Essay Bridges

Essay Bridges
REASEARCH PAPER Bridges have been around sense the beginning of time. The Ancient Roman engineers used two significant innovations, the
cofferdam and cement. The cofferdam is when the put wooden spikes in to the bottom of the river then used watertight clay over the spikes to make
a bridge. Now today there are more efficient ways to make a bridge then just out of cement and clay. There are Suspension Bridges, Arch Bridges,
Covered Bridges and many more. Suspension bridges have become a very common method of bridge construction in the last century. For example the
Brooklyn Bridge, George Washington Bridge, Golden Gate Bridge and the Verrazano
–Narrows Bridge. These bridges all use the conventional
suspension bridge design were large cables...show more content...
Construction of cable–stayed bridges has proven to be less costly then suspension bridges. As a result, Cable–stayed bridges are more widely used. The
Akashi–Kaikyo Bridge, connecting Kobe on the mainland with Awaji on Awaji Island, will be a huge three
–span cable–stayed bridge some 3910
meters in total length with a center span of 1990 meters. When completed, it will be the longest bridge of its type in the world, surpassing the Number
Bridge in the UK, which has a center span of 1410 meters. The bridge has a wind–proof and earthquake–resident construction, withstanding winds up to
80 meters per second and earthquakes reaching from 8.5 on the Richter scale. This bridge is due to be completed in spring of 1999. There is a
suspension bridge which spans the Seine estuary in Normandy, France. The decks of the bridge are designed as special curves so that wind flows across
them as easily as over a plane. The bridge has a central span of 2,800 feet. The span is so long that it has been built with a slight upward curve
from end to end, to accommodate the effects of the curvature of the Earth. There are also huge cables that have to suspend the bridge in the air. If a
bubble collides with another bubble, the result always ends up in a sharing unison. Regardless of there size, no matter what, they will meet the wall at
an angle of 120 degrees. Bubbles also tend to burst if dirt is on the bubble or sometimes they will pop when
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BUILD BRIDGES NOT WALLS Essay
BUILD BRIDGES NOT WALLS
Society has undergone a massive change in the last few decades, with respect to both economic and social environment. And this change has affected
people of all age groups, starting from children and adolescents to the young, middle aged and old. The pressures to perform either at school/college
level or at jobs are enormously high. Tinged with competition, technological advancement as well as the increasing materialism, and hence with
changing norms for social status and respect has set people into a mad frenzy of desires.
With these changing definitions, people now are unable to define needs, wants & desires. What maybe was a luxury in yesterday's generation is a need
in today's generation. But what people fail...show more content...
Having chosen each other on the basis of similarity we have no skills to resolve the differences that inevitably emerge between any two people, and
our romantic spirit is crushed as easily as a paper bag.
We avoid conflict when we should be training ourselves on its barbs. We have come to think of compromise as a dirty word. When in fact you get
nowhere in real life without it.
We look for partners who give us no problems, rather than partners we are good at overcoming problems with.
We fail to understand that a man &woman are basically different, not only physically but emotionally as well. Their reaction to a situation or an
approach to a problem is always different, and it requires a great deal of patience & understanding to bridge this communication gap between a man
and a woman.
When a relationship culminates into marriage, and a couple stay together, these inevitable differences crop up more, and things, which looked trivial or
were not noticed in the relationship phase, now come into the forefront and slowly look like major hurdles, which couples find difficult to cope up.
Instead of accepting each other, they set about finding flaws and try to make the other person think and behave like them.
The undying frenzy in this age of materialism, adds to this, comparisons in social circles take place, expectations arise giving rise to ego, and the
couple slowly start drifting apart mentally and emotionally

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Bridge
Before talking about the advantages and disadvantages of the bridge.I will talk briefly about engineering. According to Jim Lucas,engineering is a
profession that requires both math and science to solve real life problems. Many inventions have been created to make human life much easier.
Scientists usually get credit for this however, it is the engineer that makes the instruments to make these inventions. Therefore there are many types of
engineers that ranges from mechanical engineering to environmental engineering. However this dissertation will mainly focus on civil engineering.
Civil engineering requires designing, constructing and maintaining huge infrastructure projects like highways, railroads, bridges, tunnels, dams,
airports and buildings.[1]
Source 3 states that the wiki Millau viaduct is the longest bridge in the world.It is a multi span cable stayed bridge that connects the two sides of the
A75 which connects Paris to Barcelona but to be exact it links Paris to Perpignon. The bridge was designed by a French structural engineer by the
name of Michel Virlogeux and British architect Norman Foster[5]. The aim of the bridge was to reduce the amount of traffic jams during the summer.
It also served as the missing link on the A75 autoroute. The bridge is the tallest in the world with a shocking 343.0m above the base of the structure.The
...show more content...
The height of the column ranges from 75 metres to 245 metres, this is supported by the picture above. The masts rises another further 90 metres
above the road deck. The bridge itself is taller than the Eiffel Tower which shows how massive the bridge is. Getting into more detail, the bridge is
specifically built to take in account the expansion and contraction of the concrete deck. Each column is split into two thinner and more flexible
columns which is located below the roadway forming an A shaped frame that is above the deck

