PPT about Determiner

1. Lecture 6
Lecture 6
Determiners (I)
Determiners (I)

2. Teaching Contents
Teaching Contents
 6.1 Collocations between determiners
6.1 Collocations between determiners
and nouns
and nouns
 6.2 Collocations between determiners
6.2 Collocations between determiners
 6.3 A comparative study of some
6.3 A comparative study of some
determiner usage
determiner usage

3.  Words that precede any pre-modifying adjectives in a noun
Words that precede any pre-modifying adjectives in a noun
phrase and which denote such referential meanings as specific
phrase and which denote such referential meanings as specific
reference, generic reference, definite quantity or indefinite
reference, generic reference, definite quantity or indefinite
quantity are referred to as determiners.
quantity are referred to as determiners.
 Determiners include: 1)articles 2) possessive determiners 3)
Determiners include: 1)articles 2) possessive determiners 3)
genitive nouns 4) demonstrative determiners 5) relative
genitive nouns 4) demonstrative determiners 5) relative
determiners 6) interrogative determiners 7) indefinite
determiners 6) interrogative determiners 7) indefinite
determiners 8) cardinal and ordinal determiners 9) fractional
determiners 8) cardinal and ordinal determiners 9) fractional
and multiplicative numerals 10) quantifiers.
and multiplicative numerals 10) quantifiers.

4. 6.1 Collocations between determiners
6.1 Collocations between determiners
and nouns
and nouns
 The choice of determiners is closely related to the
The choice of determiners is closely related to the
three classes of nouns: singular count nouns, plural
three classes of nouns: singular count nouns, plural
count nouns and non-count nouns. These three classes
count nouns and non-count nouns. These three classes
of nouns need appropriate determiners to collocate
of nouns need appropriate determiners to collocate
with.
with.
 (1) Determiners with all three classes of nouns
(1) Determiners with all three classes of nouns
 Possessive determiners, genitive nouns, definite article,
Possessive determiners, genitive nouns, definite article,
some, any, no, the other, whose
some, any, no, the other, whose
 --- his book, his books, his money
--- his book, his books, his money
 (2) Determiners with plural count nouns only
(2) Determiners with plural count nouns only

5.  both, two, three, etc. another two/three, many, (a) few, several, these,
both, two, three, etc. another two/three, many, (a) few, several, these,
those, a (great) number of
those, a (great) number of
 --- many books, these visitors
--- many books, these visitors
 (3) Determiners with singular count nouns only
(3) Determiners with singular count nouns only
 a(n), one, another, each, every, either, neither, many a, such a
a(n), one, another, each, every, either, neither, many a, such a
 --- each student, every student, another student
--- each student, every student, another student
 (4) Determiners with non-count nouns only
(4) Determiners with non-count nouns only
 a (little) bit of, a great amount of, a great deal of, (a) little,
a (little) bit of, a great amount of, a great deal of, (a) little,
much
much
 --- a little money, much money
--- a little money, much money
 (5) Determiners with singular and plural count nouns only
(5) Determiners with singular and plural count nouns only
 the first, the second, the last, the next
the first, the second, the last, the next
 --- the next meeting, the next meetings
--- the next meeting, the next meetings
 (6) Determiners with singular and non-count nouns only
(6) Determiners with singular and non-count nouns only

6.  this, that, (the) least
this, that, (the) least
 --- the least sign, the least knowledge
--- the least sign, the least knowledge
 (7) Determiners with plural and noncount nouns only
(7) Determiners with plural and noncount nouns only
 A lot of, lots of, plenty of, enough, more, most, such, other,
A lot of, lots of, plenty of, enough, more, most, such, other,
less (non-count,
less (non-count, plural nouns
plural nouns(inflm.))
(inflm.))
 ---plenty of books, plenty of water
---plenty of books, plenty of water

