Immigrant entrepreneurs have founded a significant number of engineering and technology companies in the United States over the past decade. The study found that in 25.3% of engineering and technology companies started between 1995 and 2005, at least one key founder was foreign-born. These immigrant-founded companies have generated $52 billion in sales and employed over 450,000 workers in 2005. Indians have founded more engineering and technology companies than immigrants from any other country. The contribution of immigrant inventors to international patent applications filed from the United States has also increased dramatically, from 7.3% in 1998 to 24.2% in 2006. Regional technology hubs like Silicon Valley have even higher rates of immigrant entrepreneurship.
The University Research Corridor… A collaboration between Michigan State University, the University of Michigan, and Wayne State University, is one of the nation’s top academic research clusters and a leading engine for innovation in the Great Lakes region. In celebration of the 10th anniversary of the University Research Corridor, we set out to examine the overall impact that the collaboration has had on the key industries and sectors across the state over the past decade. To accomplish this, we commissioned Tom Walsh, renowned former business writer for the Detroit Free Press, to interview business, education and government leaders from across the state and create this report outlining his findings.
Richard Herman's Presentation at Raleigh Chamber of Commerce, titled "Immigra...Richard Herman
Keynote by Richard Herman, immigration lawyer and co-author of "Immigrant, Inc." Event titled "Attracting the Best & Brightest: Growing Our Economy Through Smarter Immigration Policies." 3/12/2012. Event sponsored by Partnership for a New American Economy, Raleigh Chamber of Commerce, NC Technology Association, NC Bio, CED, Research Triangle Foundation, Reserach Triangle Regional Partnership. Richard's talk was followed by panel comprised of Dr. James Goodnight, SAS, Rick McNeel, LORD Corporation, Dr. Louis Martin-Vega, NC State University, Dr. Eric Buckland, Bioptigen. Panel was followed by presentation by U.S. Representative David Price. Speaking on behalf of Partnership for New American Economy and Mayor Michael Bloomberg was Robert Feldstein.
This document provides biographical information on Dr. Jeffrey N. Street, including his education, academic and professional positions, professional memberships, external connections, and teaching experience. It lists his Ph.D. from the University of Georgia in 2007, his role as Associate Professor and Director of the Center for Entrepreneurship and Economic Development at Idaho State University, and his previous industry experience as Vice President of Product Development and Quality Control at Makita Corporation of America. It also outlines his research, publications, and engagement with local organizations in his role at Idaho State University.
This document provides a summary of the proceedings from the IABE-2009 Las Vegas Annual Conference held from October 18-21, 2009 in Las Vegas, Nevada. It includes a welcome letter from the managing editors and a table of contents listing 46 manuscripts on various business and economics topics. The proceedings were published in IABE-2009 Las Vegas Proceedings, Volume 6, Number 1, 2009.
The document summarizes a six-year study of the Pre-Seed Workshop (PSW) program. Some key points:
- The PSW is a 2.5 day program that brings together university researchers and local business experts to evaluate inventions for commercial potential and form early-stage companies.
- Over six years, 203 teams participated in 34 workshops across New York, forming 112 companies that have raised $21 million and created over 350 jobs.
- The PSW addresses a "pre-seed gap" where researchers lack support to evaluate commercial opportunities for their inventions before starting companies.
- By integrating university research and community resources, the PSW helps move technologies out of labs and determine their market potential in an
This document discusses how technology is changing work and organizations. It reviews the evolution of technology from the agricultural era to the industrial era to today's digital era. It describes how information and communication technologies have progressed through four stages: enterprise computing, end-user computing, strategic computing, and the emerging stage of ubiquitous computing. Ubiquitous computing aims to directly link the physical world with the digital world, creating an optimized space. The document examines how ubiquitous computing has the potential to disrupt work through its proliferation of computing devices everywhere.
The University Research Corridor… A collaboration between Michigan State University, the University of Michigan, and Wayne State University, is one of the nation’s top academic research clusters and a leading engine for innovation in the Great Lakes region. In celebration of the 10th anniversary of the University Research Corridor, we set out to examine the overall impact that the collaboration has had on the key industries and sectors across the state over the past decade. To accomplish this, we commissioned Tom Walsh, renowned former business writer for the Detroit Free Press, to interview business, education and government leaders from across the state and create this report outlining his findings.
Richard Herman's Presentation at Raleigh Chamber of Commerce, titled "Immigra...Richard Herman
Keynote by Richard Herman, immigration lawyer and co-author of "Immigrant, Inc." Event titled "Attracting the Best & Brightest: Growing Our Economy Through Smarter Immigration Policies." 3/12/2012. Event sponsored by Partnership for a New American Economy, Raleigh Chamber of Commerce, NC Technology Association, NC Bio, CED, Research Triangle Foundation, Reserach Triangle Regional Partnership. Richard's talk was followed by panel comprised of Dr. James Goodnight, SAS, Rick McNeel, LORD Corporation, Dr. Louis Martin-Vega, NC State University, Dr. Eric Buckland, Bioptigen. Panel was followed by presentation by U.S. Representative David Price. Speaking on behalf of Partnership for New American Economy and Mayor Michael Bloomberg was Robert Feldstein.
This document provides biographical information on Dr. Jeffrey N. Street, including his education, academic and professional positions, professional memberships, external connections, and teaching experience. It lists his Ph.D. from the University of Georgia in 2007, his role as Associate Professor and Director of the Center for Entrepreneurship and Economic Development at Idaho State University, and his previous industry experience as Vice President of Product Development and Quality Control at Makita Corporation of America. It also outlines his research, publications, and engagement with local organizations in his role at Idaho State University.
This document provides a summary of the proceedings from the IABE-2009 Las Vegas Annual Conference held from October 18-21, 2009 in Las Vegas, Nevada. It includes a welcome letter from the managing editors and a table of contents listing 46 manuscripts on various business and economics topics. The proceedings were published in IABE-2009 Las Vegas Proceedings, Volume 6, Number 1, 2009.
The document summarizes a six-year study of the Pre-Seed Workshop (PSW) program. Some key points:
- The PSW is a 2.5 day program that brings together university researchers and local business experts to evaluate inventions for commercial potential and form early-stage companies.
- Over six years, 203 teams participated in 34 workshops across New York, forming 112 companies that have raised $21 million and created over 350 jobs.
- The PSW addresses a "pre-seed gap" where researchers lack support to evaluate commercial opportunities for their inventions before starting companies.
- By integrating university research and community resources, the PSW helps move technologies out of labs and determine their market potential in an
This document discusses how technology is changing work and organizations. It reviews the evolution of technology from the agricultural era to the industrial era to today's digital era. It describes how information and communication technologies have progressed through four stages: enterprise computing, end-user computing, strategic computing, and the emerging stage of ubiquitous computing. Ubiquitous computing aims to directly link the physical world with the digital world, creating an optimized space. The document examines how ubiquitous computing has the potential to disrupt work through its proliferation of computing devices everywhere.
This document is a resume for Sabri Oncu, who has over 15 years of experience in financial research and economics, including extensive experience in monetary economics, financial regulations, asset pricing, risk management, and marketing research. He has held senior roles such as Director of Research, President of his own consulting firm, and Head of Research for the Reserve Bank of India's research institution. He has also worked for the UN, BARRA, Dresdner RCM Global Investors, and as a visiting professor at NYU.
This document summarizes an article about Chinese young professionals (agents of change) who are dual-culture and educated in both China and the West. It discusses how these agents are impacting American-Sino cooperation through their careers. The document describes the characteristics of agents and examines how they are modernizing China's financial system, including developing credit rating systems. It provides the example of Joseph Tsai and his role in the initial public offering of Alibaba. The document suggests agents of change can help improve communication between China and the West and will be an important demographic and force of change.
The document discusses three levels of innovation - high level (breakthrough discoveries), mid level (implementation of discoveries), and ground level (context-specific innovations to commercialize products). It argues that while high level innovations are important, sustained prosperity relies on innovations at all levels working together over many years in a complex system. As an example, it outlines the multi-decade process by which the transistor was developed from an initial discovery into a ubiquitous technology through innovations at multiple levels. It concludes that policies should focus on sustaining innovation broadly rather than favoring any particular level or form.
This document provides an overview of innovation systems and outlines key elements that contribute to successful national innovation systems, including assets, networks, and culture. It defines an innovation system as starting with inputs like human capital, financial capital, research institutions, and infrastructure that can lead to economic outputs through innovation, productivity, and prosperity if utilized effectively. The document emphasizes the importance of networks in linking these assets, including multidisciplinary collaboration, global connections, and partnerships between industry, academia, and other stakeholders. It also stresses the need for a culture that fosters entrepreneurship, creativity, diversity, and tolerance of failure. The goal of an innovation system is to facilitate the commercialization of new ideas and technologies across different fields in a way that
China's Innovation Challenge - TOC and Chapter 1Martin Kenney
This document discusses China's innovation challenge of transitioning to an economy driven by innovation rather than exports and infrastructure investment. It provides context on China's decreasing economic growth rate and questions whether China can develop an indigenous innovation-driven model. The document then describes the book's aim to gather Chinese and international scholars' perspectives on China's challenges and complexities of building such an innovation system. Their analyses range from optimism to pessimism on China's future ability to overcome the middle-income trap.