Truss Bridges Research Paper
Truss bridges have been around for a long time. I see truss bridges the most out of all the different types of bridges and to me it seems like the most
popular type of bridge. In addition there are thirty different types of Truss bridges which means that there is a bigger variety of Truss Bridges instead
of just having one type. Truss bridges have triangular shaped beams that go all across the bridge. The bridge also is above the roadway instead of under
the roadway like the arch bridge. Truss bridges could also stretch very far. The longest cantilever Truss bridge that goes is called Crescent City
Connection and it is 13,418 feet long with a width of 52 feet. There is also a really long Truss bridge that is near Hoboken, the name of the bridge

Essay on The Physics of Bridges
The Physics of Bridges
The design of the bridge superstructure is based on a set of loading conditions which the component or element must withstand. A bridge engineer must
take into account a wide variety of loads which may vary based on the duration of the load
(permanent or temporary), the direction of the load (vertical, longitudinal, etc.), and the effect of the load (shear, bending, torsion, etc.).
In order to form a consistent basis for design, organizations like AASHTO, American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, have developed a set of standard loading conditions which are applied to the engineer's
design model of the structure. Other nations maintain their own set of design loads like the BS...show more content...
From the table 1.1 the designer would separate items such as sidewalks, railings, parapets, signing, utilities, and the wearing of the surface.
Pressures due to earth and water are also considered permanent loads. While these loads primarily affect substructure elements, they have the potential
of impacting superstructure elements as well at points where these two components interface (e.g., at the abutment backwall). This gives us a good
reminder that while we are discussing the structure's individual components, we can not lose sight of the structure as a whole.
Temporary loads are those loads, which are placed on a bridge for only a short period of time. Just as dead loads are the permanent loading condition,
live loads represent the major temporary loading condition. There are, however, several other classes of temporary loads, which the designer must
consider. The temporary loads are: vehicle live load, earthquake live load, wind loading, channel forces, centrifugal forces, impact forces, and erection
loads.
The term live load means a load that moves along the length of a span. Therefore, a person walking along the bridge can be considered live load.
Obviously, a highway bridge

Bridge Essay
Figures 3.3 and 3–4 shows the variations of span to depth ratio with year: 13 bridges (46%) have ratios between 18.5 and 25.1 while 14 bridges have
ratios between 30 and 40.5. The first range is consisting of 7 solid slabs and 6 voided slabs built in the 1960s and built after 1970 respectively. The
second range consists of 6 solid slabs and 7 voided slabs constructed in the 1960s except for bridge no. 25. The remaining two bridges (bridge no. 8 and
9) with higher span to depth ratios of 42.5 and 55.7 are both pedestrian bridges which can be more slender because the requirement of live load is
lower. Therefore, there is a perceptible variation in the typical range of span–to–depth ratios depending on the completion year and purpose of the
This resulted in the formation of longitudinal cracks above the voids due to the large concentrated post–tensioning forces near the abutments, which
created transverse splitting stresses, and due to the restraint of transverse concrete shrinkage imposed by the steel void forms. To solve this cracking
problem, MTO recommended the addition of transverse prestressing to prevent shrinkage cracking and a decrease in span–to–depth ratio in 1975 in
order to reduce the required prestressing force, which eventually led to the current maximum span–to–depth ratio limit of 28 (Scollard and Barlett
2004). As a result, in this study, 6 out of the 9 bridges built after 1975 have span–to–depth ratios below 28; the remaining 3 bridges are pedestrian
bridges or European bridges. As stated before, the typical span–to–depth ratios for slab bridges vary considerably with time and bridge function. The
impact of slab type (i.e. solid or voided), on the other hand, is not as significant. According to the literature discussed in Chapter 1, the conventional
span–to–depth ratios for solid slab are expected to be higher than the ones for voided slab, because voided slabs are commonly used to reduce
self–weight for longer spans that require slabs thicker than 800mm (Menn 1990). In fact, the study by Cohn and Lounis (1994) suggested that the
optimum depth for voided slab is 12% to 20% thicker than the one for solid slab, resulting in optimum ratios of approximately 30.5 for solid slab and 25

