The document discusses the use of controlled substances for medicinal purposes in the United States. It provides background on laws like the Controlled Substances Act that regulate these substances. The CSA places substances into five schedules based on their medical use, abuse potential, and safety or dependence risk. The document also discusses research on the effects of substances like marijuana on the brain and cognitive development, especially for adolescents. While some argue medicinal use could help patients, research also suggests regular or prolonged marijuana use can negatively impact brain development and functioning, especially for young users.

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Workshop number 3: Essay
Title: The use of controlled substances for medicinal purposes in United States
Ricardo Paulo Javier Arieu
Universidad del Este
April 07, 2015
Tampa, Florida
Prof. Lorraine M. Carmona Torres
ENGL 116 - College Reading & Writing II.

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The society should to recognize that the war on drugs has failed. So, some sectors of society
are claiming positive changes. The objectives of the strategy developed several decades have not
been fulfilled. Drug use has not disappeared nor has decreased. In contrast, new consumer markets
have emerged in emerging countries like Brazil or those transit of illegal drugs, as the northern
triangle of Central America. Furthermore, the strategy itself, with its emphasis on the repression of
supply, has introduced an element of violence in the illegal drug market.(Camperos, Barranco et
al,2013). But for some countries of central America this conflict has reached an enormous human
and economic cost in the war against drug cartels.The use of controlled substances for medicinal
purposes is controversial; in United States and Puerto Rico and it has arduous defenders on one side
and another. The US government has passed laws governing for control the use of these substances.
The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) was gone by the 91st United States Congress as Title
II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 and marked into law by
President Richard Nixon . The CSA is the government U.S. drug approach under which the
assembling, importation, ownership, utilization and conveyance of specific substances is directed.
The Act additionally served as the national executing enactment for the Single Convention on
Narcotic Drugs (gpo.gov,1970). The enactment made five orders, with fluctuating capabilities for a
substance to be incorporated in each. Two government offices, the Drug Enforcement
Administration and the Food and Drug Administration, figure out which substances are added to or
expelled from the different calendars, however the statute went by Congress made the starting
posting, and Congress has here and there planned different substances through
enactment(regulations.gov,12-18-2008).
The Controlled Substance Act (CSA) (21 U.S.C. 801) spots all substances that are directed
under existing government law, into one of five items. This situation is based upon the substance's
restorative utilization, potential for misuse, and security or reliance risk (nh.gov,2010):

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a) Plan I: The medication or other substance has a high potential for ill-use and has no presently
acknowledged medicinal use in treatment in the United States. There is an absence of
acknowledged security for utilization of the medication or other substance under restorative
supervision. Samples of Schedule I substances incorporate heroin, lysergic corrosive diethylamide
(LSD), maryjane, and methaqualone.
b) Plan II: The medication or other substance has a high potential for ill-use and has a right now
acknowledged medicinal use in treatment in the United States or an as of now acknowledged
therapeutic utilization with extreme limitations. Ill-use of the medication or other substance may
prompt serious mental or physical reliance. Samples of Schedule II substances incorporate
morphine, phencyclidine (PCP), cocaine, methadone, and methamphetamine.
c) Plan III: The medication or other substance has less potential for ill-use than the medications or
different substances in timetables I and II and has an as of now acknowledged therapeutic use in
treatment in the United States. Misuse of the medication or other substance may prompt direct or
low physical reliance or high mental reliance. Anabolic steroids, codeine and hydrocodone with
headache medicine or Tylenol ®, and a few barbiturates are samples of Schedule III substances.
d) Plan IV: The medication or other substance has a low potential for misuse with respect to the
medications or different substances in Schedule III and has an at present acknowledged medicinal
use in treatment in the United States. Misuse of the medication or other substance may prompt
restricted physical reliance or mental reliance in respect to the medications or different substances
in Schedule III. Illustrations of medications included in calendar IV are Darvon®, Talwin®,
Equanil®, Valium®, and Xanax®.
e) Plan V: The medication or other substance has a low potential for misuse with respect to the
medications or different substances in Schedule IV and has a right now acknowledged restorative
use in treatment in the United States. Ill-use of the medication or different substances may prompt