7. 6.2 Collocations between determiners
6.2 Collocations between determiners
 1) According to their potential position, determiners fall
1) According to their potential position, determiners fall
into three subclasses:
into three subclasses:
 a) predeterminers: all, both, half; multiplicative numeral:
a) predeterminers: all, both, half; multiplicative numeral:
double, twice, three times, etc.; fractional numerals: one-
double, twice, three times, etc.; fractional numerals: one-
third, two-fifths, etc. what, such (a/an)
third, two-fifths, etc. what, such (a/an)
 b) Central determiners: the articles, demonstrative
b) Central determiners: the articles, demonstrative
determiners, possessive determiners, genitive nouns, some,
determiners, possessive determiners, genitive nouns, some,
any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough, what(ever),
any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough, what(ever),
which(ever), whose,etc.
which(ever), whose,etc.
 c) Postdeterminers: cardinal numerals, ordinal numerals,
c) Postdeterminers: cardinal numerals, ordinal numerals,
(ordinary cardinal numerals) next, last, other, another,
(ordinary cardinal numerals) next, last, other, another,
many, much, (a) few, (a) little,
many, much, (a) few, (a) little,

8.  fewer, (the)
fewer, (the) fewest, less, (the) least, more, most, several,
fewest, less, (the) least, more, most, several,
plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a great / large / good
plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a great / large / good
number of, a great / good deal of, a large / small
number of, a great / good deal of, a large / small
amount of, such
amount of, such
 2) Predeterminers and central determiners are mutually
2) Predeterminers and central determiners are mutually
exclusive.
exclusive. No two of them ever occur together in a noun
No two of them ever occur together in a noun
phrase:
phrase:
 *all both students, these your students
*all both students, these your students
 Postdeterminers are not mutually exclusive.
Postdeterminers are not mutually exclusive. Two or more of
Two or more of
them can co-occur in a noun phrase:
them can co-occur in a noun phrase:
 --- last few weeks, several hundred students
--- last few weeks, several hundred students
 Word order of determiners
Word order of determiners
 The normal order: predeterminers + central determiners +
The normal order: predeterminers + central determiners +
postdeterminer
postdeterminer

9.  ---
--- All the four teachers ( Pr + C + Po )
All the four teachers ( Pr + C + Po )
 --- Half his lecture ( Pr + C )
--- Half his lecture ( Pr + C )
 --- All other students ( Pr + Po )
--- All other students ( Pr + Po )
 --- His many friends (C + Po)
--- His many friends (C + Po)
 --- Another five weeks ( Po + Po)
--- Another five weeks ( Po + Po)
 --- Few such cases ( Po + Po )
--- Few such cases ( Po + Po )
 (4) The lexical meanings of
(4) The lexical meanings of “
“last, past, next
last, past, next”
” vary before or
vary before or
after the cardinal numeral:
after the cardinal numeral:
 ---
--- first two
first two chapters
chapters 头两章
头两章
 ---
--- two first
two first chapters
chapters 两个第一章
两个第一章
 ---
--- last two
last two sentences
sentences 最后两个句子
最后两个句子
 ---
--- two last
two last sentences
sentences 两个最后的句子
两个最后的句子

10.  The last two pages (= The last and penultimate page
The last two pages (= The last and penultimate page
of a book) are missing.
of a book) are missing.
 The two last pages (The last page in each of two
The two last pages (The last page in each of two
books) are missing.
books) are missing.
 The last two pages of this book are missing.
The last two pages of this book are missing.
 *The two last pages of this book are missing.
*The two last pages of this book are missing.
 The second last page is missing.(= the page next to
The second last page is missing.(= the page next to
the last)
the last)
 *The last second page is missing.
*The last second page is missing.