The document discusses a "reverse brain drain" phenomenon where highly skilled immigrants who were educated in the US are returning to their home countries of India and China. A survey of over 1,200 recent returnees found that they returned in their early 30s and were highly educated, with over 50% holding advanced degrees. While they made less money, they cited better professional opportunities and family values as reasons for returning home. The majority of foreign students currently studying in the US also planned to return home after graduation rather than remain in the US. This reverse brain drain has negative consequences for innovation and economic competitiveness in the US.
Fraser Institute
Annual Survey of Mining Companies-2010-2011
Fred McMahon and
Miguel CervantesThe 2010/2011
Fraser Institute annual survey of mining companies shows the Philippines is among the least attractive mining territories in the world, although it improved its ranking to 66th out of 79 from 70th out of 72 in the previous survey.
This document is a newsletter in Russian for alumni of US government exchange programs in Kyrgyzstan. It provides information on upcoming events for alumni, such as conferences on Central Asia and technology forums. It also lists job opportunities at NGOs and universities in Kyrgyzstan. The newsletter is distributed weekly by email to provide networking and professional development opportunities for its recipients.
VCs Identify Pockets of Innovation Around the Globemensa25
The survey found that while the US maintains its position as the global leader in technology innovation, other countries are emerging in specific sectors. Venture capitalists identified Europe as having strengths in life sciences and clean technology, particularly Germany and the UK. Asian countries were seen as innovative in information technology, with Japan recognized for telecom, Taiwan for semiconductors, and India for software. The US was still viewed as the leader across all sectors but other nations are developing niche areas of strength.
This document analyzes the challenges and opportunities for widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). It finds that while battery costs have declined significantly in recent years, EVs are still generally more expensive than gasoline vehicles over their lifetimes. Further reductions in battery costs to $200-250/kWh will likely be needed for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) to achieve cost parity with internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEs). The development of a cost-effective public charging infrastructure is also uncertain, as commercial fast chargers currently have low utilization rates that prevent profitability. Home charging is more economical than public charging currently. Widespread EV adoption will also require managing additional electricity demand to avoid overloading local grids, which may necess
Making the grade
International testing that is used to predict the grim future of US science and technology
is being vastly misinterpreted, say Hal Salzman and Lindsay Lowell.
This document introduces the Digital Evolution Index (DEI) created by The Fletcher School at Tufts University to measure the digital evolution of 50 nations. The DEI analyzes six years of data on how countries are transitioning their citizens and economies to the digital future. Key insights from the index include understanding countries' regenerative capacities after the 2008 economic decline and how they are preparing for opportunities and challenges of increasing digitization. The DEI can help policymakers design strategies to boost digital competitiveness and help businesses identify patterns to inform their global expansion plans in the digital economy. While technology holds potential gains, countries and companies need strong policies and strategies based on understanding each nation's digital progress and environment.
The Policy Potential Index (PPI) measures the overall policy attractiveness of 72 mining jurisdictions based on factors like taxation, regulation, infrastructure and political stability. Quebec ranked first with a score of 96.7, followed by New Brunswick and Finland. The bottom 10 jurisdictions included Venezuela, Ecuador, the Philippines and Zimbabwe. Canada had 6 provinces in the top 10, though Ontario fell to 22nd place.
The document discusses America's declining scientific leadership and competitiveness in science and technology. It notes that the US is training and retaining fewer scientists compared to countries like China. Several statistics are presented showing declining performance in areas like math, science and engineering education in the US compared to other nations. Reasons proposed for this decline include underfunding of education, difficulties obtaining student visas, and a perception that more opportunities now exist abroad. The document argues that strengthening STEM education is key to maintaining US innovation and security in the future.
This document analyzes the effects of China on employment in Latin America and the Caribbean from 1995-2016. It proposes interpreting the economic relationship between the two regions as having three overlapping phases: (1) intensifying trade since the 1990s, with China now the second largest trading partner; (2) large inflows of Chinese funds and foreign direct investment since 2007-2008, making China an important source of financing; and (3) significant infrastructure projects in LAC since 2013. The document aims to provide an overview of the quantitative and qualitative job impacts of China through trade, FDI, and infrastructure, and proposes methods for further country-level analysis.
California is well-positioned to capture growth in manufacturing due to its large existing manufacturing base and strong innovation ecosystem. While manufacturing employment has declined since 1990 due to offshoring and automation, technological advances are now creating new opportunities. Shifting consumer expectations, globalization trends, and workforce needs are transforming the industry. California can strengthen its manufacturing environment by better linking research and business, growing skills training, increasing access to capital, and addressing high business costs.
National leaders in engineering, technology, diversity and inclusion will meet at Texas A&M University to address the lack of gender diversity in these fields. Over two days, participants will discuss how to attract and retain more women by examining engineering culture and unique solutions. They will release a BluePrint for Action with a detailed plan to achieve gender balance. Speakers include executives from Intel and Chevron along with academics and engineers to help advance this important issue.
The document summarizes research at NC State University, highlighting its rankings and accomplishments. It discusses NC State's strong tech and innovation climate, knowledge capital through education and research, strategic research areas, university collaborations, patents, and tools to accelerate innovation partnerships. Specific rankings mentioned include #1 most wired city, #1 best quality of life, and #3 most innovative city in the US. Key university collaborations highlighted are the Research Triangle Solar Fuels Institute and the Joint Biomedical Engineering Department with UNC-Chapel Hill.
The document summarizes key indicators related to the global engagement and advanced industries of the Greater Washington metropolitan region. It finds that while the region has a large workforce in advanced industries, these industries rely heavily on the federal government. The region also has a highly educated talent pool but employers struggle to fill STEM jobs. Greater Washington is a leading export economy powered by services, but exports below its potential. It attracts below-average foreign direct investment relative to its size, with less investment in advanced industries. Lessons from other cities indicate the importance of expanding trade and investment to drive sustainable job growth.
Immigrationinamericaandthegrowingshortageofhigh skilledworkers-130529093319-p...Agatha C Melvin
The document discusses how America's technology industry relies on high-skilled immigrants and faces a shortage of such workers. It notes that many foreign students studying in top US universities cannot stay due to immigration policy. As a result, US companies are prevented from hiring enough high-skilled immigrants and some jobs are moving overseas. The document argues for immigration reform that addresses this shortage and helps US tech companies recruit more high-skilled talent globally in order to remain competitive.
The Practice of Low Impact Development -PATHSotirakou964
PATH (Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing) is a public-private partnership managed by HUD that aims to improve the quality, durability, environmental efficiency, and affordability of future homes. The report discusses low impact development (LID) as an approach to site planning and design that manages stormwater runoff and wastewater on-site. LID utilizes practices like infiltration trenches and rain gardens to mimic natural hydrologic functions. It also explores alternatives to conventional wastewater systems like sand filters and mounds that can treat wastewater on-site. The report provides guidance to help communities and developers successfully plan and implement LID practices.
This document is a resume for Sabri Oncu, who has over 15 years of experience in financial research and economics, including extensive experience in monetary economics, financial regulations, asset pricing, risk management, and marketing research. He has held senior roles such as Director of Research, President of his own consulting firm, and Head of Research for the Reserve Bank of India's research institution. He has also worked for the UN, BARRA, Dresdner RCM Global Investors, and as a visiting professor at NYU.
This document summarizes an article about Chinese young professionals (agents of change) who are dual-culture and educated in both China and the West. It discusses how these agents are impacting American-Sino cooperation through their careers. The document describes the characteristics of agents and examines how they are modernizing China's financial system, including developing credit rating systems. It provides the example of Joseph Tsai and his role in the initial public offering of Alibaba. The document suggests agents of change can help improve communication between China and the West and will be an important demographic and force of change.
The document discusses three levels of innovation - high level (breakthrough discoveries), mid level (implementation of discoveries), and ground level (context-specific innovations to commercialize products). It argues that while high level innovations are important, sustained prosperity relies on innovations at all levels working together over many years in a complex system. As an example, it outlines the multi-decade process by which the transistor was developed from an initial discovery into a ubiquitous technology through innovations at multiple levels. It concludes that policies should focus on sustaining innovation broadly rather than favoring any particular level or form.
This document provides an overview of innovation systems and outlines key elements that contribute to successful national innovation systems, including assets, networks, and culture. It defines an innovation system as starting with inputs like human capital, financial capital, research institutions, and infrastructure that can lead to economic outputs through innovation, productivity, and prosperity if utilized effectively. The document emphasizes the importance of networks in linking these assets, including multidisciplinary collaboration, global connections, and partnerships between industry, academia, and other stakeholders. It also stresses the need for a culture that fosters entrepreneurship, creativity, diversity, and tolerance of failure. The goal of an innovation system is to facilitate the commercialization of new ideas and technologies across different fields in a way that
China's Innovation Challenge - TOC and Chapter 1Martin Kenney
This document discusses China's innovation challenge of transitioning to an economy driven by innovation rather than exports and infrastructure investment. It provides context on China's decreasing economic growth rate and questions whether China can develop an indigenous innovation-driven model. The document then describes the book's aim to gather Chinese and international scholars' perspectives on China's challenges and complexities of building such an innovation system. Their analyses range from optimism to pessimism on China's future ability to overcome the middle-income trap.
