia mocemuli. SesaZloa Tu ara erTmaneTTan raime
fardobaSi iyos ramdenime aTasi wlis win samyaros Seqmna da radioizotopuri
32

33. daTariRebis monacemebi? es monacemebi amtkiceben, rom dedamiwis asaki
miliardobiT wels moicavs. uranis naxevraddaSlis periodi 4,5 miliardi welia. mas ki
nimuSebSi tyviasTan Tanabar TanafardobaSi naxuloben, rac imas niSnavs, rom
planeta sul cota 2-3 miliardi wlisaa.
klasikur geologiaSi varaudoben, rom odesRac dedamiwa gavarvarebul sferos
warmoadgenda, romlis gacivebis Semdeg mis qerqSi moxda uranis qarsis
kristalizacia. am dros xdeboda sakmaod sufTa nivTierebis miReba, daaxloebiT
ise, rogorc yvelasTvic cnobili NaCl-is kristalizaciisas xdeba:am dros kristalizaciaSi
sxva marilebi monawileobas ar iReben da SedarebiT sufTa NaCl miiReba.
yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, bunebrivad Tvlidnen, rom Tavdapirvelad
dedamiwis qerqis nivTierebebSi urani tyviasTan Sereuli ar unda yofiliyo. magram
Tuki dedamiwa Seqmnilia ramdenime aTsia wlis win da is arasodes
warmoadgenda gavarvarebul sferos, maSin Tavdapirvel radioaqtiur nivTierebaTa
sisufTaveze varaudi gamoiricxeba, e.i. radioaqtiuri meTodebiT SeuZlebelia imis
damtkiceba, rom dedamiwa arsebobs miliardobiT weli.
wiaRSi gaqvavebul neStTa arseboba sruliad ar mowmobs Soreul warsuls:
gaqvaveba sakmaod swrafad mimdinareobs- sul ramdenime aTeuli weliwadi
sakmarisia amisTvis. bunebrivi katasrofebis modelirebisas (vulkanuri
amofrqveva, cxovelTa da mcenareTa organizmebis gruntis siRrmeebSi
Camarxva da sxv.) mecnierebi ramdenime saaTSi iReben torfs, qvanaxSirsa da
navTobs.
zogierTi marTlmadidebeli mecnieri varaudobs, rom samyaro sulac ar aris 7500
wlis, rogorc igi dabadebis wignSia miTiTebuli. realobad miiCneven evolucias,
romelic maTi gagebiT niSnavs “TandaTanobiT, nabij-nabij Semoqmedebas”, xolo
samyaros dReebSi gulisxmoben abstraqtuli drois periodebs. wmida werilis aseTi
gageba ar Seesabameba wmida mamaTa ganmartebebs da vardeba mraval
winaaRmdegobaSi, magaliTad, pirvelqmnil samyaroSi jer kidev adamianis
Seqmnamde sikvdilisa da xrwnis aucilebloba. wmida mamaTa mixedviT, sikvdili
da xrwna mxolod adamis codviT dacemis Semdeg gaCnda. es mecnieruli
mimarTuleba (Teisturi evolucia) 80-ian wlebSi ruseTSi ganviTarda. mecnierTa
nawils saarsebo moTxovnilebad eqca rogorme SeeTavsebina mecniereba
33

34. wmida werilTan. isini xelovnurad ganmartavdnen eqvs dRis Sesaqmes, rogorc
drois grZel periods, dawyebuls “didi afeTqebis” momentidan. isini miuTiTebdnen,
rom evoluciuri Tanmimdevroba kosmosis, dedamiwis warmoSobisa da Semdeg
dedamiwaze mimdinare procesebisa emTxveva eqvs dReSi samyaros Seqmnis
movlenaTa rigs. am wlebis mecnierebi is is iyo iwyebdnen mecnierebisa da
rwmenis urTierTSeTanxmebisaTvis fiqrs da moxarulebi iyvnen, rom SesZles
bibliis teqstis “gamarTleba”, Tundac aseTi gaWirvebiT. es pirveli mniSvnelovani
warmatebebi mecnierebasTan Serigebis saqmeSi miRweul iqna cnobili
mecnierebis naSromebis wyalobiT, eseni arian dekanozi glebi (kaleda),
s.v.meieni, v.i.gomankovi.
ix. naxati gv. 222, 223.
gasuli wlebis manZilze bevri ram Seicvala Cvens qveyanaSi. xelmisawvdomi
gaxda wm.mamaTa Sromebi, romlebic manamde farTo sazogadoebisTvis
dafaruli iyo. gamoCnda axali mecnieruli monacemebi. Tanamedrove mecnierebi
muSaoben mecnierebisa da bibliis urTierTSesabamisobaze. isini Semoqmedebis
eqvs dReSi Cveulebriv 24 saaTian dReebs gulisxmoben, xolo
TviTSemoqmedebad- pirvel RvTiur saswauls, “arafrisgan” samyaros Seqmnas.
isini uaryofen cocxali materiis evoluciur transformacias. mecniereba TandaTan
aRiarebs wm. werilis yoveli sityvis WeSmaritebas. ruseTis mecnierebaTa
akademiis vice-prezidentis v.e.fortovis sityvebiT:”faqtebi, romelic sxvadasxva
samecniero disciplinebSi bolo dros dagrovda, eWvqveS ayenebs warsulis im
Teoriebs, romlebic Seuryeveli gvegona- esenia darvinizmi, dedamiwaze sicocxlis
TviTCasaxvis Teoria, sayovelTaod miRebuli geologiuri epoqebi. paleintologiisa
da anTropologiis ukanaskneli monacemebi amJRavneben gasaocrad bevr
saerTos bibliis ZiriTad sakiTxebTan.,,
$ 49. gardamavali formebis ararseboba
34