11.  According to the lexical meaning, some postdeterminers can
According to the lexical meaning, some postdeterminers can
only be put
only be put before or after
before or after the other postdeterminer:
the other postdeterminer:
a) ordinal numeral/ordinary ordinal numeral + cardinal
a) ordinal numeral/ordinary ordinal numeral + cardinal
numeral/ (a) few, fewer, several, most, more, many, much, (a)
numeral/ (a) few, fewer, several, most, more, many, much, (a)
little, less, least.
little, less, least.
e.g. He will stay here for the first 3 days of the month.
e.g. He will stay here for the first 3 days of the month.
Where will you be during the next few weeks?
Where will you be during the next few weeks?
b) cardinal numeral/ (a) few, fewer, several, most, more, many,
b) cardinal numeral/ (a) few, fewer, several, most, more, many,
much, (a) little, less, least + such, more, less
much, (a) little, less, least + such, more, less
e.g. I have two more hats than he does.
e.g. I have two more hats than he does.
Many such regulations are also applicable to us.
Many such regulations are also applicable to us.
--- more: two/many/few/little/several more
--- more: two/many/few/little/several more

12. Half :
Half :
Half the / half of the + pl. n. / [U] n.
Half the / half of the + pl. n. / [U] n.
e.g. Half (of) the pears are rotten.
e.g. Half (of) the pears are rotten.
Half (of) the bread is stale.
Half (of) the bread is stale.
Half (of) + proper n.
Half (of) + proper n.
e.g. Half (of) London was buzzing with gossip.
e.g. Half (of) London was buzzing with gossip.
Half a(n)+ singular n. / a half + singualr n. (Am.E)
Half a(n)+ singular n. / a half + singualr n. (Am.E)
e.g. We need half a kilo/ a half kilo of butter.
e.g. We need half a kilo/ a half kilo of butter.
I
I’
’ve been waiting here for half an hour/ half a day.
ve been waiting here for half an hour/ half a day.
a half hour/ a half day.
a half hour/ a half day.
Sometimes, "a half + singular n.
Sometimes, "a half + singular n.”
” can omit
can omit “
“a
a”
”
e.g. She has (a) half knowledge of English.
e.g. She has (a) half knowledge of English.

13.  Both:
Both:
I got both ((of) the) vases in Spain.
I got both ((of) the) vases in Spain.
Both ((of) these) parties shared one basic belief.
Both ((of) these) parties shared one basic belief.
Both of + possessive determiner + pl. [C] n.
Both of + possessive determiner + pl. [C] n.
Both (of) his parents died young.
Both (of) his parents died young.
Both vs. two
Both vs. two
Both (the) and both of the can be replaced by
Both (the) and both of the can be replaced by “
“the
the
two
two”
”, but the former refer to two things or persons
, but the former refer to two things or persons
considered together and the latter refers to two
considered together and the latter refers to two
things or persons considered separately.
things or persons considered separately.
e.g. Both the students / The two students were
e.g. Both the students / The two students were
excellent.
excellent.

14.  “
“Both of + n./pro.
Both of + n./pro.”
” and
and “
“two of + n./pro.
two of + n./pro.”
” cannot be
cannot be
exchanged, because the former denotes appositive and
exchanged, because the former denotes appositive and
the latter denotes partial meaning.
the latter denotes partial meaning.
e.g. Both of the students are excellent.
e.g. Both of the students are excellent.
(two students totally)
(two students totally)
Two of the students are excellent.
Two of the students are excellent.
(two in three or more students)
(two in three or more students)
But when
But when “
“the two of + pro.
the two of + pro.”
” denotes appositive
denotes appositive
meaning, it equals
meaning, it equals “
“both of + pronoun
both of + pronoun”
”.
.
e.g. The two of them / Both of them are in good health.
e.g. The two of them / Both of them are in good health.

15.  Restrictions :
Restrictions :
1) all, both and half
1) all, both and half
They can appear before articles, possessive determiners
They can appear before articles, possessive determiners
and demonstrative determiners, but not before
and demonstrative determiners, but not before “
“every,
every,
(n)either, each, some, any, no, enough
(n)either, each, some, any, no, enough”
”.
.
e.g. all the year, both my books, half that apple
e.g. all the year, both my books, half that apple
*all every year, both enough books, half either apple.
*all every year, both enough books, half either apple.
2) Most and last
2) Most and last
a) When
a) When “
“most
most”
” means
means “
“the majority or the largest part
the majority or the largest part”
”,
,
it cannot appear after central determiners; neither can
it cannot appear after central determiners; neither can
it have
it have “
“the
the”
” when used as a pronoun.
when used as a pronoun.