The document discusses a "reverse brain drain" phenomenon where highly skilled immigrants who were educated in the US are returning to their home countries of India and China. A survey of over 1,200 recent returnees found that they returned in their early 30s and were highly educated, with over 50% holding advanced degrees. While they made less money, they cited better professional opportunities and family values as reasons for returning home. The majority of foreign students currently studying in the US also planned to return home after graduation rather than remain in the US. This reverse brain drain has negative consequences for innovation and economic competitiveness in the US.
Fraser Institute
Annual Survey of Mining Companies-2010-2011
Fred McMahon and
Miguel CervantesThe 2010/2011
Fraser Institute annual survey of mining companies shows the Philippines is among the least attractive mining territories in the world, although it improved its ranking to 66th out of 79 from 70th out of 72 in the previous survey.
This document is a newsletter in Russian for alumni of US government exchange programs in Kyrgyzstan. It provides information on upcoming events for alumni, such as conferences on Central Asia and technology forums. It also lists job opportunities at NGOs and universities in Kyrgyzstan. The newsletter is distributed weekly by email to provide networking and professional development opportunities for its recipients.
VCs Identify Pockets of Innovation Around the Globemensa25
The survey found that while the US maintains its position as the global leader in technology innovation, other countries are emerging in specific sectors. Venture capitalists identified Europe as having strengths in life sciences and clean technology, particularly Germany and the UK. Asian countries were seen as innovative in information technology, with Japan recognized for telecom, Taiwan for semiconductors, and India for software. The US was still viewed as the leader across all sectors but other nations are developing niche areas of strength.
This document analyzes the challenges and opportunities for widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). It finds that while battery costs have declined significantly in recent years, EVs are still generally more expensive than gasoline vehicles over their lifetimes. Further reductions in battery costs to $200-250/kWh will likely be needed for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) to achieve cost parity with internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEs). The development of a cost-effective public charging infrastructure is also uncertain, as commercial fast chargers currently have low utilization rates that prevent profitability. Home charging is more economical than public charging currently. Widespread EV adoption will also require managing additional electricity demand to avoid overloading local grids, which may necess
Making the grade
International testing that is used to predict the grim future of US science and technology
is being vastly misinterpreted, say Hal Salzman and Lindsay Lowell.
This document introduces the Digital Evolution Index (DEI) created by The Fletcher School at Tufts University to measure the digital evolution of 50 nations. The DEI analyzes six years of data on how countries are transitioning their citizens and economies to the digital future. Key insights from the index include understanding countries' regenerative capacities after the 2008 economic decline and how they are preparing for opportunities and challenges of increasing digitization. The DEI can help policymakers design strategies to boost digital competitiveness and help businesses identify patterns to inform their global expansion plans in the digital economy. While technology holds potential gains, countries and companies need strong policies and strategies based on understanding each nation's digital progress and environment.
The Policy Potential Index (PPI) measures the overall policy attractiveness of 72 mining jurisdictions based on factors like taxation, regulation, infrastructure and political stability. Quebec ranked first with a score of 96.7, followed by New Brunswick and Finland. The bottom 10 jurisdictions included Venezuela, Ecuador, the Philippines and Zimbabwe. Canada had 6 provinces in the top 10, though Ontario fell to 22nd place.
The document discusses America's declining scientific leadership and competitiveness in science and technology. It notes that the US is training and retaining fewer scientists compared to countries like China. Several statistics are presented showing declining performance in areas like math, science and engineering education in the US compared to other nations. Reasons proposed for this decline include underfunding of education, difficulties obtaining student visas, and a perception that more opportunities now exist abroad. The document argues that strengthening STEM education is key to maintaining US innovation and security in the future.
This document analyzes the effects of China on employment in Latin America and the Caribbean from 1995-2016. It proposes interpreting the economic relationship between the two regions as having three overlapping phases: (1) intensifying trade since the 1990s, with China now the second largest trading partner; (2) large inflows of Chinese funds and foreign direct investment since 2007-2008, making China an important source of financing; and (3) significant infrastructure projects in LAC since 2013. The document aims to provide an overview of the quantitative and qualitative job impacts of China through trade, FDI, and infrastructure, and proposes methods for further country-level analysis.
California is well-positioned to capture growth in manufacturing due to its large existing manufacturing base and strong innovation ecosystem. While manufacturing employment has declined since 1990 due to offshoring and automation, technological advances are now creating new opportunities. Shifting consumer expectations, globalization trends, and workforce needs are transforming the industry. California can strengthen its manufacturing environment by better linking research and business, growing skills training, increasing access to capital, and addressing high business costs.
National leaders in engineering, technology, diversity and inclusion will meet at Texas A&M University to address the lack of gender diversity in these fields. Over two days, participants will discuss how to attract and retain more women by examining engineering culture and unique solutions. They will release a BluePrint for Action with a detailed plan to achieve gender balance. Speakers include executives from Intel and Chevron along with academics and engineers to help advance this important issue.
The document summarizes research at NC State University, highlighting its rankings and accomplishments. It discusses NC State's strong tech and innovation climate, knowledge capital through education and research, strategic research areas, university collaborations, patents, and tools to accelerate innovation partnerships. Specific rankings mentioned include #1 most wired city, #1 best quality of life, and #3 most innovative city in the US. Key university collaborations highlighted are the Research Triangle Solar Fuels Institute and the Joint Biomedical Engineering Department with UNC-Chapel Hill.
The document summarizes key indicators related to the global engagement and advanced industries of the Greater Washington metropolitan region. It finds that while the region has a large workforce in advanced industries, these industries rely heavily on the federal government. The region also has a highly educated talent pool but employers struggle to fill STEM jobs. Greater Washington is a leading export economy powered by services, but exports below its potential. It attracts below-average foreign direct investment relative to its size, with less investment in advanced industries. Lessons from other cities indicate the importance of expanding trade and investment to drive sustainable job growth.
Immigrationinamericaandthegrowingshortageofhigh skilledworkers-130529093319-p...Agatha C Melvin
The document discusses how America's technology industry relies on high-skilled immigrants and faces a shortage of such workers. It notes that many foreign students studying in top US universities cannot stay due to immigration policy. As a result, US companies are prevented from hiring enough high-skilled immigrants and some jobs are moving overseas. The document argues for immigration reform that addresses this shortage and helps US tech companies recruit more high-skilled talent globally in order to remain competitive.
The Practice of Low Impact Development -PATHSotirakou964
PATH (Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing) is a public-private partnership managed by HUD that aims to improve the quality, durability, environmental efficiency, and affordability of future homes. The report discusses low impact development (LID) as an approach to site planning and design that manages stormwater runoff and wastewater on-site. LID utilizes practices like infiltration trenches and rain gardens to mimic natural hydrologic functions. It also explores alternatives to conventional wastewater systems like sand filters and mounds that can treat wastewater on-site. The report provides guidance to help communities and developers successfully plan and implement LID practices.
The document discusses the need for STEM education reform in the United States to better prepare students for careers in a global, technology-driven economy. It notes declining US competitiveness in STEM fields and outlines recommendations from reports to improve K-12 math and science education, support for research, and developing a skilled STEM workforce. The goal is to transform education from an obsolete model to one focused on problem-solving, collaboration, and ensuring all students are ready for college or high-skill careers.
This document provides an overview and analysis of graduate education in the United States. It discusses the importance of graduate education for innovation and economic competitiveness. While the US historically dominated graduate education, it now faces threats from rising international competition. Other countries are increasing investments in graduate programs and outproducing the US in some fields. The document also notes inefficiencies in the US system, including low completion rates for doctoral students. It examines trends in graduate enrollment, degrees awarded, and international competition. Vulnerabilities are identified in universities, industry, and government support. Recommendations are provided to strengthen partnerships between these groups to ensure the future strength and global leadership of the US graduate education system.
This newsletter provides information on the Bureau of Reclamation's Research and Development Office activities in fiscal year 2014 and previews initiatives for fiscal year 2015. It discusses the office's annual research awards across various topic areas including water operations, water supply, infrastructure safety, and the environment. It also highlights regional science coordinators and upcoming events. The newsletter is intended to bring readers news and information on Reclamation research and science projects, events, innovation, results and more.
The UC Berkeley ecosystem supports entrepreneurship through talented students and faculty, technology licensing, specialized entrepreneurship programs, and incubators/accelerators. Berkeley has helped develop new industries like computing, biotech, and databases through seminal research projects. This research provides the basis for spin-off companies and the broader clusters that form. Today, multidisciplinary institutions at Berkeley further support entrepreneurship by connecting students from different backgrounds.