35. ras Seicaven geologiuri Sreebi? qanebs, romelic ZiriTadad baqteriebsa da lurjmwvane wyalmcenareebs Seicaven, kembriulamdeli periodis Sreebs
miakuTvneben. am umartivesi organizmebis prokariotul ujredebs ar gaaCndaT
birTvi. sxva yvela organizmi Seicavs birTvs da eukariotebs miekuTvneba. didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi iTvleboda, rom eukariotebi prokariotebisgan warmoiSvnen,
magram bioqimikosebis mier aRmoCenili Zlieri gansxvaveba rnm-is agebulebas
Soris, aCvenebs prokariotuli ujredidan eukariotuli ujredis evoluciis SeuZleblobas.
ix. naxati gv.225.
kanadis kaJbadian qanebSi aRmoCenilia lurj-mwvane wyalmcenareebi da
baqteriebi. es Sre TariRdeba 2 miliardi wliT. afrikis fiqalebSi (transvaali da
svazilendi napovnia Cxiresebri baqteriebi da lurj-mwvane wyalmcenareebi.. maT
3 miliardi wliT aTariReben. yvelaze mniSvnelovania avstraliaSi ediakaris
midamoebSi aRmoCenili meduzebi- nawlavRruianebi, mimagrebuli cxovrebis
niriT (marjnebis uConCxo naTesavi). isini rRaciT gvanan umartives
fexsaxsrianebsac, brtyel Wiebsac da moluskebsac. edikariuli fauna, romlis
msgavsic Semdeg planetis sxvadasxva adgilebSic aRmoCnda da TariRdeba 1,5
miliardi wliT, SeuZlebelia davukavSiroT CvenTvis dReisaTvis cnobil cocxal
formebs. am organizmebis ganmasxvavebel niSnad iTvleba mineraluri ConCxis
saerTod ararseboba. mecnierebi fiqroben, rom es arsebebi ar SeiZleba
yofiliyvnen ufro gvian ganviTarebuli saxeobebis winaparni.
mTel dedamiwaze kembriul SreSi cocxali organizmebi gaqvavebuli saxiT
araCveubrivi simravliT aRmoCnda. es aris e.w. “kembriuli afeTqeba”. am
organizmebs miekuTvnebian Rrubelebi, meduzebi, moluskebi da sxvadasxva
kibosnairebi. arian ki isini iseTi primitiulebi, rogorc SeiZleba erTi SexedviT
mogveCvenos? kibosnairebidan ufro metad gavrcelebul trilobitebs Tvalis
usrulyofilesi konstruqcia hqondaT. Tvalebi specialur RerZze iweodnen da
garSemo yvelafers erTdroulad xedavdnen. TiToeul Tvals gaaCnda orientirebuli
kalcitisgan Camoyalibebuli ormagi broli, romelic saSualebas iZleoda aberaciis
Tavidan asacileblad.
trilobitebis Tvalis srulyofili agebuleba yovelTvis mecnierTa gaocebas iwvevda
35

36. mkvlevarTa azriT, baduris Tundac erTi ujredis qimiuri Sedgeniloba, sakmarisia,
raTa uarvyoT darvinis Teoria. rogor moxda, rom aseTi srulyofilebi iyvnen pirveli
cocxali organizmebi.
ix. naxati gv. 226.
kembriuli organizmebi imdenad rTulia, rom evolucionistTa azriT, maT
warmoSobas aseuli milioni weli unda dasWireboda. SesaZlebeli iyo isini
erTmaneTisgan warmoSobiliyvnen? gansxvavebuli tipebi- Rrubelebi,
nawlavRruianebi, fexsaxsrianebi, moluskebi, kaneklianebi erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdebian da TavianTi niSan-TvisebebiT mkveTrad SemosazRvrulni arian.
maT Soris damakavSirebuli rgolebi arsad ar sCans, ar arsebobs. namarxi
uxerxemloebis arcerTi klasi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli ar aris gardamavali
Sualeduri formebiT. am saintereso faqtis Sesaxeb werdnen iseTi cnobili
mecnierebi, rogorebic arian J.kiure, v.a.dogeli, v.n.beklemiSevi. evoluciuri Teoriis
mixedviT, kembriuli organizmebis winaparTa formebi unda gaCeniliyo da
daxociliyo milardobiT, magram arcerTi maTgani paleontologiur koleqciaSi ar aris.
J.kiue da misi mimdevrebi samarTlianad ukavSirebdnen “kembriul afeTqebas”
samyaros Seqmnis udides movlenas.
Semdeg ordovikiul SreSi isev gardamavali rgolebis gareSe vxvdebiT didi
raodenobis Tevzisnairebs. uxerxemloebidan Tevzis warmoSobas unda
mohyoloda agebulebaSi mTeli rigi cvlilebebi. elementaruli aRnagobis plastiuri
arseba (Wia an meduza) an rbili tanis da mkvrivi niJaris mqone (miluski)
organizmi gadaiqca layuCebian myari ConCxis mqone Tevzad. rogorc
evolucionistebi varaudoben, am process 10 milionze meti weli unda moecva,
unda warmoSobiliyo miliardobiT gardamavali forma, romelTagan erTic ki ar aris
napovni. “me unda vTqva, rom CemTvis cnobili Tevzebi warmoiSvnen savsebiT
gansakuTrebulad da arafrisgan”,-wers avtoritetuli ixtiologi e.uaiti.
ix. naxati gv. 227.
Semdeg SreSi aseve Sualeduri rgolebis gareSe erTdroulad warmoiSva yvela
amfibia-wyalxmeleTa organizmebi. yvela kontinentze aTasobiT Tevzebis,
amfibiebisa da reptiliebis namarxi gansazRvruli gvarebia napovni. SesaZloa am
36

37. namarxebis safuZvelze avagoT evoluciuri jaWvebi? Sualeduri formebi Tevzis
farflsa da oTxfexa cxovelis kidurs Soris ar aris cnobili. yvela namarxi organizmi
calsaxad an Tevzia an amfibia.
“didi xnis win gadaSenebuli” mtevanfarfliani Tevzi_ celakanti sxva devonur
mtevanfarflianebTan erTad iTvleba gardamaval formad Tevzebsa da amfibiebs
Soris. amtkicebdnen, rom am arsebebs uxdebodaT TavianT farflebze dayrdnobiT
erTi wyalsatevidan meoreSi gadaadgileba. amitom TandaTan gadaewyvnen da
Seeguen xmeleTze cxovrebis nirs. 1938 wels moxerxda celakantis cocxlad
daWera da misi kvlevis Semdeg darwmundnen, rom is mxolod da mxolod Tevzia
da Tanac sulac ar cdilobs xmeleTze cxovrebas. igi Seguebulia gansakuTrebiT
didi siRrmeebSi arsebobas. navaraudevi filtvebi mas ar aRmoaCnda, arc sxva
romelime niSani, romelic mas Tevzebisgan ganasxvavebda.
momdevno triasul SreSi analogiurad uceb Cndebian qvewarmavlebi, romlebic
qviriTs ki ar yrian, aramed myar naWuWian kvercxebs deben. arc erTi
gardamavali forma reptilebis winaprisa cnobili ar aris.
frinvelebi. isini geologiur SreSi uecrad Cndebian, gardamavalii rgolebis
gareSe. arcerTi cxoveli naxevrad frTebiT da naxevrad TaTebiT, an naxevrad
bumbuliT da naxevrad qercliT ar aris napovni. dawvrilebiTma gamokvlevebma
aCvena, rom struqturebi, romlebic adre dinozavrebis “frTebad” iTvleboda,
kologenuri boWkoebi aRmoCnda. es boWkoebi, magaliTad, zRvis gvelebs,
ganlagebuli aqvT uSualod kanqveS. “analizs ar eqvemdebareba, Tu rogor
moxda reptilebis qerclisgan bumbulis warmoSoba”,- axdens faqtis konstantacias
am dargis cnobili specialisti r.keroli.
frinvelTa maxasiaTebel niSnad iTvleba sahaero parkebis arseboba, romelic
mas frenis dros sunTqvaSi exmareba. am organos Seswavlam patara zomis
dinozavr teropodebSi, frinvelis savaraudo “evoluciur winaparSi”, aCvena misi
principuli gansxvaveba frinvelTa filtvebTan da sahaero parkebTan.
paleontologiuri faqtebiT ar dasturdeba arc ZuZumwovarTa warmoSoba
reptiliebisgan. Tanamedrove mecnierebisTvis ZuZumZovara winapari cxovelebi
ucnobia. pirveli ZuZumwovris gamoCena mecnierTaTvis amouxsnel amocanad
37