16. e.g. *The most/ Most farmers are still using the old
e.g. *The most/ Most farmers are still using the old
methods.
methods.
*The most / Most meat is expensive
*The most / Most meat is expensive
When used as the superlative degree of
When used as the superlative degree of “
“many, much
many, much”
”,
,
it can have a central determiner.
it can have a central determiner.
e.g. You
e.g. You’
’ve got the most money, so you can pay for the
ve got the most money, so you can pay for the
rest of us.
rest of us.
George eats the most desserts.(= George eats more
George eats the most desserts.(= George eats more
desserts than the rest of us.)
desserts than the rest of us.)

17. b) When
b) When “
“last
last”
” means
means “
“the one before this
the one before this”
” (
( 上
上 /
/ 前
前
一
一 ), it cannot have the central determiner; however,
), it cannot have the central determiner; however,
when denoting
when denoting “
“most recent
most recent”
”, it can.
, it can.
e.g. We completed the project last year/ *the last year.
e.g. We completed the project last year/ *the last year.
He came here last Sunday.
He came here last Sunday.
His last letter came to me two weeks ago.
His last letter came to me two weeks ago.
3) Some, much
3) Some, much
Some, much are central determiners, while
Some, much are central determiners, while “
“few, many,
few, many,
several and little
several and little”
” are postderterminers. So we cannot
are postderterminers. So we cannot
use
use “
“some, much
some, much”
” to denote quantity in noun
to denote quantity in noun
phrases with other central determiners.
phrases with other central determiners.
e.g. *His some/several friends often come to see him.
e.g. *His some/several friends often come to see him.

18.  I
I’
’m sorry to have given you *the/so much trouble.
m sorry to have given you *the/so much trouble.
4) Every, what
4) Every, what
When such central determiners as
When such central determiners as “
“every, no, any
every, no, any”
” as
as
well as
well as “
“what, which, whose
what, which, whose”
” precede postdeterminers,
precede postdeterminers,
they cannot have predeterminers.
they cannot have predeterminers.
e.g. every other line---*half every other line
e.g. every other line---*half every other line
No three books ---*all no three books
No three books ---*all no three books
Any other cars --- *both any other cars
Any other cars --- *both any other cars
What little help -- *all what little help
What little help -- *all what little help
Whose forty dollars -- *double whose dollars
Whose forty dollars -- *double whose dollars

19. Wh-words such as
Wh-words such as “
“what, whose
what, whose”
” cannot be used with
cannot be used with
“
“all, both, half
all, both, half”
”
e.g. I
e.g. I’
’m interested in *all what plan / all of what plans
m interested in *all what plan / all of what plans
she has made.
she has made.
Multiplicative and fractional numerals can precede
Multiplicative and fractional numerals can precede
“
“what
what”
”.
.
Generally, multiplicative numerals cannot be used as
Generally, multiplicative numerals cannot be used as
nouns (*+of +what), but
nouns (*+of +what), but “
“double
double”
” can, preceded by
can, preceded by
“
“the
the”
”.
.
e.g. He eats twice what / *twice of what you eat.
e.g. He eats twice what / *twice of what you eat.
He eats three times what / * three times of what you eat.
He eats three times what / * three times of what you eat.
It costs double what / the double of what it did.
It costs double what / the double of what it did.

20.  Fractional numerals can function as nouns without
Fractional numerals can function as nouns without
“
“the
the”
” before it.
before it.
e.g. She could pay only one-third (of) what she owed.
e.g. She could pay only one-third (of) what she owed.
When
When “
“twice
twice”
” denotes time frequency instead of
denotes time frequency instead of
multiple, it is an adverb and functions as an adverbial.
multiple, it is an adverb and functions as an adverbial.
e.g. We meet twice a week.
e.g. We meet twice a week.
5) such
5) such
no/any +such + [U] n. / pl. n.
no/any +such + [U] n. / pl. n.
e.g. No such help has been given to me.
e.g. No such help has been given to me.
Any such factors should be considered.
Any such factors should be considered.