This document summarizes a report on how the city of Chicago is leveraging big data across various sectors. It focuses on how big data can improve energy systems, transportation, education, and public safety. In the energy sector, smart grids enabled by big data can improve efficiency and reduce costs and environmental impact. In transportation, data analytics can help optimize systems and decrease disruptions. In education, big data allows for customized solutions to improve outcomes. And in public safety, integrated data and analytics can help improve crime prevention and law enforcement coordination.
This document discusses factors that contribute to successful university-driven technology innovation ecosystems. It identifies MIT, Stanford University, and the University of Cambridge as having created some of the world's most successful ecosystems, as evidenced by Silicon Valley and Kendall Square. Key factors for success include strong university research, exposure of students to cutting-edge science, merit-based funding, and collaboration between universities, government, and the private sector. The document also examines models for developing innovation ecosystems and notes it can take 10-15 years of stable development for meaningful results.
Amy Mahan Fellowship Program: Interim report-Laying the FoundationsFJProenza
This document provides an interim technical report on the Amy Mahan Research Fellowship Program, covering September 2009 to February 2010. The program aimed to identify excellent emerging scholars in developing countries to research the impact of public access to ICT (information and communication technology). Key activities included developing detailed program documentation, an outreach campaign to encourage applications, and establishing a "topic query" process to help applicants. 66 applications were received from Africa, Asia-Pacific and Latin America/Caribbean. 12 fellows were selected from 12 countries to research public access venues like telecenters, cybercafés and libraries using varied methods. The report concludes with recommendations to improve similar programs.
More than 20 metro Atlanta partners worked with Collaborative Economics to evaluate 15 indicators of innovation for the first-ever Metro Atlanta Innovation Indicators Project for the region. The project was commissioned to examine the diverse innovation activities within metro Atlanta's large and complex regional economy.
The data economy is expanding rapidly through a new "Fourth Industrial Revolution" driven by data. This presents both potential and peril for North Carolina. Potential includes new jobs and growth across industries that increasingly rely on data. Peril includes losing economic advantage if North Carolina does not act strategically to develop its data economy. Critical North Carolina industries like aerospace, agriculture, automotive and banking are increasingly using data and analytics to improve operations.
This document provides an annual innovation report for New York State. It includes 21 indicators across 6 categories to assess New York's innovation economy. The indicators show that New York ranks in the top third of competitor states for many measures, including venture capital activity, patents awarded, and education levels, though it lags in areas like R&D spending and high-tech employment. The report aims to track New York's progress in building a strong innovation ecosystem through partnerships between industry, universities, and entrepreneurs.
Executive Summary. Thriving in a Turbulent, Technological and Transformed Global Economy | Council on Competitiveness 900 17th Street, NW, Suite 700 Washington, D.C. 20006 T 202 682 4292 Compete.org
RR_DSM650_Final Report_4T Exploratory Study on Ithaca_ [2015-05-05]Ruchireeka Rath
Ranked as one of America's smartest, healthiest, and best places to live, Ithaca, New York offers a high quality of life and growing economy. Ithaca is home to Cornell University and ranks highly in various metrics measuring innovation capacity, talent, and technology-based jobs. While New York state does not rank among the top states in some measures like high-tech employment and industry investment in research and development, Ithaca benefits from its strengths as a college town with a skilled workforce.
Chinese Tech Companies Going Global - 2010Andy Bodrog
The document is a thesis written by Andras Bodrog in 2010 for the Faculty of Business Administration at Corvinus University of Budapest. It examines the internationalization of Chinese technology firms and the role of the Chinese government in supporting this process.
The thesis contains three main hypotheses: 1) Chinese tech firms' internationalization is best explained by behavioral internationalization theories, particularly the stages model. 2) China needs to develop indigenous innovation to reduce reliance on foreign technology and foster domestic growth. 3) The Chinese government actively supports the technology sector and firms' going global through policy programs and funding to increase China's competitiveness.
The thesis will explore internationalization theories, China's economic reforms and policies supporting the technology sector
This document provides an overview and summary of a report titled "What Are We Missing? Rethinking Public, Private and Nonprofit Strategies to Advance Women in Technology". The report examines strategies that various sectors can employ to increase representation of women in technology fields. It reviews literature on strategies for recruitment, retention, and advancement of women. It also provides recommendations, including using data to assess diversity, providing alternative funding models for female entrepreneurs, standardizing hiring and performance review processes, increasing mentorship opportunities, and expanding public-private partnerships. The document concludes that while progress has been made, representation of women in technical leadership roles remains low, and greater efforts are still needed across sectors.
PROCEDURE DE DEDOUANEMENT DES MARCHANDISES EN TRANSIT A DESTINATION DE LA R.C...lancedafric.org
Avec la libéralisation du commerce, les importateurs du monde entier sont libres d’importer des marchandises, a l’exception de celle prohibées ou soumise à des mesures restrictives. Suite à l’opération d’importation, les marchandises sont soumises à un régime douanier des leurs arriver sur le territoire douanier. Face aux difficultés rencontrées par les pays de l’hinterland (dépourvu de littoral) tels le TCHAD ET LA RCA qui sont des pays de la zone CEMAC, il a été ratifier des accords de partenariat entre le CAMEROUN et ces derniers, authentifier ici par l’acte ministériel n0 03/001/CF/MINEFIIDD du 02 janvier 2003, portant procédure des marchandises en transit au Cameroun. Aux vues des multiplies prorogatives que le régime de transit accorde aux pays réceptionnistes des marchandises de façon théorique, bon nombre de constats basées sur des recherches et des constatations propres nous permettant de comprendre que transiter une marchandise n’est pas aussi facile que l’on puisse l’imaginer dans notre pays. Allant des couts de débourse jusqu’aux délais de livraison, de nombreuses contraintes vont à l’encontre de l’opération économique du pays destinataire de la marchandise et même d’autres acteurs en relation de cette opération de transit. Qu’en est -il exactement ? Dégager le flou sur les questions de transit et même de dédouanement des marchandises sera notre chevalet durant cet exercice.
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Alain Aimé Ndedi, PhD
Professor: African government, Entrepreneurship,
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Email: alain_ndedi@hotmail.com
Tel: +237 69075 7969
View my research on my SSRN Author page:
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5260-213X
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=576563
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Madam KEWE LAURE presented the summary of the first day of the colloquium during the Charisma/ISTG-AC Maaron Business School colloquium on digital communication.
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Contribution de la fonction RH à la création de valeur : essai d’analyse des ...lancedafric.org
Mr Daniel OMBESSA presented a paper entitled: Contribution de la fonction RH à la création de valeur : essai d’analyse des pratiques RH dans les entreprises brassicoles during the Charisma/ISTG-AC Maaron Business School colloquium on digital communication.
The colloquium was chaired by Professor Alain Ndedi who wanted to provide a platform to PhD students to showcase their research interests.
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Mr Jules Armand HODIEB presented a paper entitled: La digitalisation de l’entreprise et le risque comportemental: cas de la CNPS during the Charisma/ISTG-AC Maaron Business School colloquium on digital communication.
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Entrepreneurs immigrants in US
1. America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs
Student Research Team: Vivek Wadhwa, Executive in Residence
Ramakrishnan Balasubramanian, Pratt School of Engineering, Master of Engineering Management Program
Pradeep Kamsali, Nishanth Duke University
Lingamneni, Chris Morecroft,
Niyanthi Reddy, George Robinson,
AnnaLee Saxenian, Dean and Professor
Batul Tambawalla, Mark Weaver,
School of Information
Zhenyu Yang
University of California, Berkeley
Special Thanks:
Neopatents, Gloria Gyamfi, Ben Rissing, Research Scholar and Project Manager
Laura Higbie, Amanda McCain, Pratt School of Engineering, Master of Engineering Management Program
Marine Raoux, Anand Sankar, Duke University
Chuntat Tan, Payman Tayebi,
Rachel Wu, Tarun Wadhwa, Gary Gereffi, Director and Professor
John P. Harvey, Duke University Center on Globalization, Governance & Competitiveness, Sociology Department
Statistical Consulting Center Duke University
January 4, 2007
Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=990152
2. Table of Contents
Introduction and Overview .............................................................................................................. 3
Background on U.S. Immigration..................................................................................................... 6
Methodology – Immigrant Key Founder Data ................................................................................. 8
Data Acquisition ......................................................................................................................... 8
Definition of Key Founder.......................................................................................................... 9
Definition of an Immigrant and Immigrant-Founded Company................................................. 9
Data Collection ........................................................................................................................... 9
Quality Assurance and Data Analysis......................................................................................... 9
Methodology – WIPO Patent Records........................................................................................... 10
Data Acquisition ....................................................................................................................... 10
Limitations/Definition of Immigrant Non-citizen .................................................................... 10
Data Analysis – Immigrant Key Founder Data............................................................................... 11
Revenue and Employment Data................................................................................................ 11
Immigrant-Founder Origin Data ............................................................................................... 11
State Wise Distribution of Immigrant Founder Data................................................................ 12
Industry Specific Immigrant Founder Data .............................................................................. 19
Data Analysis – WIPO Patent Records .......................................................................................... 25
WIPO PCT Applications by U.S. Immigrant Nationality......................................................... 25
WIPO PCT Application Trend Analysis of Immigrant Non-Citizen Filings ........................... 26
WIPO PCT Application Analysis by International Patent Classification Codes...................... 27
Special Analysis – Silicon Valley, CA .............................................................................................. 31
Special Analysis – Research Triangle Park, NC............................................................................... 33
Summary of Results and Conclusion .............................................................................................. 35
Author Biographies ........................................................................................................................ 36
Appendix A: High Technology Industry Definition ....................................................................... 37
Appendix B: WIPO Search Strings................................................................................................. 39
Bibliography................................................................................................................................... 41
America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs
Master of Engineering Management Program, Duke University; School of Information, U.C. Berkeley
2
Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=990152
3. Introduction and Overview
Two of the most important questions now being debated in the U.S. are the effects of
globalization and immigration on the nation’s economy. Globalization is accelerating and
it is still not clear whether trends like outsourcing will erode U.S. competitiveness or
provide long-term benefits. The focus of the immigration debate is on the plight of
millions of unskilled immigrants who have entered the U.S. illegally. Overlooked in the
debate are the hundreds of thousands of skilled immigrants who annually enter the
country legally.