Introduction
Bridges are unique in the history of engineering. There is indeed a great uncertainty on the history of bridges. While it is interesting to speculate on
the first bridge, in which someone conceived by placing a tree across a narrow stream, it is equally likely that someone discovered a fallen tree over a
stream. Today,bridges are seen to be indispensable innovation which have shaped our future and allow easy journey across rivers and/or river
estuaries. They also ease movement over advanced obstacles such as railway lines, motorways, and between close islands. Bridges link one town to
another thereby enhancing trade and efficient distribution of goods or commodities.
The work done here is a write up on a Spaghetti Bridge Project. I will take a critical look at the following:
пѓ Different types of bridge designs; their advantages and disadvantages
пѓ The stages passed through in the construction of a model spaghetti bridge
пѓ Discuss the forces acting on the Truss Type bridge design
пѓ Destruction test carried out on the bridge model
пѓ The efficiency of the bridge design.
The main aim of this experiment is to examine how bridge designs are affected by loads; analyse different bridge design structures and then produce a
simple, but rugged model of a bridge using spaghetti.
Real Bridge Designs
A Suspension Bridge
As the name implies, a suspension bridge is literally suspended. This is a bridge in which the weight of the deck is supported by vertical cables

Building Bridges
In the film Building Bridges: The First Meeting of a Group for Young Adult Women Aging out of Foster Care illustrate a group of female adolescents
and young adults expressing their thoughts and personal experience with transitioning out of foster care system. The members participating in this
group all come from different race/ethnicity and socio–economic backgrounds, some members identified as cisgender, and one member identified as a
transgender woman. The group dynamics differs in many ways that can possibly cause an issue when finding a common goal or purpose of the group.
One member had a health issue, one girl was pregnant participant were at different stages within of the foster care system and care. Based on my
observation of the...show more content...
By distinctively encouraging members, to incorporate their ideas of what they would like the group to be. This gives members of the group an idea
of the responsibility they have to the group. Also, anyone who joins a group looks for a purpose to participate, but also a sense of belonging. When
another latecomer entered the group Jules asked a member to explain to her the group's purpose. Jamie modeled leadership skills by demonstrating the
ability to form group cohesiveness. When people contribute to group discussions and activities, mutual aid is likely to form and their commitment is

Types Of Bridges Research Paper
TESL 301
Different types of Bridges–Research Paper
Because of advancements in today's technology in construction field, many types of bridges are being constructed depending on the requirement and
their suitability for the situations.
A bridge is a structure providing path over an obstacle. When constructing a bridge, obstacle can be a river, railway track or a valley and the path
provided by bridge can be for a road, pedestrians, a railway, pipelines, viaducts to carry water from rich areas to dry cities, or for commercial purpose
to host commercial buildings such as restaurants and shops. A bridge can also be laid to reduce the distance of travel which in turn reduces the time to
reach the destination.
(Vasani, 2011) Many components when assembled together form a bridge structure. Basic components of a bridge are superstructure or Decking,
Bearings, Substructure which again consists of Piers and Abutments, Wing walls and Returns, and Foundation.
Superstructure bears the load that is being passed over the bridge and it transmits the forces caused by the same to substructure. Load received from the
decking is transferred on to the substructure by Bearings. They also distribute the load evenly over the substructure material as it may not have
sufficient strength to bear the superstructure load directly. Piers and Abutments are the vertical substructures which transfer the load to the earth in the
foundation. Wing walls and returns are constructed as the extension of