38. rCeba.
iqneb Sualeduri formebi sxva cxovelebisgan ganadgurdnen? magram ratom ar
ganadgurdnen formirebuli sxva saxeobebi? britaneTis arqeologiis institutis
mecnieri f.hitCingi wers:”sainteresia, rom mudmivi xarvezebia
gaqvavebulobebSi, yvela mniSvnelovan adgilze, sadac aucilebelia am
gaqvavebul formaTa arseboba, isini ar arseboben”. Tu msgavs saxeobebSi
sazRvrebi Znelad gasarCevia, zesaxeobriv taqsonebSi sazRvrebi mkveTrad aris
aRniSnuli xarvezebiT.
Sualeduri rgolebis aRmouCenloba xom ar miewereba paleontologiuri masalis
simwires? ara, gaqvavebulobis didi siWarbe da maTi dawvrilebiTi kvlevaSeswavla iTvleboda miliardobiT wliani istoriis mtkicebulebad. Aai, ras ambobs
amis Sesaxeb mecnieri l.sanderlendi:”yvela kontinentis da okeaneebis fskeris
120-wlianma farTo da gulmodgine geologiurma kvlevebma suraTi Seudareblad
naTeli da sruli gaxada 1859 welTan SedarebiT (rac aris darvinis “saxeobaTa
warmoSobis” gamoqveynebis TariRi). aRmoCnda formaciebi, romelic aseulobiT
miliard gaqvavebulobebs Seicavs, muzeumebSi inaxeba 250 aTasi sxvadasxva
saxeobis as milionamde gaqvavebuloba”. kvlevis Sedegebma aCvena
saxeobebs Soris farTo da mkveTri Cavardnebi, romelic maT Seqmnaze da
araTavisTavad warmoSobaze miuTiTebs,,.
ueWvelia, Tu evolucia realuri iqneboda, Cven unda gvepovna milionobiT
gaqvavebuloba, romelic gviCvenebda sicocxlis erTi forma rogor gadadioda
meoreSi. namarxi neStebis uzarmazar raodenobaSi ar gvxvdeba arc erTi
savaraudo gardamavali forma. kvlevebi imdenad gulmodgine da xangrZlivi iyo,
Tuki Sualeduri formebi odesme arsebobdnen, SeuZlebelia, igi ver aRmoeCinaT.
harvardis universitetis geologiisa da paleontologiis profesoris s.guldas
mtkicebulebiT, saxeobaTa didi nawili gaqvavebulobebSi Cndeba “savsebiT
formirebuli” da aseve “amTavreben TavianT istorias”.
mcenareTa mravalferovani samyaroc ver moeqca evoluciis kalapotSi.
magaliTad, yvavilovani mcenareebi gaqvavebulobebSi ucbad Cndebian didi
raodenobiT da Tanac mTlianad formirebulebi. es SeuZlebelia aixsnas evoluciuri
paleontologiis poziciebidan. mecnierebi mividnen daskvnamde, rom mcenareTa
38

39. namarxi formebi cxadi mtkicebulebaa samyaros Seqmnisa da ara TavisTavad
mimdinare evoluciisa.
& 50. mcdari Sualeduri formebi.
amoucnobi arqeopterifsi (namarxi frinveli daaxloebiT mtredis zomis) didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi iTvleboda gardamaval formad mfrinav xvlikebsa da frinvelebs
Soris. mas frTebze brWyalebi gaaCnda, magram aseTi brWyalebi Tanamedrove
frinvelebs- goacins da turakosac gaaCniaT. es brWyalebi maT tropikul tyeebSi
aucileblad sWirdebaT, sadac mcenareuli safari imdenad xSiria, rom Wirs xeze
afrena, xolo acoceba ufro advilia. es brWyalebi maT bartyebsac sWirdebaT,
sanam frenas iswavlian. avtoritetuli mecnieris a.feduCis mtkicebiT, frinvelTa
TiTebi veranairad ver ganviTardeboda dinozavrebis TiTebidan. arqeopteriqsis
kbilebis arseboba aranairad ar ukavSirdeba xvlikebidan mis warmoSobas. kbilebi
gaaCndaT gadaSenebul uamrav srulyofil frinvels, xolo zogierT Tanamedrove
reptilias kbilebi sulac ara aqvs. arqeopteriqsis kbilebs iseve, rogorc sxva namarx
frinvelebisas, gaaCniaT gansakuTrebuli agebuleba da sulac ar hgvanan
nebismieri cnobili dinozavris kbilebs.
ix. naxati gv. 229.
arqeopteriqss bumbulic da frTebic srulyofilad hqonda formirebuli. mis tvins
gaaCnda mxedvelobiTi qerqi da ganviTarebuli naTxemi iseve, rogorc
Tanamedrove frinvelebs. fexebis TiTebi sxvadasxva mxares hqonda gafarCxuli,
xolo TviTon fexebi moxrili, "muxlebiT” ukan (iseve, rogorc Cveulebriv frinvelebs),
raTa totebze moxerxebulad msxdariyvnen. mis ConCxSi aris frinvelebisTvis
damaxasiaTebli orTiTura Zvali, oRond ar aris kilebi, Tumca es mraval
Tanamedrove frinvelsac ara aqvs, magaliTad, siraqlemas. qariSxalas
umravlesobasac kili Zalian sustad aqvs ganviTarebuli. arqeopteriqss praqtikulad
frinvelTa yvela niSan-Tviseba gaaCndaT. a.fduCis azriT, bumbulian dinozavrs,
rogorc arqeopteriqss xataven xolme, es frinveli sulac ar hgavda.
39