In 1999 AnnaLee Saxenian published a groundbreaking report on the economic
contributions of skilled immigrants to California’s economy. This study, entitled
“Silicon Valley’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs”, focused on the development of Silicon
Valley’s regional economy and the roles of immigrant capital and labor in this process.
Saxenian’s study also went beyond a quantitative analysis to focus on the social, ethnic
and economic networks of new U.S. immigrants. One of her most interesting findings
was that Chinese and Indian engineers ran a growing share of Silicon Valley companies
started during the 1980s and 1990s and they were at the helm of 24% of the technology
businesses started from 1980 to 1998. Saxenian concluded that foreign-born scientists
and engineers were generating new jobs and wealth for the California economy. Even
those who returned to their home countries to take advantage of opportunities there were
building links to the U.S. and spurring technological innovation and economic expansion
for California.
A team of student researchers in the Master of Engineering Management program of the
Pratt School of Engineering at Duke University has been researching the impact of
globalization on the U.S. economy and the engineering profession. The team is led by
Executive in Residence Vivek Wadhwa, Research Scholar Ben Rissing, and Sociology
Professor Gary Gereffi. Earlier research focused on the education and graduation rates of
engineers in the U.S., China and India, and an analysis of the experiences of U.S. firms
engaged in outsourcing their engineering operations.
The Duke researchers were concerned about the growing momentum in outsourcing and
its impact on U.S. competitiveness—and sought to understand the sources of the U.S.
global advantage as well as what the U.S. can do to keep its edge. To better understand
the contributions of skilled immigrants to the competitiveness of the U.S. economy, they
decided to expand and update Saxenian’s study.
The goal of this research was to document the economic and intellectual contributions of
immigrant technologists and engineers at the national level. To understand the economic
impact, the study looked at a large sample of all engineering and technology companies
founded in the last ten years, to determine whether a key founder was an immigrant. To
understand the intellectual contribution, they analyzed the World Intellectual Property
Organization Patent Cooperation Treaty database for international patent applications
filed in the United States.
America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs
Master of Engineering Management Program, Duke University; School of Information, U.C. Berkeley
3
Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=990152
4. The results show that the trend Saxenian documented for Silicon Valley, a pattern of
skilled immigrants leading innovation and creating jobs and wealth, has become a
nationwide phenomenon. Here are some characteristics of the engineering and
technology companies started in the U.S. from 1995 to 2005.
• In 25.3% of these companies, at least one key founder was foreign-born. States
with an above-average rate of immigrant-founded companies include California
(39%), New Jersey (38%), Georgia (30%), and Massachusetts (29%). Below-
average states include Washington (11%), Ohio (14%), North Carolina (14%),
and Texas (18%).
• Nationwide, these immigrant-founded companies produced $52 billion in sales
and employed 450,000 workers in 2005.
• Indians have founded more engineering and technology companies in the US in
the past decade than immigrants from the U.K., China, Taiwan and Japan
combined. Of all immigrant-founded companies, 26% have Indian founders.
• Chinese (Mainland- and Taiwan-born) entrepreneurs are heavily concentrated in
California, with 49% of Mainland Chinese and 81% of Taiwanese companies
located there. Indian and U.K. entrepreneurs tend to be dispersed around the
country, with Indians having sizable concentrations in California and New Jersey
and the British in California and Georgia.
• The mix of immigrants varies by state. Hispanics constitute the dominant group in
Florida, with immigrants from Cuba, Columbia, Brazil, Venezuela, and
Guatemala founding 35% of the immigrant-founded companies. Israelis constitute
the largest founding group in Massachusetts, with 17%. Indians dominate New
Jersey, with 47% of all immigrant-founded startups.
• Almost 80% of immigrant-founded companies in the US were within just two
industry fields: software and innovation/manufacturing-related services.
• Immigrants were least likely to start companies in the defense/aerospace and
environmental industries. They were most highly represented as founders in the
semiconductor, computer, communications, and software fields.
We estimate, based on an analysis of the World Intellectual Property Organization
(WIPO) patent databases, that foreign nationals residing in the U.S. were named as
inventors or co-inventors in 24.2% of international patent applications filed from the U.S.
in 2006. Unlike the company founder survey, this count does not include such
immigrants who became citizens before filing a patent. We therefore classified the
foreign nationals as “immigrant non-citizens”. WIPO PCT applications represent a subset
of those filed with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office but are likely to have a high
global utility and contribute to U.S. competitiveness.
• The trend has been dramatic; according to our estimates the contribution of non-
citizen immigrants to these international patent applications increased from 7.3%
in 1998 to 24.2% in 2006.
• The largest group of immigrant non-citizen inventors were Chinese (Mainland-
and Taiwan-born). Indians were second, followed by the Canadians and British.
America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs
Master of Engineering Management Program, Duke University; School of Information, U.C. Berkeley
4
5. • Immigrant non-citizens filed more theoretical, computational and practical patents
than mechanical, structural or traditional engineering patents.
To understand the role of regional technology centers in fueling the growth of
engineering and technology companies, we did a special analysis of Silicon Valley, CA
and Research Triangle Park, NC. Here are the findings of our analysis of engineering and
technology companies founded from 1995 to 2005 in these regions:
• Over half (52.4%) of Silicon Valley startups had one or more immigrants as a key
founder, compared with the California average of 38.8%.
• A comparison with Saxenian’s 1999 findings shows that the percentage of firms
with Indian or Chinese founders had increased from 24% to 28%. Indian
immigrants outpaced their Chinese counterparts as founders of engineering and
technology companies in Silicon Valley. Saxenian reported that 17% of Silicon
Valley startups from 1980-1998 had a Chinese founder and 7% had an Indian
founder. We found that from 1995 to 2005, Indians were key founders of 15.5%
of all Silicon Valley startups, and immigrants from China and Taiwan were key
founders in 12.8%.
• In Research Triangle Park, 18.7% of startups had an immigrant as a key founder,
compared with the North Carolina average of 13.9%. Indians constitute the largest
immigrant founding group, with 25% of startups, followed by immigrants from
Germany and the U.K., each with 15%.
What is clear is that immigrants have become a significant driving force in the creation of
new businesses and intellectual property in the U.S. — and that their contributions have
increased over the past decade.
America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs
Master of Engineering Management Program, Duke University; School of Information, U.C. Berkeley
5
6. Background on U.S. Immigration
March 2003 U.S. Census data show that 11.7% of the U.S. population was foreign-born.1
Immigrants from Latin America make up the largest portion of this group at 53.3%,
followed by Asia (25.0%) and Europe (13.7%). Figure 1 displays the countries of birth
for foreign born individuals living in the U.S. in 1990 and 2000.
Figure 1: Countries of Birth of the U.S. Foreign-Born Population in 1990 and 2000
(Includes Data from Groups with 500,000 or More Individuals Living in the U.S. in
2000)2
It is noteworthy that immigrants from China and India both constitute much less than 1%
of the total U.S. population.
Immigrant populations vary considerably by state. California has the highest percentage,
with 24.9% of the state's 2000 population being foreign-born, followed by New York,
with 19.6%; Florida, with 18.4%; and Nevada, with 15.2%. The lowest foreign-born state
populations are in west/midwest and southern states. A full state breakdown of this
Census data can be found in Figure 2.
1
Larsen, Luke (August 2004). The Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2003. P20-551.
Retrieved from the World Wide Web: <http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p20-551.pdf>
2
U.S. Census Bureau (December 2001). Profile of the Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2000.
Retrieved from the World Wide Web: <http://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/p23-206.pdf>
America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs
Master of Engineering Management Program, Duke University; School of Information, U.C. Berkeley
6
7. Figure 2: Foreign-Born Population for Individual States: 2000
According to the Census bureau, a higher proportion of the foreign-born Asian
population than the total foreign-born population came to the United States over the past
two decades. The majority of the foreign-born Asian population had entered the United
States since 1980. See Figure 3 for this breakdown.