Types Of Bridges : Bridges Essay
Types of Bridges On the basis o life bridges are classified in to two categories : 1)Temporary Bridges 2)Permanent Bridges Temporary Bridges The
bridges which can be constructed as well as maintained at low cost and have short span of useful life are known as low cost or temporary bridges.
These bridges are usually made of timber. But they may also be constructed of steel wire, old telegraph posts, hemp rope ,old rails etc. the useful lif
of temporary bridges may be taken as 10 years. Necessity of constructing temporary Bridges:– a)When there is shortage of funds. b)When there is
shortage of time. c)When there is lack of resource and skill. d)When repair of permanent bridges are to be carried out. e)When the construction of
permanent bridges is to be facilitated. f)When project surveys , in the interior of a stream or river , are to be carried out. g)When there is
temporary need of crossing the stream or river. Advantages and Disadvantages of temporary Bridges 1)The initial cost of these bridges is low. 2)The
bridges are simple in there structural form and can, therefore , be easily designed. 3)The bridges can be easily constructed. 4)The bridges require less
skill in their construction. 5)The bridges require light or no machinery in their construction. 6)These bridges less time in their construction and thus
can be easily constructed in case of emergency. 7)These bridges can be maintained at low cost. 8)These bridges are most suitable in case of

Different Types of Bridges Essay
Different Types of Bridges
The quest for travel has always been one that man has tried to conquer. First, he traveled on foot, and then developed methods of transportation such
as boats, but one of the first obstacles that he had to overcome was getting across rivers, waterways, and canals. Today, bridges have become a part of
everyday life; hence without them, people would have a much more difficult time going from one place to another. In the United States alone, there are
more than half a million bridges (History of Bridges 1).
Although bridges have been in existence since ancient times, they were not first made by man. Nature actually made the first bridges by toppling logs
across streams. This was considered the first beam bridge...show more content...
There are different types of arch bridges such as Roman, Baroque, and Renaissance. These different types of bridges are similar in structure, but not
in architecture. Arch bridges are a natural form of bridge, they do not need any supports or cables. Arch bridges made from stone do not even need
cement to be held together. Ancient Romans have built arch bridges that are still up to this day. The world's first iron arch bridge, which was built in
1779, is still in tact (Wilkinson 24). Arch bridges have pressure at all times. The design naturally puts all of the weight from the bridge to the
abutments, which are usually the ground. There is almost no tension on the arch bridge, and whatever tension there is, the curve naturally dissipates it
to the under side of the bridge. The bigger the under side, the more tension there will be. Therefore, size limits the strength of the bridge.
The arch bridge must be made of materials that perform well under compression. While the bridge is being built, it is very shaky until the two ends
meet in the middle. Arch bridges can cross a span of up to eight hundred feet and can be used to get across large areas where piers cannot be placed,
unlike the suspension bridge where piers are mandatory. (Bridges 2)
Suspension bridges are aesthetic, light, and strong. They are the longest type of bridge spanning from two thousand feet to seven thousand feet
(Bridges 2). The longest suspension bridge is one point

Research Paper On Bridges
Ideally, your natural teeth would last for a lifetime. However, illness, trauma and dental disease can result in weakened, damaged or missing teeth.
Bridges and crowns are dental prosthetics that can be used to replace or strengthen teeth. Although some patients need both crowns and bridges, other
patients require only one type of prosthetic.
All About Crowns
Crowns are artificial teeth that are cemented to natural teeth or metal posts that have been affixed to the jawbone. If the crown will be visible, we
normally have it made out of porcelain or ceramic in a shade that matches your surrounding teeth. For molars, we often order crowns made from gold
or silver. However, we can also order metal crowns for front teeth and porcelain crowns for...show more content...
Like fixed bridges, they are used to span gaps resulting from lost teeth. Removable bridges are usually held in place by clasps that attach to adjacent
teeth, but they may also be supported by metal posts or implants. Removable bridges can be removed by the wearer to make cleaning and oral hygiene
easier.
Procedure for Bridges and Crowns
The exact procedure we will follow depends on your specific situation. However, before we can have a bridge or crown made, we must normally
begin by contouring the existing teeth so that the prosthetic will fit properly. For many patients, this merely requires removing a tiny bit of the
enamel. In some cases, we may need to alter the shape or profile of the teeth that will be affected. If you need implants, we will affix the support posts.
The next step is to make a mold that will be used to produce your crown or bridge. This dental impression will be sent to the lab that will make your
prosthetic. We will place a temporary bridge or crown over the prepared tooth that should last until your permanent one is ready. Once we receive the
bridge or crown from the dental lab, we will cement it in place after removing the temporary