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restricted physical reliance or mental reliance in respect to the medications or different substances
in Schedule IV. Hack drugs with codeine are samples of Schedule V.
At the beginning of the essay said that the general public ought to perceive that the war on
medications has fizzled. Thus, a few divisions of society are asserting positive changes. The
destinations of the methodology added to a very long while have not been satisfied. Medication
utilization has not vanished nor has diminished. Interestingly, new purchaser markets have risen in
developing nations like Brazil or those travel of illicit medications, as the northern triangle of
Central America.But for some countries of central America this conflict has reached an enormous
human and economic cost in the war against drug cartels. Also it is necessary recognize that the use
of Controlled Substances for medicinal purposes in United States may be positive but in many of
these drugs like cocaine and cannabis there is not enough information yet.
By example, a note in Muy Interesante magazine that calls the attention citing a new
research from the Center for Brain Health at the University of Texas (USA). It has concluded that
the effects of regular and prolonged use of marijuana in the brain depends on two factors: the age of
both consumer and the time that this consumption is prolonged. The consequences in the brain are
equally alarming.The work, which was published in the journal Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences (PNAS) finally suggests that brain connectivity seems to degrade with
prolonged use of this drug (Romero,11-11-2014).This examination ought to put on aware of those
promoters of free cannabis utilization. The brain damage may be irreparable.
Other research, a recent study conducted by the CSIC in Spain, in collaboration with the
Cajal Institute, has found evidence of how cannabinoids regulate the activation of certain nerve
brain regions. Similarly, disorganized cannabis can disable mechanism more intense than necessary
forms, causing some mental disorders such as psychosis or schizophrenia. Javier Garzón Child, one
of the researchers, explains:

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"The abuse marijuana produces an imbalance between excitation (NMDAR) and inhibition
(own or endogenous cannabinoids). This just breaking the balance in favor of inhibition, and
consequently generates increased activity in the down regulated by the NMDAR systems like the
dopaminergic system "(Regader, 07-22-2014). These mental imbalances occurring psychiatric
disorders such as psychosis or schizophrenia, diseases against which even no known cure.And the
euphoria produces disinhibition and this can cause the person to commit serious offenses punishable
by the Law.
In a different investigation of scientists at Duke University in Durham (USA) studied the
relationship between the appellant cannabis and cognitive development in a sample of 1,037 young
people born in New Zealand between 1972 and 1973 and followed until age 38. The team, led by
Madeline H. Meier, found that teens who smoked regularly showed a further decline in IQ
compared to the other participants. The finding, published in the journal Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), marijuana relates to a general deterioration in the five
domains of neuropsychological functioning, which remains significant even after years of education
and the use of other drugs such as alcohol. For the authors, this recurring consumption appears to
affect cognitive functioning of each day in the form of greater attention and memory problems. The
results suggest that adolescents were more likely to become constant consumers and declined to a
higher IQ compared to users who started smoking in adulthood when equal years of consumption.
The authors stress that quit or reduce consumption of cannabis does not restore
neuropsychological functioning among adolescent cannabis users start, and believe that smoking
marijuana in adolescence, when the brain is undergoing critical development, may have neurotoxic
effects (Meier,06-02-2014).The young do not yet have prepared their brain to withstand the
negative effects of marijuana. Young also need to develop the most of your IQ to meet the demands
of today's society. The youthful don't yet have arranged your cerebrum to withstand the shades of

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malice of pot. Youthful additionally need to build up the a large portion of your IQ to meet the
requests of today's general public.
Analyzing it from the other point of view, all the negative results of marijuana prohibition,
none is as terrible as the therapeutic cannabis restrict countless patients who could benefit from
their service use. Consideration days this suggests that cannabis is a cost-effective aid in the
treatment of a wide range of clinical applications. These include relief from the agony - especially
neuropathic (torture of any nerve damage) - disease, spasticity, glaucoma, and developmental
problem. This drug is also a stimulant, especially for patients suffering from HIV, AIDS wasting
disorder, or dementia. Increased research suggests that the therapeutic properties of cannabis' can
secure the body against some types of dangerous tumors and are neuroprotective. Today, many
welfare organizations are providing support to patients and providing legal access for medical
marijuana under strict medical supervision (Norml.org, n.d.).Some health institutions are providing
medical and legal support for patients suffering from diseases such as HIV, wear disorder, AIDS, or
dementia can benefit absolutely. Some scientific research suggests that the therapeutic properties of
cannabis can ensure the body against some dangerous types of tumors and are neuroprotective. This
is definitely a positive aspect of utilizing controlled substances for therapeutic purposes in United
States.
In conclusion, although for reasons of space only was the use of marijuana believe, the same
parameters can be used for other drugs like cocaine. The use of controlled substances for
recreational purposes in United States must be prohibited for those under 18 years and older
restricted consumption. Medicinal use after it have passed the Ministry of Public Health and its
pharmacological use must be controlled by medical order.

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References
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