Figure 3: Foreign-Born Asians by Year of Entry to the U.S. in 20003
3
U.S. Census Bureau (2000). “Figure 6: Nativity and Citizenship Status: 2000”, Census 2000 special
tabulation.
America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs
Master of Engineering Management Program, Duke University; School of Information, U.C. Berkeley
7
8. Methodology – Immigrant Key Founder Data
Data Acquisition
To quantify the economic contributions of immigrant entrepreneurs to the U.S. economy
we sought to identify the direct involvement of immigrants in the founding of
engineering and technology companies. We obtained a list of all such companies
founded in the U.S. in the last ten years (1995-2005) from Dun & Bradstreet’s (D&B)
Million Dollar Database. This contains U.S. companies with more than $1 million in
sales, and 20 or more employees, and company branches with 50 or more employees.
This database is commonly used by researchers and is considered a source of reliable
data.
This D&B database search produced a listing of 28,766 companies. A very small portion
of these were older companies with recent changes in control or corporate
restructurings/mergers, so these were omitted from our dataset. Included below is a list
of key data that D&B provides:
• Company name • Total number of employees
• Type of company • Select executive officer
• City, state, zip code information
• Phone number • Primary standard industrial
• Company website classification
• Sales
For the purposes of our study, the words technology and engineering indicate that the
main work of the company is to use technology or engineering to design or manufacture
products or services. Our definition of engineering and technology firms thus includes
the following industry groups, defined with 3- and 4-digit U.S. Government Standard
Industrial Classification (SIC) codes: semiconductors, computers/communications,
biosciences, defense/aerospace, environmental, software, and innovation/manufacturing-
related services. A full listing of the SIC codes associated with each industry group is
present in appendix A. These are the same engineering and technology SIC codes used in
Saxenian’s original research. We excluded some professional services SIC codes which
were included in Saxenian’s 1999 study, but were outside the purview of the engineering
and technology disciplines.
Company entries within each SIC code were randomized using a Microsoft Excel random
number assignment. Researchers were then assigned random listings of 500 companies,
with representative entries from each of the main engineering and technology industry
groups.
Our research team then made thousands of unsolicited phone calls to these companies.
We asked whether one or more immigrant key founders had established the company and
if so, what their nationality was. This became the source of the data presented in this
report.
America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs
Master of Engineering Management Program, Duke University; School of Information, U.C. Berkeley
8
9. Definition of Key Founder
In most engineering or technology companies, the key founders are the President/Chief
Executive Officer or the head of development/Chief Technology Officer. An individual
can simultaneously perform both of these roles. Other roles such as finance, marketing,
HR, and legal can be very important in startups. For the purposes of our research,
however, we chose to use a narrow definition of key founder and exclude the latter roles.
Definition of an Immigrant and Immigrant-Founded Company
An immigrant is a person who was born as a citizen of another country and subsequently
moved to the United States at some point in his or her lifetime. Immigrant-founded
companies are those having one or more immigrants as key founders.
Data Collection
A team of fifteen graduate students and research assistants telephoned CEOs, HR
managers and other knowledgeable company employees. After a two-sentence
introduction of the student researcher, Duke University and the research project, they
were asked:
(1) Were any of your company’s key founders immigrants to the United States?
If “Yes” they were asked:
(2) In what country was he or she born?
They followed the first question with the definition of “key founder” and “immigrant
founded company”.
Quality Assurance and Data Analysis
After all of the data had been collected, we performed quality assurance on our records.
Two criteria in particular were chosen ensure the veracity of the collected data. First,
companies listed in the D&B database with zero employees at their US headquarters were
omitted from consideration. Second, companies with 2005 sales greater than 100 million
dollars were double checked to make certain that they had been founded after 1995.
America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs
Master of Engineering Management Program, Duke University; School of Information, U.C. Berkeley
9
10. Methodology – WIPO Patent Records
Data Acquisition
To gauge the intellectual property contributions of immigrants, we first attempted to
analyze the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) database. Unfortunately
the USPTO does not record citizenship data an application for a patent.
With the assistance of Neopatents — a Raleigh, North Carolina based patent research and
analytics firm — we determined that we could obtain information on inventor nationality
by examining a different database: Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) applications
published by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). WIPO is based in
Geneva, Switzerland, and coordinates the filing of international patents. These are the
patents that likely have high global utility. Neopatents provided our research team access
to its proprietary Spore® Search software package to query the WIPO patent database.
Limitations/Definition of Immigrant Non-citizen
The WIPO database records information on inventors' nationalities and the countries in
which they resided at the time of filing a PCT application. The drawback of this
comparison is that it imposes a conservative definition of “immigrant” on our patent
analysis. The only patent data available are for foreign nationals who currently reside in
the United States. We classified these as “immigrant non-citizens” to differentiate from
the criteria we used for immigrant company founders.
To put this in perspective, according to the 2000 U.S. Census, from 1990 to 2000, 12.5
million foreign-born citizens were granted U.S. citizenship.i Any U.S. naturalized
citizens who have filed a PCT application after becoming a citizen are not counted. As a
result, our findings represent a conservative estimate of the contributions of immigrants.
Additionally, we limited our search to patents awarded from 1998 to 2006. Although the
PCT databases include records since 1978, we found that prior to 1998 the database
contains far fewer records.
For our research, we examined all PCT application records that had been filed through
the U.S. PCT Receiving Office. We extracted all records for published patents that
contain one or more applicants of non-U.S. nationality who were residing in the U.S. at
the time of filing the application. Patents meeting these criteria and published between
1998 and 2006 (inclusive) were identified. During this period, WIPO published
approximately 340,000 PCT applications filed by U.S.-resident applicants through the
U.S. receiving office.
An explanation of our WIPO search strings using Spore® Search can be found in
Appendix B of this report.
America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs
Master of Engineering Management Program, Duke University; School of Information, U.C. Berkeley
10
11. Data Analysis – Immigrant Key Founder Data
We obtained responses from 2,054 engineering and technology companies founded in the
U.S. from 1995 to 2005. Of these companies, 25.3% reported that at least one of their key
founders was an immigrant. Extrapolating from this sample, we estimate that all
companies founded by immigrants from 1995 to 2005 produced $52 billion dollars in
sales and employed 450,000 workers in 2005. A breakdown of our survey statistics and
response rates can be found in Table 1 below:
Table 1: Founder Survey Statistics and Response Rates
Count Variable
Total "Yes" Responses: 520 a
Total "No" Responses: 1534 b
"Decline to Comment/Participate" Responses: Too Busy, Unwilling to Provide 407 c
Information, No Data/Knowledge
"Missing Data": Bad Phone Numbers, Disconnected Calls, Hang Ups, Requests 2128 d
for Call Backs and Answering Machines
Total Companies Approached: 4589 e
Response Rate R1 (The proportion of survey responses obtained out of total 44.8%
survey delivery attempts) [(a+b)/e]
Response Rate R2 (The proportion of survey responses obtained out of total 83.5%
surveys actually delivered) [(a+b)/(a+b+c)]
Revenue and Employment Data
To infer information on all of the 28,776 companies founded in the last ten years, we
employed a sampling distribution of a proportion, and performed a finite population
correction. Using this method, we can say with 95% confidence that 25.3% ± 1.8% of
the 28,776 engineering and technology companies founded from 1995 to 2005 had an
immigrant key founder. This equates to 7,283 ± 518 companies. These 7,283 companies
produced more than $52 billion dollars in 2005 sales and in 2005 had just under 450,000
employees.
Immigrant-Founder Origin Data
The immigrant founders of U.S. engineering and technology companies come from all
over the world. Our data identified immigrant founders from more than 60 different
countries. The top 10 are listed in Chart 1.
America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs
Master of Engineering Management Program, Duke University; School of Information, U.C. Berkeley
11
12. Chart 1: Birthplace of Engineering and Technology Immigrant Founders
30%
25%
Percentage of Founders
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
y
na
an
a
a
a
n
K
l
n
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ad
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pa
re
Ira
U
ra
w
hi
In
Ko
m
an
Ja
Is
i
C
Ta
er
C
G
Country of Origin
Chart 1 shows Indian immigrants have founded more engineering and technology
companies from 1995 to 2005 than immigrants from the U.K., China, Taiwan and Japan
combined.
State-Wise Distribution of Immigrant Founder Data
We analyzed the responses based on the location of each company’s headquarters as
listed in the D&B database. This allowed us to group responses by state and determine
whether immigrant engineering and technology founders had a propensity to gravitate
towards certain U.S. states when starting new companies. We were only able to report
results from 19 states where we had a high enough sampling density to be confident of
our findings. Table 2 indicates the percentage of companies founded by immigrants in
each of these states. The study’s average immigrant founding rate is also presented to
illustrate the extent of a state’s deviation from the national average.