Write An Essay On Failing Bridges In America
America`s infrastructure has been a concern for years, but as populations begin to grow and structures begin to become outdated the problem has
become more urgent. One focus of this infrastructure problem is bridges, which are growing weaker causing economic and social concerns. The
primary controversy around these bridge failures is what is causing them and the potential they have to cause disasters. Moreover, this potential is why
Americans should invest more into their infrastructure. To fix the failing infrastructure problem, one must identify why the structures, in this case
bridges, are failing in the first place. Civil engineers have identified that the problem is not cause by one singular factor, but a multitude of factors
including age, materials, environment, faulty design, and lack of maintenance. Environmental factors are the biggest concern engineers run into
because it is...show more content...
When an issue is underfunded in government, it is typically because the people do not care about it enough to fund it. This is alarming because if
America does not start paying attention to bridge infrastructure it will cause economic and safety problems in the future. One possible economic
disaster that can come from this is that America will not have sufficient bridges to transport goods. This is important because if logistics are
interrupted, economic productivity decreases. Another, more definite, economic disaster is that the longer the country fails to maintain its
infrastructure the more it must spend on it later. According the American Society of Engineers, America will have to invest approximately 3.9 trillion
dollars to fix the infrastructure problem (ASCE). Additionally, as the number of deficient bridges increases so does the potential for terrorist attacks
because the country will have more vulnerabilities. This also causes social concern because then the population feels

Short Essay On Ruby Bridges
Violent crowds of people gathered around the school. "We don't want you here," a man yelled." "If you go in there, I'll poison you," a woman said as
she shook a black girl doll in a coffin. The mob continued to yell and raise their signs as four federal marshals escorted a child. A six year old African
American girl. The girl walked through the mob like they weren't even there. If she was scared, she showed no sign of it. All she showed was
courage. She came to this school to get a good education and a mob of protesters wasn't going to get her to leave. This wasn't any ordinary girl. This
was Ruby Bridges.
Born on September 8, 1954, in Tylertown, Mississippi, was a girl named Ruby Bridges. In hopes of a better life, at the age of 4, she, and herfamily
moved to New Orleans. Although her house was located five blocks away from a school, she couldn't go there because it was an all–white school, and
had to walk several miles to attend to kindergarten at an African American school. In 1960, many African Americans took a difficult test called the
National...show more content...
Nicholls High School and studied travel and tourism at the Kansas City business school. In 1984 she married Malcolm Hall. In 1993 her brother died
and she adopted his four children and enrolled them in William Frantz Elementary school. She volunteers three times a week at the elementary school.
Now she is a civil rights activist and has founded the Ruby Bridges Foundation, a foundation to end racism and prejudice. On January 8, 2005 President
Bill Clinton presented Bridges with the Presidential Citizens Medal.
Amazing how a little girl can make history and contribute so much to society. Despite the things she went through she stayed strong. She is great
influence to all of us. Like Bridges says,"Don't follow the path. Go where there is no path and begin the trail. When you start a new trail equipped with
courage, strength and conviction the only thing that can stop you is

Truss Bridge Research Paper
There are many reasons why we use bridges on a daily bases. Such as for roadway use, waterway, railway etc. Many people don't think about the
reasons behind a simple truss bridge because it takes no effort to drive over one, and because they are there for your use. If you don't consider truss
bridges you most likely don't think of the physics, the timing, effort, and hard work to make the truss bridge. On my essay on Truss bridges I will over
run the history of a truss bridge, the process, types of truss bridges, roadbed types, types of truss bridges, and famous truss bridges from around the
world Created by Truss bridges have a lot of history and appear really early in the building of the modern bridge age. They...show more content...
I will be explaining four of the most popular types of truss bridges in this paragraph. One type of truss is the Allan truss bridge. The Allan truss
bridge been in the world of truss bridges for a long time. A fact of the Allan truss is it was first ever build in the 1800s, and the first time the Allan
truss was designed was on the date of August 13, 1894. Aldo Alan truss aren't as common as today there still a very good truss bridge, and quite
efficient. Next truss bridge is the Warren truss bridge. A Warren truss bridge is one of the most commonly built truss bridge. That because a
Warren truss bridge is simple and is not a big task to build. It uses equilateral triangles to spread out all of the loads from the bridge. It works very
well due to all of the triangles minimizing the forces of tension and compression. It's said to be really light but very efficient, and strong. Another
type of truss bridge is a much known truss bridge which is the Baltimore truss bridge. A Baltimore truss bridge is very common to a Pratt truss, the
only differences are its additional branchy which is much lower compare to the Pratt truss. The reasons of that are it prevents bucking in the
members. The Baltimore truss was first built in the year 1871 for railroads it was first build in the areas such as Baltimore, Pennsylvania, and
Ohio. Today it's one of the most famous type truss bridges in the world. The last bridge on the list is a Pratt truss bridge. It was first develop in the
1800s, and was designed by Caleb Pratt and Thomas in the year 1844. It has a unique and good usage of iron and was first used as a railway which was
very popular. It's very solid and good at taking on compression and tension. Its form is vertical and diagonal that go towards the center of the bridge.
Today it's known as a simple and strong truss bridges that work very efficient and give it one of the tops spots as one of the truss bridges