40. mfrinav dinozavrs- pterodaqtils frTebis magivroba skidurebze gadaWimuli kani
uwevda, xolo arqeopteriqss Camoyalibebuli bimbuliani frinvelis frTebi gaaCnda.
gardamavali forma maT Soris ar arsebobs. pterodaqtilisgan pirdapir
arqeopteriqsis warmoSoba iseve warmoudgenelia, rogorc Ramurisgan mtredisa.
Tumca arqeoperiqss namdvilad gaaCnda Tanamedrove frinvelebisgan
gansxvavebiT kbilebi da kudi xerxemlis malebiT, magram s.guldas da n.eldrijis
azriT, is ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos. gardamaval formad, aramed mxolod “, ucnaur
mozaikad”.
ix. naxati gv. 230.
aRmoCenilia frinvelTa kidev ufro uZvelesi winaprebi ( protoavis). aRiarebuli
geoqronologiuri skalis mixedviT, isini arqeopteriqsebze 75 milioni wliT adre
cxovrobdnen. damatebiT maT hqondaT msubuqi Rruiani Zvlebi. es frinvelebi 225
milioni wlis win warmoiSvnen aRiarebuli skalis mixedviT, anu im pirvel
dinozavrebTan erTad, romlebsac gaumarTleblad Tvlian frinvelTa winaprebad.
bunebaSi arseboben saocari cxovelebi, garegnulad TiTqos da msgavsni
Sualeduri formebisa, magaliTad ixvniskarta. mas gaaCnia ixvis niskartis msgavsi
xaxa da apkiani TaTebi. is balaxebisgan wnavs budes da kvercxebze zis iseve,
rogorc frinveli. niSnavs Tu ara es, rom ixvniskarta frinvelebisgan ganviTarda?
amave dros aqvs namdvili bewvis safarveli, kudi Taxvis msgavsi, xolo naSiers
kvebavs rZiT, rogorc Cveulebrivi ZuZumwovara. an iqneb ZuZumwovrebidan
ganviTarda? magram frinvelebsa da ZuZumwovrebs Soris ar unda iyos Sualeduri
rgoli. rogorc iTvleba frinvelebi warmoiSvnen reptiliebisgan. bumbuli ganviTaada
qvewarmavalTa qerclisgan.
ix. naxati gv. 231.
mxeckbila xvliki, romelic iTvleba gardamaval rgolad qvewarmavlebsa da
ZuZumwovrebs Soris, 100 procentiani qvewarmavalia. mas mxolod da mxolod
sxvadasxva zomisa da daniSnulebis kbilebi gaaCnia iseve, rogorc es
ZuZumwovrebs aqvT. zogierT gadaSenebul mxeckbila reptiliebs ( probainognathus)
gaaCndaT gasaocari saimedoobis ybebi-TiToeul mxares ormagi ybis saxsriT,
40

41. erTi saxsari Senawevrebuli ZuZumwovarTa saxsris msgavsad, xolo meore ki
reptilebis msgavsad. Tumca es aranairad ar aris Sualeduri agebuleba. es
konstruqcia srulebiT ar uCvenebs erTis meoresgan evoluciur ganviTarebas.
aRwerili cxovelebi gasaocrad moicaven sakuTar TavSi sxvadasxva saxeobis
cxovelTa nawilebs, rogorc mozaikis Tavisebur fragmnetebs, magram aseT
fragmentebs (arqeopteriqsis frTebs, ixvniskartas ixvis cxvirsa da bewvis
safarvels, mxeckbila xvlikis kbilebs da ybebis saxsrebs da sxv.) gaaCniaT
savsebiT dasrulebuli formebi da ara Sualeduri. am iSviaT cxovelTa sxeulis
nawilebis agebulebaSi aseTi uzarmazari naxtomebis arseboba iseve Zneli
asaxsnelia evoluciiT, rogorc saxeobebis warmoqmna erTmaneTisgan.
doqtorma k.patersonma, britaneTis sabunebismetyvelo istoriis muzeumis
mTavarma paleontologma, dawera sqeltaniani wigni evoluciis Sesaxeb,
kiTxvaze, Tu ratom ar Seitana wignSi gardamaval formaTa naxatebi, man
gulaxdilad aRiara, “rom vicode Tundac erTi maTgani cocxali an gaqvavebuli,
mas am wignSi aucileblad Sevitandi”. paleontologebis aswlovani Ziebis sruli
warumatebloba aSkarad aCvenebs, room bunebaSi gardamavali formebi arc
arasodes arsebobda. Sualeduri rgolebis araarseboba darvinsac awuxebda,
magram igi imedovnebda, rom aseTi rgolebi momavalSi aucileblad
aRmoCndeboda, Tumca es ase ar moxda.
ganvixiloT evoluciuri Teoriis arc ise Soreuli siamaye_ “cxenebis seria”. es
SedarebiTi-morfologiuri rigi sakmaod damajereblad gamoiyureba. TiTqos ase
Tanmimdevrulad, nabij-nabij yalibdeboda Tanamedrove cxeni. sakmaod aSkaraa
Cliqis evoluciuri ganviTareba. da ra? detalurma gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom
Tanamedrove cxenis “genealogia”, romlis wardgenac ase uyvars mraval
muzeums, Sedgenilia iseTi cxovelebis neStebisgan, romlebic sxvadasxva
periodSi ki ar cxovrobdnen, aramed erTdoulad.
namarxi cxenebi aRmoaCines planetis sxvadasxva nawilSi da araferi ar
amtkicebs maT garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT gamoCenas dedamiwaze. im
SreebSi, sadac napovnia hirakoteria, aRmoCenilia Tanamedrove cxenic. am
cxovelebis umravlesoba ubralod gadaSendnen, xolo “cxenebis seria” agebulia
xelovnurad da ar arsebobs araviTari damamtkicebeli sabuTi imisa, rom es
41

42. cxovelebi erTmaneTs cvlidnen zustad aseTi TanmimdevrobiT. sul ufro meti
mkvlevari aRiarebs, rom cxenebis “genealogiis” arsebiTi nawili Sedgeba iseTi
cxovelebisgan, romlebsac erTmaneTTan araviTari naTesauri kavSiri ar
gaaCndaT. magaliTad, pirvel “cxens” miakuTvneben maCvebs.
evoluciis Teoriis Semowmeba da damtkiceba mxolod paleontologias SeuZlia.
mxolod mas ZaluZs bolo sityva Tqvas evoluciiis msvlelobasa da mis
utyuarobaze. gardamavali formebi ar arsebobs. ruseTis mecnierebaTa
akademiis wevr-korespondenti, genetikosi l.i. koroCkini miuTiTebs, rom
“evoluciuri movlenebi...formulirdeba rogorc spekulaciuri koncefcia, romelic
eqsperimentul Semowmebas ar eqvemdebareba”. evoluciis uzarmazari Senoba
haerSi gamokidebuli aRmoCnda.
Tavgamodebuli evolucionisti s. guldic ki iZulebuli gaxda eRiarebina, rom
“msxvil gadasvlebSi gardamavali etapebis gaqvavebuli mtkicebulebebi ar
arsebobs... evoluciuri Teoriis didi da gamaRizianebeli probleba yovelTvis iyo
Cveni uunaroba, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi, Tundac sakuTar warmodgenebSi, ver
SevqmeniT funqciuri Sualeduri formebi”.
ix. naxati gv. 232.
& 51. uZvelesi flora da fauna.
umdidres tropikur florasa da faunas dedamiwis yvela nawilSi pouloben, maT
Soris, polusebzec ki, rac warsulSi gansakuTrebuli Tbili klimatis arsebobaze
miiuTiTebs. uZveles gaqvavebul xeebze praqtikulad ar SeimCneva wliuri rgolebi,
anu zamTari zafxulisgan praqtikulad ar ganirCeva. zogierTi cxoveli da mcenare
aRwevda uzarmazar zomebs da didxans cocxlobda, maT Soris gvxvdeba
Tanamedrove formebic. sxvadasxva klasebis gadaSenebul saxeobaTa
raodenoba 1-4-jer aRemateba Tanamedroveebs. ZuZumwovarTa klasi iyofa 20
Tanamedrove da 17 gadaSenebul rigad, xolo klass reptiliebSi namarxi rigebi 3,5-
42