America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs
Master of Engineering Management Program, Duke University; School of Information, U.C. Berkeley
12
13. Table 2: U.S. States Where Immigrants are Founding Engineering and Technology
Companies
45.0%
40.0%
Percentage of Immigrant Key Founders
35.0%
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
0.0%
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State
It is not surprising to see California leading this group, with 38.8% of its companies
having been established by immigrant key founders. High percentages for New Jersey
(37.6%) and Michigan (32.8%) were interesting findings, as was the relatively low
performance of Washington state (11.3%) and North Carolina (13.9%).
Chart 3 details where immigrant founded engineering and technology companies were
located. Once again, California dominates, with 34% of all U.S.-immigrant-founded
companies. The next ranked state is New Jersey, with only 7.3%.
Chart 3: Breakdown of Engineering and Technology Companies Founded by
Immigrants from 1995 to 2005 by State
Others 19.6%
California 34.0%
Virginia 4.8%
Texas 4.6%
New York 5.2%
Colorado 2.1%
New Jersey 7.3%
Florida 6.7%
Michigan 3.7% Georgia 3.3%
Massachusetts 5.2% Illinois 3.5%
America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs
Master of Engineering Management Program, Duke University; School of Information, U.C. Berkeley
13
14. Using this same state breakdown of immigrant founder data, it is possible to determine
the states where immigrant entrepreneurs from specific ethnic groups are concentrated.
Charts 4a – 4d detail these statistics for the four largest immigrant groups: those from
India, the U.K., China, and Taiwan.
Chart 4a: Where are Immigrants from India Founding Engineering and
Technology Companies?
Other Arizona
W isconsin 7% 3%
2%
Virginia
7% California
26%
Texas
5%
Pennsylvania
3%
Ohio
1%
New York
3% Florida
5%
New Jersey Georgia
14% 4%
Maryland Illinois
New Hampshire
Michigan 4% 4%
2%
7%
Massachusetts
2%
Chart 4b: Where are Immigrants from the U.K. Founding Engineering and
Technology Companies?
Virginia Washington
Texas
3% 3% Arizona
5%
5%
Tennessee
3%
California
Rhode Island 13%
3%
Pennsylvania
3%
Ohio Colorado
5% 5%
North Carolina
3% Connecticut
5%
New York
5%
Florida
New Jersey 5%
3%
Missouri
3%
Georgia
Massachusetts 13%
8% Illinois
Louisiana 5%
3%
America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs
Master of Engineering Management Program, Duke University; School of Information, U.C. Berkeley
14
15. Chart 4c: Where are Immigrants from China Founding Engineering and
Technology Companies?
Texas
10%
New York
6%
New Mexico
6%
New Jersey California
6% 49%
Massachusetts
6%
Maryland
3%
Illinois
Indiana 3%
3% Florida
Georgia 3%
5%
Chart 4d: Where are Immigrants from Taiwan Founding Engineering and
Technology Companies?
W ashington
Pennsylvania Texas 3%
3% 3%
New York
3%
Maryland
3%
Georgia
4%
California
81%
These data reveal a high level of ethnic clustering by immigrant-founded engineering and
technology companies. 40% of Indian founders favored locations in California and New
Jersey. Founders from the U.K. displayed the greatest dispersion, showing no centralized
founding locations, with the exception of slightly higher rates in California and Georgia.
Chinese (both Mainland- and Taiwan-born) founders were heavily concentrated in
California, with 49% of those from China and 81% of those from Taiwan establishing
companies in this state. This clustering reflects the self-reinforcing nature of immigrant
social and technical networks in the state, which are probably also factors that continue to
draw Indian immigrant-founders disproportionately to California and New Jersey.
Grouping the data by state reveals both the distinct spatial clustering of immigrant-
founders and the diversity of immigrant-founders in the same states. Graphs 5a – 5g
display the immigrant groups founding engineering and technology companies in the
states with our highest response profiles: California, Florida, Massachusetts, New Jersey,
New York and Texas.
America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs
Master of Engineering Management Program, Duke University; School of Information, U.C. Berkeley
15
16. Graph 5a underscores the dominance of Asian immigrant-founders of engineering and
technology companies in California, particularly those from India (20%), Taiwan (13%),
and China (10%) The profile of immigrant founders in Florida is quite different, and
largely appears to reflect geographic proximity. Graph 5b shows the dominance of South
and Central American immigrant founders in Florida, with Cuba (10%), Venezuela (8%),
and Colombia (8%) along with India (18%.)
Graph 5a: Immigrant Groups Founding Engineering and Technology Companies in
California
Anonymous
4% Australia
Vietnam Other 2%
2% 8% Canada China
UK 3% 10%
3%
Egypt
1%
Taiwan France
13% 2%
Germany
4%
Switzerland
1%
Poland
2%
Philippines
3% Peru India
1% 20%
Netherlands
1% Mexico Korea
1% 6% Israel Iran
Malaysia 2% 6%
1% Japan
6%
Graph 5b: Immigrant Groups Founding Engineering and Technology Companies in
Florida
Venezuela China
8% Brazil 3%
3% Columbia
UK
Turkey 8%
5%
3%
Spain
5% Cuba
10%
Romania
3%
Portugal France
3% 3%
Nicaragua Germany
3% 5%
Netherlands Guatemala
3% 3%
Mexico Hungary
8% 3%
Malaysia
India
3% Israel 18%
Lebanon 3%
3%
America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs
Master of Engineering Management Program, Duke University; School of Information, U.C. Berkeley
16
17. Graph 5c shows that Massachusetts is home to large numbers of Israeli- (17%), German-
(10%), and British- (10%) immigrant founders. Graph 5d reveals the dominance of
Indian-immigrant founders (47%) in New Jersey.
Graph 5c: Immigrant Groups Founding Engineering and Technology Companies in
Massachusetts
Anonymous
UK 6%
10% Canada
South Africa
4% 4%
Russia China
4% 7%
Romania Dominican Republic
4% 4%
Norway
4%
Korea Germany
4% 10%
Japan
4%
Italy
4%
India
10%
Israel Ireland
17% 4%
Graph 5d: Immigrant Groups Founding Engineering and Technology Companies in
New Jersey
Turkey
3% Anonymous
3%
Philippines UK
Portugal China
3% 3%
3% 4% France
New Zealand
4%
Malaysia 3%
3% Greece
3%
Korea
7%
Japan
4%
Israel
7%
Ireland
3% India
47%
Japanese, Indian, and Israeli founders are equally well-represented in New York, where
they each account for 14% of the immigrant-founded engineering and technology
companies (Graph 5e) Immigrant-founders from India (25%) and China (14%) dominate
in Texas (Graph 5f).
America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs
Master of Engineering Management Program, Duke University; School of Information, U.C. Berkeley
17
18. Graph 5e: Immigrant Groups Founding Engineering and Technology Companies in
New York
Anonymous
3%
UK Armenia Australia
Taiwan 7% 3% 3%
3% Canada
3%
Russia
7% China
Netherlands 7%
3%
Czech Republic
3%
Egypt
Japan 3%
14% France
3%
Germany
3%
Italy
3%
India
Israel 14%
14%
Graph 5f: Immigrant Groups Founding Engineering and Technology Companies in
Texas
Anonymous
4%
Trinidad Austria
UK
4% 4%
7%
Taiwan Canada
4% 4%
South Africa
4% China
Pakistan 14%
4%
New Zealand
4%
Finland
Mexico 4%
7% France
4%
Japan
4%
Italy
4%
Israel India
4% 25%
In conclusion, Indian immigrant-founders were well represented in California, Florida
and Texas, and they accounted for almost half the immigrant founders in New Jersey, yet
they represented only 10% of the immigrant founders in Massachusetts. Immigrant
founders from Latin American countries such as Mexico, Columbia, Venezuela and Cuba
were better represented in Florida. Israeli founders were concentrated in New York and
Massachusetts.
America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs
Master of Engineering Management Program, Duke University; School of Information, U.C. Berkeley
18
19. Industry Specific Immigrant Founder Data
Our definition of “engineering and technology companies” extends to companies
practicing in the fields of bioscience, computers/communications, defense/aerospace,
environmental, innovation/manufacturing-related services, semiconductors, and software
as defined by a company’s primary SIC code (see Appendix A for a more in depth
description of the included SIC codes). This section explores the concentrations of
immigrant entrepreneurs in particular engineering and technology industries. From 1995
to 2005 almost 80% of immigrant-founded companies were within just two business
fields: innovation/manufacturing-related services (46%) and software (33%). A full
breakdown of immigrant founding activity across all seven business fields appears in
Chart 6.
Chart 6: Breakdown of Engineering and Technology Companies Founded by
Immigrants from 1995 to 2005 by Industry
Computers /
Bioscience Communications
6% 8%
Defense / Aerospace
1%
Software
Environmental
33%
2%
Semiconductors
4%
Innovation /
Manufacturing-Related
Services
46%
The low immigrant participation in the founding of defense/aerospace companies is likely
due to the present restrictive environment for government contracts, which often limits
work to individuals with U.S. citizenships and security clearances. The software field
contains computer programming services, prepackaged software, integrated system
design, processing services and information retrieval companies. The
innovation/manufacturing-related services field includes a variety of electronics,
computer and hardware design and service companies in addition to engineering services,
research and testing.