Building Bridge Research Paper
Building Bridges
The transition from high school to college has been one of my biggest challenges. Graduating from high school has caused many changes. The first
challenge I have faced since graduating from high school is not seeing my close friends every day. The second obstacle in college that I have
experienced is having freedom and not the micromanagement of teachers. Lastly, the bright side of my transition from high school to college is the
successful career I hope to have.
Overcoming the obstacle of not seeing my good friends from high have been affected me mentally because the time we spent together on daily basis
was always fun, and leave us with many memories. The time I spent with my friends John Pettway and Harriet Winchester

Essay On Burned Bridges
Spyer Family Collection out of New York is the notable creator of the painting titled Burnt Bridges established in, 1995. The subject of this rare yet
special fine art was to focus on the dynamics of the canvas generating different energy levels and points in the painting. Oil on linen was the medium
of this gestured piece of art located the same as the other works of art at the Weatherspoon Art Museum in Greensboro, North Carolina. This peculiar
painting belonged in the same category of the museum that similar, yet other unique paintings were also located. Burnt Bridges displays several visual
components and in my opinion, I feel as if each component such as line, shape, form, value, space and texture was incorporated in this painting because
The period of this fine art was the 1990s which is my generation, personally I do not see how it connects to the time period, but I do understand how
I connects back to the artists as stated previously. I found this work of art to be both beautiful and challenging to the eye. By just viewing this
painting I had no clue how it related to the title if I wouldn't have read the more detailed background provided which made the art work challenging
but on the other hand it was indeed beautiful. Burnt Bridges makes me think of the saying "Never burn your bridges with the wrong one". I do
feel as if the artist incorporated symmetry very well into the art work. Not only did I view this painting as just lines, I thought of it be an abstract piece.
I would describe "Burn Bridges" as an observation piece as well from the big city New York being put on a canvas displaying a variety of gestures. In
all, I was impressed as I began to examine what I was seeing then I began to connect the image with the title. I chose this work because it was
different and also opened the door for an educational experience, educating me on works I did not know about and allowing me to view pieces of fine
art in a more contemporary

On The Bridge Analysis
1.The First three paragraphs in the short story On the Bridge was successful in introducing the protagonist, but less so in describing the setting. For
example, it describes the setting quite vaguely by only describing it as, "He was leaning over the bridge, smoking a cigarette and watching the cars
speed by on the highway beneath him". All of the author's diction is used to describe it as just a, "bridge", with a, "highway beneath", it. There are no
adjectives to elaborate on these examples and there aren't any other nouns to describe the setting. On the other hand, it clearly introduces the
protagonist Seth Dawson by having him reply to Adam's comment, "'How come'?" Seth Dawson asked, leaning on the stone wall next to him". The
author keeps

Bridges And Their Types Bridges Essay
BRIDGES AND THEIR TYPES
Highway Bridges
Bridges are an essential part of the transport infrastructure.
General Information:
A bridge is a means by which a road, railway or other service is carried over an obstacle such as a river, valley, and other road or railway line, either
with no intermediate support or with only a limited number of supports at convenient locations. Fig: Docklands Light Rail Bridge, London, England.
Basic features of bridges:
Superstructure
`The superstructure of a bridge is the part directly responsible for carrying the road or other service. Its layout is determined largely by the disposition
of the service to be carried. In most cases, there is a deck structure that carries the loads from the individual wheels and distributes the loads to the
principal structural elements, such as beams spanning between the substructure supports.
Road bridges carry a number of traffic lanes, in one or two directions, and may also carry footways. At the edge of the bridge, parapets are provided for
the protection of vehicles and people.
Rail bridges typically carry two tracks, laid on ballast, although separate superstructures are often provided for each track. They are narrow (about 2m
wide) and are usually single span structures that rarely span more than 40m.
Substructure:
The substructure of a bridge is responsible for supporting the superstructure and carrying the loads to the ground through foundations. To support the
superstructure, single span bridges

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