43. jer aRemateba Tanamedroveebs.
mecnieruli monacemebis Tanaxmad, atmosferoSi naxSirorJangis raodenoba 510-jer aRemateboda axlandels (0,03 %). naxSirorJangs gaaCnia saTburis efeqti.
is gamWvirvalea speqtris sxivuri nawilisTvis da atarebs mzis sinaTles dedamiwis
zedapirisken, intensiurad STanTqavs siTbur gamosxivebas da ise inarCunebs
siTbos, rogorc erTgvari qurqi. mecnierTa gamoTvliT, naxSirorJangis raodenobis
atmosferoSi 10-jer gazrda gamoiwvevs saSualo wliuri temperatures 6-8 gradusiT
gazrdas ekvatorTan, xolo polusebze saSualo temperatura dadebiTi gaxdeba.
ratom ase araTanabrad? ekvatoruli atmosfero gajerebulia wylis orTqliT, xolo
polaruli wyals TiTqmis ar Seicavs. CrdiloeTSi saSualo temperaturis aweva
gamoiwvevs atmosferoSi wylis orTqlis mkveTr momatebas. wylis orqlsac aseve
Zlieri Tboefeqti gaaCnia.
Tanamedrove polarul atmosferoSi wylis orTqli TiTqmis ar aris, is imdenad
gamWvirvalea yovel wams polusis zedapirze 3-jer meti mzis sinaTle aRwevs,
vidre ekvatorze. mTeli es gamosxiveba haeris gamWvirvalobis da troposferos
mcire sisqis gamo (8-10 km, xolo ekvatorTan 16-18 km) kosmosSi brundeba da
ifanteba. rogorc gamokvlevebma aCvena, antarqtidas gaaCnia siTbos wliuri
uaryofiTo balansi, igi msoflio sivrceSi imaze met siTbos asxivebs, vidre TviTon
mzisgan iRebs., anu is asxivebs im siTbosac, romelic Tbil qarebs aq moaqvs.
mzis sxivebi airekleba Tovlze an curdeba polusis zedapiris gaswvriv da gadis
kosmosSi. Zvel atmosferoSi mze haers kargas aTbobda. siTbo STainTqmeboda
polareTis zedapiris gaswvriv wylis orTqlis sqeli feniT.
dRevandel pirobebSi mzis sxivebis 30%irekleba da brundeba kosmosSi, 20%
STainTqmeba atmosferos mier, xolo 50%niadagisa da okeanis mier. klimatis
ucvlelobis SemTxvevaSi mzisgan miRebuli energia msoflio sivrceSi
gamosxivdeba siTbur diapazonSi. warsulSi ki Sekavebuli siTbo dedamiwas
unarCunebda Tbil klimats ekvatoridan polusebamde. dedamiwa mogvagonebda
did saTburs. rogorc dabadebis wignidan cnobilia, adamianebi 800-900 wels
cocxlobdnen. im dros mravali arseba iyo Zlieri da ueWvelia, rom gaaCndaT
sicocxlis didi xangrZlivoba. dinozavrebi aRwevdnen uzarmazar zomebs, radgan
qvewarmavlebs axasiaTebT zrda mTeli cxovrebis manZilze, umdidresi
43

44. mcenareuloba uxvad uzrunvelyofda cxovelebs sakvebiT.
uZvelesi adamianebis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba grafikulad rom gamovsaxoT,
cxadad davinaxavT, Tu rogor swrafad Semcirda igi warRvnis Semdeg. rasTan
iyo es dakavSirebuli?
ix. grafiki gv. 235.
SesaZloa Zvel atmosferoSi wylis molekulebisgan mzis gamosxivebiT xdeboda
damatebiTi ozonis Sris warmoqmna. aseTi ormagi ekrani wylis orTqlisa da
ozonisa saimedod akavebda mavne kosmosur gamosxivebas, romelic
mutaciebs da sicocxlis xangrZlivobis Semcirebas iwvevs. SesaZloa Tu ara, rom
mxolod mavne gamosxivebis ararsebobas da xelsayrel klimats uzrunveleyo
sicocxlis aseTi xangrZlivoba warRvnamdel msoflioSi? mecnierebi fiqroben, rom
es nakleb sarwmunooa. am movlebis raime bunebrivi pirobebiT axsna
SeuZlebelia. kiTxvaze pasuxi dRes mxolod saRvTismetyvelo memkvidreobaSi
SeiZleba vipovoT. “mas Semdeg, rac Cven miviwevT codnis mwvervalidan
mwvervalisken, uecrad aRmovaCineT, rom TviToeuli maTgani ukve didi xania
dapyrobili aqvs RvTismetyvelebas”,-werda eleqtronis aRmomCeni jon tomsoni.
codvis dacemis Semdgom adamianisTvis aucilebeli gaxda sikvdilis siaxlovis
SegrZneba, raTa ganiwmindos man Tavisi cxovreba. sikvdilis siaxlove afxizlebs
adamians, exmareba mas gaxdes ukeTesi. es sakuTrai gamocdilebiT bevrisTvis
ukve cnobilia.
Tuki Cven, Tanamedove adamianebs, sul ramdenime aTeuli weli da mravali
avadmyofoba gvaqvs TadarigSi da mainc viviwyebT maradiul cxovrebas,
warmoidgineT, ramdenad udardelad da qarafSutulad vicxovrebdiT, rom
gagvaCndes Zlieri janmrTeloba da aTaswlovani sicocxle da miT ufro, Tuki
ukvdavebi viqnebodiT. Cveni sxeulis droebiTi sikvdili erTgvari zRudea
codvisaTvis, sulis erTgvari acraa samudamo sikvdilisgan dasacavad.
“keTilganzraxviTaa dadgenili sikvdili”,- werda ioane oqropiri. Sescoda pirvelma
adamianma da gaxda mokvdavi. gamravlda codva warRvnamdel adamianebSi
da Semoqmedma sicocxlis xangrZlivoba warRvnis Semdeg 10-jer Seamcira,
xolo cxovelTa sicocxle dakavSirebuli da damokidebulia TviT Semoqmedebis
44