Immigrant entrepreneurs are not evenly represented across these seven technology fields.
Of all the companies we surveyed, 25.3% had one or more immigrant founder; but this
average varied by up to 18 percentage points between engineering- and technology-
industry classifications. Immigrant founders were more heavily concentrated in the
semiconductor (35.1%), computer/communications (31.7%), and software (27.9%)
America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs
Master of Engineering Management Program, Duke University; School of Information, U.C. Berkeley
19
20. industries than in other engineering and technology fields. A graphic representation of
these data can be found in Chart 7.
Chart 7: Industry Breakdown of Immigrant Founded Companies
Defense / Aerospace 7.9%
Environmental 9.2%
Bioscience 20.1%
Industry Field
All Industry Fields 25.3%
Innovation / Manufacturing-
25.9%
Related Services
Software 27.9%
Computers /
31.7%
Communications
Semiconductors 35.2%
0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 35.0% 40.0%
Percentage of Immigrant Key Founders
By cross-referencing our industry-field and immigrant-founder–nationality data, we can
determine the propensity of specific immigrant ethnic groups to found new companies in
distinct industry fields. Tables 8a to 8d display the industries in which immigrants from
India, the U.K., China, and Taiwan have founded companies from 1995 to 2005.
Chart 8a: Industries in which Immigrants from India are Founding Companies
Computers /
Communications
5%
Defense / Aerospace
Bioscience 0%
2%
Environmental
1%
Software
46%
Innovation /
Manufacturing-Related
Services
44%
Semiconductors
2%
America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs
Master of Engineering Management Program, Duke University; School of Information, U.C. Berkeley
20
21. Chart 8b: Industries in which Immigrants from the U.K. are Founding Companies
Computers /
Bioscience Communications
5% 8%
Defense / Aerospace
0%
Environmental
0%
Software
43%
Innovation /
Manufacturing-Related
Services
Semiconductors 44%
0%
Chart 8c: Industries in which Immigrants from China are Founding Companies
Bioscience
Software 0% Computers /
19% Communications
25%
Semiconductors
8% Defense / Aerospace
0%
Environmental
6%
Innovation /
Manufacturing-Related
Services
42%
Chart 8d: Industry Fields in which Immigrants from Taiwan are Founding
Companies
Bioscience
Software 3%
17%
Computers /
Communications
27%
Semiconductors
7%
Defense / Aerospace
0%
Environmental
0%
Innovation /
Manufacturing-Related
Services
46%
America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs
Master of Engineering Management Program, Duke University; School of Information, U.C. Berkeley
21
22. These data show that all four immigrant groups founded innovation/manufacturing-
related service companies in similar proportions over the past decade (accounting for
42% to 46% of all engineering and technology companies founded by each group).
Entrepreneurs from India and the U.K. gravitated as well toward the software industry,
which accounted for 46% and 43%, respectively, of their startups; but they were
minimally represented in hardware-oriented sectors such as semiconductors and
computers/communications.
Immigrant founders from China and Taiwan started companies in a broader range of
industries, and were more likely to start computers/communications (with 25% and 27%
respectively) and software companies (19% and 17%). In addition, they were more likely
to be founders of semiconductor companies (8% and 7%) than their Indian or U.K.
counterparts.
In a final analysis of this industry-specific data, we present a breakdown of the immigrant
groups founding companies in distinct industry fields. Due to the relatively low
immigrant activity in defense/aerospace and environmental industry fields, data on these
groups will not be presented. Breakdowns of the remaining five industry groups can be
found in Charts 9a to 9e.
Chart 9a: Immigrant-Founder Origins in the Innovation/Manufacturing-Related
Services Field
Immigrants Founded Companies in the Innovation/Manufacturing-Related Field in the Last Ten Years
Austria
Anonymous Australia 1%
4% 2%
Vietnam
Armenia Brazil
2%
Other 1% 1%
Venezuela 7%
1% Canada
4%
UK
6% China Columbia
6% 2%
Turkey
1% Cuba
1%
Taiwan
Spain
6% France
1%
2%
South Korea Germany
2% South Africa 4%
1% Greece
Russia 1%
2%
Poland
1%
Peru India
1% Japan 24%
7%
Pakistan
1% Iran
Mexico Malaysia Korea Italy Israel
1% 1%
3% 1% 2% 2%
America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs
Master of Engineering Management Program, Duke University; School of Information, U.C. Berkeley
22
23. Chart 9b: Immigrant-Founder Origins in the Biosciences Field
Taiwan
UK Anonymous
3%
6% 10%
Switzerland Cambodia
3% 3%
Portugal Romania Canada
3% 3%
3%
Philippines Egypt
3% 3%
New Zeland France
3% 6%
Netherlands
3%
Germany
Korea 10%
10%
Japan India
3% Israel 10%
Ireland Iran
6% 3% 3%
Chart 9c: Immigrant-Founder Origins in the Computers/Communications Field
Anonymous
4%
Brazil
UK 2%
Turkey 6%
Taiwan 2% Chile
17% 2%
China
19%
Switzerland
2%
Finland
Singapore 2%
2%
Germany
Portugal 2%
2% Hungary
Panama
2%
2%
India
15%
Malaysia Japan
2% Korea 2%
6% Iran
Italy Ireland 4%
2% 2%
Chart 9d: Immigrant-Founder Origins in the Semiconductors Field
Anonymous
Taiwan 5%
10% Canada
Switzerland 5%
5%
Poland China
5% 15%
Philippines
10%
Germany
5%
Peru
5%
Mexico
India
5%
15%
Japan
5% Israel Iran
5% 5%
America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs
Master of Engineering Management Program, Duke University; School of Information, U.C. Berkeley
23
24. Chart 9e: Immigrant-Founder Origins in the Software Field
Anonymous Canada
2% 3%
Other Australia
3% China
9%
4%
Taiwan
3% UK France
9% 2%
Russia
1% Germany
Romania 5%
1%
Poland
1%
Philippines
2%
Netherlands
3%
Korea
2% India
Japan 34%
3%
Iran
Italy 4%
2%
Israel
6%
Indian immigrants are the primary founders of immigrant companies in the
innovation/manufacturing-related services fields. Just under a quarter of the immigrants
who founded companies in this field are from India, followed at a considerable distance
by Taiwan and China at 6% each. The Indian immigrant group contributes as well to the
biosciences and computers/communications fields but is not a dominant force. In
biosciences, India and Germany each contribute 10% of the companies founded by
immigrants; the U.K., France, Israel and Korea trail at 6%.
In the computers/communications field, India-, Taiwan-, and China-born founders
together accounted for just over 50% of all the immigrant start-ups from 1995 to 2005.
India- and China-born immigrant entrepreneurs each founded 15% of the immigrant-
founded semiconductors companies from 1995 to 2005. These contributions were trailed
by those of immigrant founders from the Philippines (10%) and Taiwan (10%). Finally,
within the software field, Indian immigrants established 34% of the immigrant founded
software companies from 1995 to 2005.
America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs
Master of Engineering Management Program, Duke University; School of Information, U.C. Berkeley
24
25. Data Analysis – WIPO Patent Records
In this study we also examined the intellectual-property contributions of immigrant non-
citizens. These are foreign nationals who currently reside in the U.S. but have not
received citizenship. We analyzed the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) records for the U.S. based international patent filings of
U.S. resident inventors. A PCT application is a type of international patent application
that allows for an applicant to seek patent protection simultaneously in many countries.
We found that U.S. immigrant non-citizen inventors and co-inventors appeared on 14.8%
of these patent filings from 1998 to 2006 (a small proportion of these records include pre-
1998 filings). We estimate that in 2006, 24.2% of PCT applications had immigrant non-
citizen inventors or co-inventors. This is a dramatic increase from an estimated 7.3% in
1998.
WIPO PCT Applications by U.S. Immigrant Nationality
To learn more about the intellectual property contributions of distinct U.S. immigrant
groups, we subdivided our data by nationality. This allowed us to identify the total
number of PCT applications awarded to immigrants from various countries from 1998 to
2006. These data are reflected in Chart 10. Please note that the data in this table are not
mutually exclusive -- that is to say if a single patent has U.S. immigrant inventors from
China and India, both nationality totals would receive recognition for this patent.
Chart 10: Intellectual Property Contributions of U.S. Immigrant Non-citizens –
PCT Applications by Nationality – 1998 to 2006
14,000
12,000
10,000
from 1998 to 2006
PCT Applications
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
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Author/Co-Author Nationality
* PCT applications within the field “China” also include applications from Taiwan.** PCT applications awarded to within the
field “Germany” have been calculated using a unique search string; please refer to the Methodology – WIPO Patent
Records section for more details.
America’s New Immigrant Entrepreneurs
Master of Engineering Management Program, Duke University; School of Information, U.C. Berkeley
25