45. gvirgvinis- adamianis cxovrebaze. Sescoda adamma da yvela qmnileba
mokvdavi da xrwnadi gaxda. Caeflo codvebSi warRvnamdeli kacobrioba da
Semcirda sicocxlis xangrZlivoba da fizikuri siZliere rogorc adamianisa, ise sxva
organizmebisa. sicocxlis xangrZlivobis Semcirebis biologiuri meqanizmebi metad
gansxvavebulia.
ratom gansxvavdeba ase saocrad Tanamedrove planeta warRvnamdelisgan?
ratomaa rom danaleq qanebSi, kembriulidan kainozouramde katastrofuli modelis
mixedviT warRvnamde formirebuli organizmebi ase Zlier gansxvavdebian
Tanamedrove organizmebisagan?
Semoqmedis nebiT gaCnda es samyaro, misive nebiT gaCnda adami, misive
nebiT warRvnam gaanadgura uZvelesi msoflio. ra Tqma unda, misive gegmis
mixedviT planetis saxe, flora da fauna, Seicvala. SesaZloa am cvlilebaTa zogi
mizezi SemdegSi mdgomareobs:warRvnam da misma Tanamdevma
xangrZlivma wvimebma atmosferodan Camorecxes naxSirorJangi, rasac
Sesabamisad mohyva saTburis efeqtis da saSualo temperaturis Semcireba,
gansakuTrebiT polusebTan. saerTod, planetis klimatis Secvlam gamoiwvia sxva
globaluri katastrofebi. Seicvala klimati, Seicvala niadagi da Sesabamisad
cxovelTa da mcenareTa samyaro.
Tavi 12.
sicocxlis warmoSoba dedamiwaze.
sicocxlis warmoSobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mecnierTa mosazreba orad
gaiyo. erTni amtkicebdnen, rom cocxalni mxolod cocxlisgan warmoiSoba
biogenezis saSualebiT, xolo meoreni SesaZleblad miiCneven abiogenezscocxalis warmoSobas aracocxalisgan. pirvelni aRiareben Semoqmeds, xolo
meoreni materias ganixilaven, rogorc TavisTavad myofs da damoukidebels. aris
gamonaklisebic. biogenezis momxre akademikosi vernadski rCeboda
45

46. materialistad da amtkicebda, rom “sicocxle mudmivia iseve, rogorc mudmivia
kosmosi”, xolo germaneli maTematikosi leibnici varaudobda, rom aracocxali
materia RvTiuri sulis moqmedebis Sedegad cocxlad nel-nela, TandaTan
formirdeba.
me-19 saukuneSi cnobilma frangma mecnierma lui pasterma eqsperimentulad
daadgina TviTCasaxvis anu cocxali organiozmebis TavisTavad warmoSobis
SeuZlebloba, Tundac gansakuTrebul sakveb xsnarSi, Tuki es xsnari kargad
naduRebia da Semdeg daculia mikrobebis SeWrisgan. am eqsperimentisTvis
man safrangeTis mecnierebaTa akademiis specialuri premiac miiRo. lui pasteri
iTvleba mikrobiologiisa da imunologiis fuZemdeblad, manve aRmoaCina
anaerobuli baqteriebi da baqteriuli duRilis mizezebi. igi sicocxlis TviTCasaxvis
ideis Sesaxeb ambobda:”STamomavlebi erT mSvenier dRes gulianad icineben
Cveni Tanamedrove materialisti mecnierebis sisuleleebze”.
gacilebiT gvian rusma akademikosma a.i.oparinma SemogvTavaza hipoTeza,
romlis Tanaxmadac sicocxle dedamiwaze SesaZloa warmoiSva ara uceb,
mikroorganizmebis saxiT, aramed maT win uZRoda organuli naerTebis
abiogenuri warmoqmna. 1955 wels amerikelma mkvlevarma s.milerma moaxdina
pirvelyofili planetis savaraudo mkacri pirobebis imitireba:eleqtrul ganmuxtvebs 60
kilovoltamde-mde sididiT uSvebda narevSi, romelic Seicavda meTans, amiaks,
wyalbads, wylis orTqls. temperatura 80 graduss celsiusiT aRwevda, xolo wneva
ramdenime paskali iyo. milerma miaRwia, rom am gziT mieRo ZmarmJava,
WianWvelamJava, anu umartivesi cxomovani mJavebi da mcire raodenobiT
ramdenime aminomJava. es cdebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos Tanamedrove molekuluri
evoluciis Teoriis pirvel nabijebad.
& 52. abiogenezi da Termodinamikis kanonebi
evoluciuri Teoriis CarCoebSi dRemde ver moxerxda pasuxis gacema mTavar
kiTxvaze, saidan gaCndnen pirveli organizmebi? Tuki erTi organizmidan meoris
46

47. ganviTareba rogorRac warmosadgenia, TavisTavadi Casaxva cocxali
organizmisa Znelad asaxsneli da gaugebaria. SesaZloa aracocalma materiam
warmoSvas sicocxle? savsebiT cxadia, rom es kiTxva yovelTvis eWvs iwvevda.
kvanturi Teoriis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, cnobili mecnieri heizenbergi qebiT
ixseniebs Tavis kolega, aseve genialur mecniers paulis. is wers:”pauli
skeptikurad udgeba Tanamedrove biologiaSi gavrcelebul darvinistul
Sexedulebebs, romlis Tanaxmadac saxeobaTa ganviTareba dedamiwaze
SesaZlo yofila mxolod mutaciebis wyalobiT da fizikur-qimiuri kanonebis
zemoqmedebis Sedegad”. mivubrundeT mecnierul faqtebs da ganvixiloT
navaraudevi abiogenezis dasawyisi.
molekuluri evoluciis Teoriis Tanaxmad, pirvelad okeaneSi an xmeleTis tenian
adgilebSi SemTxveviT warmoiqmna aminomJavaTa molekulebi, Semdeg es
molekulebi Sejgufdnen, Sesqeldnen da warmoqmnes e.w.koacervatebi. ai aq
daiwyo cilebis Camoyalibeba. rogorc viciT, aminomJavaTa SemTxveviTi
nakrebidan konkretuli cilis molekulis warmoqmnis albaToba sul raRac 10
xarisxad -325-is tolia. saWiroa aRvniSnoT, rom bunebaSi arsebobs ara marto
sicocxlisaTvis aucilebeli 20 aminomJava, aramed sxva daaxloebiT 300. maT
umravlesobas sicocxlisaTvis aranairi mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia. garda amisa,
rogorc eqsperimentebma aCvena, aminomJavebi erTmaneTs ufro Znelad
uerTdebian, vidre im nivTierebaTa molekulebs, romlebic igulisxmeba, rom unda
yofiliyo pirvelyofil “bulionSi”. am gziT kidevac rom momxdariyo cilis warmoqmna,
is biologiurad araaqtiuri iqneboda. saqme imaSia, rom biologiurad aqtiuri cilebi
Seicaven mxolod marcxniv mbrunav aminomJavebs, xolo qimiuri kanonebiT
SesaZloa narevis miReba, romelic marcxnidan marjvniv mbrunav
amoinomJavebs erTnairi SemTxveviTi proporciebiT Seicaven. amis gamo ar
SeiZleba marcxniv mbrunavi amonomJavebi TavisTavad gamocalkevdnen
marjvniv mbrunavebisgan da Camoayalibon cila, anu Sesabamisad sicocxle
TavisTavad ver warmoiSveboda.
molekulebis TvigarTulebis procesi SeuZlebelia sxva mizezTa gamoc.
gavixsenoT Termodinamikis meore sawyisi. erT-erTi misi formulireba
47

48. gvamcnobs:TavisTavad warmodgenili yoveli molekuluri sistema miiswrafvis
udidesi qaosisken, misi enTropia (qaosis xaerisxis maxasiaTebeli sidide) izrdeba.
amis gamo, magaliTad, siTbo TavisTavad ar gadaecema naklebad gamTbari
sxeulidan ufro gamTbars.
molekulebis TviTgarTulebis procesi, anu mowesrigebulobis TviTformireba
ewinaaRmdegeba Termodinamikis meore sawyiss, radgan am process Tan unda
axldes enTropiis Semcireba.
mowesrigebulobis gamovlinebas Cven vxvdebiT bunebaSi, magram es sulac
ar aris TviTmowesrigeba! wyali grovdeba dabal adgilebSi, warmoqmnis
guburebs, xolo gayinvisas simetriul fifqebs; bevr nivTierebas gaaCnia kristalebis
warmoqmnis Tviseba. es mdomareoba ubralod potenciuri energiis minimums
pasuxobs da Tan axlavs siTbos gamoyofa, anu enTropia izrdeba.
naklebi enTropiiT ufro mowesrigebul mdgomareobaSi gadasvla SesaZlebelia
mxolod zogierT gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad, Ria sistemebSi
arawonasworul Seuqcevad procesebSi (arawonasworuli Termodinamikuri
struqturebis TviTorganizaciis Teoriis fuZemdbelia i.prigoJini). magram ar
arsebobs aranairi mizezi, raTa navaraudevi procesi-- cilebis an dnm-s
warmoqmna CavTvaloT arawonasworulad an Seuqcevadad. katalizatorebis
msgavsi nakrebi, romlebic monawileoben cilebis sinTezSi, ra Tqma unda,
SeuZlebelia yofiliyo pirvelyofil okeaneSi. ar iqneboda arc Sualeduri molekulebis
warmoqmnis SemTxveviTi procesebis gamaZlierebeli dadebiTi Seqcevadi
kavSirebi, xolo am Sualeduri molekulebis daSlis intensivoba gaZlierdeboda
ultraiisferi gamosxivebis gavleniT, hidroliziT da iq arsebuli sxvadasxva qimiuri
nivTierebebiT. cocxal organizmebSi enzimebi (cilebi) uzrunvelyofen sinTezis
mimdinareobis siCqares. es siCqare asjer aRemateba tyviamfrqvevis srolis
siswrafes. sxvagvarad arc SeiZleba:Sualeduri molekulebi metad aramdgradi
arian da iSlebian, mTeli amwyobi brigadebi (molekulaTa jgufebi) wamSi
aseulobiT icvlebian.
TviTsinTezi TiToeul momentSi fluqtuaciis saSualebiT (saWiro molekulebis
SemTxveviTi warmoqmna) wavidoda pirdapiri gziT, ufro swrafad Seqcevadi
48

49. gziTac, an es procesi iqneboda wonasworuli da Seqcevadi. giganturi fluqtuaciis
albaToba, romelic uzrunvelyofda cilis warmoqmnas bolomde, umniSvnelod
mcirea. cilebis molekulebis TviTwarmoqmnis hipoeza ewinaaRmdegeba
Termodinamikis ZiriTad kanonebs. prigoJini da misi kolegebi verc ki
miuaxlovdnen im mtkicebulebebs, rom molekulis TviTwarmoqmnisaTvis
aucilebeli informaciis uzarmazari raodenoba SesaZloa dagroviliyo binebrivi gziT,
enTropiis kanonis sawinaaRmdegod. prigoJin-arnold-hakenis TviTorganizaciis
Teoria gvTavazobs mxolod da mxolod zogierT Teoriul gansjasa da analogiebs,
romlebic Zalian Sors arian qaosidan sicocxlis warmoSobis mtkicebulebebidan.
amas TviT prigoJinic aRiarebda. TviTorganizaciis Teoria ver xsnis sicocxlis
warmoSobas, anu cilis molekulebis warmoqmnas. is mxolod da mxolod
komentars akeTebs mowesrigebulobis zogierTi gamovlinebis Sesaxeb.
cocxal arsebebs, ueWvelia, gaaCniaT TviTorganizaciis unari. am dros energiis
gare wyaroebis xarjze mcirdeba maTi enTropia, magram es ver xsnis sicocxlis
warmoSobas. uformo miwaSi pawawina Teslisgan izrdeba uzarmazari xe,
romelic iyenebs mzis energias, mineralur marilebs, naxSirorJangs. Tesli da
kvercxujredi Seicavs aucilebel genetikur informacias, kods zrdasrul organizmad
CamoyalibebisaTvis, regulaciisa da ganaxlebis programebs. kvercxujredi
warmoadgens metad rTul struqturas, aRWurvils sicocxlisaTvia aucilebeli yvela
metaboluri sistemebiT. magram mainc rogor warmoiSva pirveli arseba? es
kiTxva evoluciuri TeoriisTvis amouxsnel amocanad rCeba.
&53. abiogenezi bioqimiis poziciidan.
zogierTi mecnieri amtkicebda, rom maT SesZles aminomJavaTa narevidan
cilebis sinTezi. sinamdvileSi miRebul iqna cilebTan Zalian mcired mimsgavsebuli
nivTiereba e.w. proteinoidebi. es nivTiereba Sedgeboda polimeruli badisagan
(cilebSi, rogorc viciT, aminomJavebi jaWvs warmoqmnian da ara bades).
49

50. aminomJavebs Soris arsebobs rogorc  , ise
- peptiduri bmebi. cilebSi
arsebuli -peptiduri bmebi formirdeba mravali specialuri molekulebis rTuli
urTierTqmedebiT. bmebis SemTxveviT warmoqmnisas, mxolod baxevari
SeiZleba iyos peptiduri. polimerul bades ar gaaCnia cilis sivrciTi struqtura,
ara aqvs cilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli molekulaTa SeerTebis gansazRvruli rigi da
Sesabamiosad aranairi kavSiri ar SeiZleba hqondes sicocxlesTan.
cocxal arsebebSi cilebis warmoqmnisas monawileobs dnm, informaciuli rnm,
araumcires 20 sxvadasxva satransporto rnm, ribosomebi, romlebic 3-4
ribosomuli rnm-sgan da 55 sxvadasxva cilis molekulisgan- an fermentTa mTeli
kompleqsisgan Sedgeba. aseve aucilebelia energiiT uzrunvelyofa, rac atf-is
meSveobiT xorcieldeba. erTi molekula saSualo cilis sinTezs aTasamde atf-is
molekula sWirdeba. Cveulebrivma SeTbobam an mzis pirdapirma dasxivebam
SesaZloa daarRvios molekuluri bmebi. cilis sinTezSi monawileobs mTeli cocxali
ujredi, Tundac erTi komponnetis darRveva procesis blokirebas iwvevs.
Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi gaocebas iwvevs organizmSi am rTuli sistemis
funqcionirebis faqti. cilebis TviTwarmoqmnis SesaZleblobas kvalificiuri
bioqimikosebi sruliad gamoricxaven.
1986 wels Sedga Sexvedra sicocxlis warmoSobis Semswavleli saerTaSoriso
sazogadoebisa, romelsac 300-mde wamyvani mkvlevari eswreboda.
mecnierebma daamtkices, rom pirveladi okeanis pirobebSi
rnm-is sinTezi sruliad gamoricxuli iyo. ufro metic, aRmoCnda, rom monosaqarid
ribozas sinTezic ki SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
dnm-s cocxal ujredis SigniTac ki ar gaaCnia sruli stabiluroba. misi aRnagoba
mudmivad kontrolirdeba da swordeba (adgili aqvs reparacias) gansazRvruli
fermentebiT. es makromolekula funqcionirebs dinamiuri wonasworobis
mdgomareobaSi. es wonasworoba damyarebulia aRnagobaSi arsebul
darRvevebs da fermentebis mier am darRvevebis gasworebebs Soris. ujreds
gareT dnm swrafad iSleba.
dnm-s ormagi spiralis aRmomCeni nobelis premiis laureati f.kriki kategoriulad
uaryofs sicocxlis TviTwarmoSobas.
biologiuri makromolekula sadRacidan da rogorRac romc warmoqmniliyo, es jer
50

51. kidev ar niSnavs cocxal ujreds. ujredis SedgenilobaSi uamravi makromolekula
Sedis. isini erTmaneTs garkveuli wesrigiT ukavSirdebian. ujredisTvis aucilebeli
fermentTa warmoqmnis albaToba, Tundac miliard weliwadSi erTxel, sul raRac
10 xarisxad -40000-s Seadgens. es ricxvi, rogorc erTma avtoritetulma
astrofizikosma fred hoilma ganacxada, “sakmaod cotaa imisaTvis, rom
daimarxos darvini da misi evoluciuri Teoria”. mTeli mzis sistema rom
adamianebiT aivsos (10 xarisxad 50) da TiToeuli maTgani rom TvaldaxuWuli
cdilobdes rubikis kubikis awyobas, cocxali ujredisTvis aucilebeli fermentebis
warmoqmnis zemoTaRniSnuli albaToba, daaxloebiT toli iqneboda am
adaminebis mier kubikebis waxnagebis erTdroulad awyobis albaTobisa. es rac
Seexeboda fermentebs, magram ujredSi arsebobs bevrad ufro rTuli
warmonaqmnebi. ujredis ukve gamzadebuli aucilebeli nivTierebebiT TviTawyobis
albaToba, Tundac yvelaze xelsayrel qimiur garemoSi Seadgens 10 xarisxad
-100 000 000 000. es sidide TvalnaTliv gviCvenes, Tu razea laparaki. ra gziT
“moaxerxes” mecnierebma aseTi umniSvnelo albaTobis ignorireba? molekuluri
evoluciis mkvlevarebi TavianT mecnierebas “metad hipoTezurs” uwodeben da
amboben, rom sicocxlis TviTwarmoSobis albaTobis gamoTvla arasdros xdeboda
da mxedvelobaSi ar miiReboda, radganac evolucia damtkicebul faqtad
iTvleboda, xolo mecnierebi ki mxolod cdilobdnen aexsnaT, Tu rogor
mimdinareobda is.
sicocxlis TviTwarmoSoba arc ise bunebrivi procesia, rogor gulubryvilodac
amas darvinis mimdevrebi varaudobdnen, pirioqiT, sul dasawyisidan (rTul
molekulaTa warmoqmna) da sul bolomde (adamianis warmoSoba) es aris
Seusabamo, daujerebel, urTierTgamomricxav SemTxvevaTa uazro xuxula.
samarTliani iqneba, Tu davaskvniT, rom spontanuri abiogenezis amJamad
aRiarebuli sqemebi moklebulia yovelgvar gonivrulobas. sicocxlis
TviTwarmoSobis SeuZlebloba Zvel da axal evoluciur TeoriaSic “lodi
Sebrkolebisad” iqca.
cnobilia genialuri Tomas edisonis (swored man gamoigona Tanamedrove
naTura, daamuSava telefoni da telegrafi) erTi saintereso gamonaTqvami:”RvTis
arseboba SesaZlebelia damtkicdes Tundac qimiuri gziT”. udidesi gamomgoneblis
51

52. am winaswarmetyvelebis aRsruleba axla Cvens winaa. molekuluri fizikis,
genetikisa da bioqimiis faqtebi srulad amtkiceben organizmTa SemTxveviTi
warmoSobis SeuZleblobas. maSasadame, gamodis, rom Semoqmedi gvyavs?
genialuri mecnieri maqs borni, kvanturi Teoriis erT-erTi damaarsebeli
werda:”materializmis dro wavida, Cven darwmunebuli varT, rom fizikur-qimiuri
aspeqti aranairad sakmarisi ar aris sicocxlis faqtebis gamosaxatavad, rom araferi
vTqvaT azrovnebis faqtebis Sesaxeb”.
& 54. sicocxlis TviTCasaxvis SeuZlebloba
makromolekulis TviTwarmoqmnis SesaZleblobebis ganxilvisas savaraudoa,
rom uZveles dedamiwaze arc arsebuliyo aseTi procesebis pirdapiri akrZalvebi.
Tumca sul mcire ori akrZalva mainc iqneboda:pirveli-hidrolizis reqciis Sedegad
aminomJavebisgan formirebuli cilis molekulebis daSla da meore- Jangbadis mier
aminomJavaTa dauyovneblivi daJangva. varaudoben, rom uZveles dedamiwaze
Jangbadi ar arsebobda da am dros SesaZlo iyo makromolekulebis
Camoyalibeba. magram yvelaze uZveles qanebSi aRmoCenilia rkinis Jangi, ase
rom araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobs Zvel atmosferoSi Jangbadis ararsebobis
savaraudod. atmosferoSi Jangbadi Tundac ar yofiliyo, mzis ultraiisferi
gamosxiveba, romelic daubrkoleblad SemoiWreboda ozonis ekranis ararsebobis
gamo, mainc gaanadgurebda cilis molekulebs. ase rom sicocxlis
TviTwarmoSobis ideas Jangbadis arseboba-ararseboba veranairad ver
amarTlebs.
aris mesame akrZalvac. varaudobdnen (gansakuRebiT mileris cdebis
Semdeg), rom pirveli atmosfero Sedgeboda meTanis da amiakisgan, anu
komponentebisgan, romlebic aucilebelia aminomJavaTa TviTsinTezisaTvis.
rogorc eqsperimentulma gamokvlevebma da Zveli atmosferos kompiuterulma
modelirebam aCvena, es gazebi daiSleboda ultraiisferi sxivebiT da pirveli
atmosfero SesaZlebeli iqneboda mxolod azotisa da naxSirorJangisgan yofiliyo
52