21.  No/any + such + singular n.
No/any + such + singular n.
e.g. *No such a thing/ No such thing has ever
e.g. *No such a thing/ No such thing has ever
happened.
happened.
*Any such a computer / Any such computer will meet
*Any such a computer / Any such computer will meet
my need.
my need.

22. 6.3 A comparative study of some determiner
6.3 A comparative study of some determiner
usage
usage
 1
1 ）
） Many , much : negative and interrogative sentences.
Many , much : negative and interrogative sentences.
 a lot of, lots of, plenty of: affirmative sentence (informal
a lot of, lots of, plenty of: affirmative sentence (informal
styles)
styles)
 a large number of, numerous: affirmative sentence
a large number of, numerous: affirmative sentence
(formal styles)
(formal styles)
 Many ,much
Many ,much : affirmative sentence
: affirmative sentence
 In an object clause (whether/if)
In an object clause (whether/if)
 --- I wonder if many students will have time to work
--- I wonder if many students will have time to work
 b) In a noun phrase composed of
b) In a noun phrase composed of “
“how, too, so/as +
how, too, so/as +
many/ much + head
many/ much + head

23.  --- I forget how many there are.
--- I forget how many there are.
 --- We have as many copies as you need.
--- We have as many copies as you need.
 c) In a noun phrase functioning as subject
c) In a noun phrase functioning as subject
 --- Much work has been done.
--- Much work has been done.
 --- There is much milk left in the glass.
--- There is much milk left in the glass.
 2) (a) few, (a) little
2) (a) few, (a) little
 Less / least (little): go with mass nouns. Occasionally used
Less / least (little): go with mass nouns. Occasionally used
with plural nouns in informal writing: (fewer: fml.)
with plural nouns in informal writing: (fewer: fml.)
 --- I
--- I’
’ve got less friends this year than ever before.
ve got less friends this year than ever before.
 3) some, any
3) some, any
a) In negative sentences and questions
a) In negative sentences and questions
b) Some + singular [C] n. = a certain n.
b) Some + singular [C] n. = a certain n.
any + singular [C] n. = every n.
any + singular [C] n. = every n.

24.  4) all, both, every, each, either, neither, any
4) all, both, every, each, either, neither, any
 The negative forms of all and both are respectively none and
The negative forms of all and both are respectively none and
neither.
neither.
 None: no one, personal and impersonal.
None: no one, personal and impersonal.
 No one: personal only
No one: personal only
 --- None of us are /is afraid of it.
--- None of us are /is afraid of it.
 --- There is none of it left.
--- There is none of it left.
 --- No one fails the examination.
--- No one fails the examination.
 --- Neither sentence is correct English
--- Neither sentence is correct English

25. All vs. whole
All vs. whole
1) All , whole + pl. n.
1) All , whole + pl. n.
All ((of) the) men must leave their coats here, but all
All ((of) the) men must leave their coats here, but all
(the)
(the)
Women may take theirs with them.
Women may take theirs with them.
all + pl. n. =every n. Whole + pl. n. = complete/entire
all + pl. n. =every n. Whole + pl. n. = complete/entire
e.g. All Indian tribes suffered from settlement in
e.g. All Indian tribes suffered from settlement in
America. (= Every Indian tribe
America. (= Every Indian tribe…
…)
)
Whole Indian tribes were killed off. (= Complete Indian
Whole Indian tribes were killed off. (= Complete Indian
tribes were killed off; nobody was left alive in these
tribes were killed off; nobody was left alive in these
tribes.)
tribes.)

26.  2) All, whole + singular n. / [U] n.
2) All, whole + singular n. / [U] n.
a) all, all the, the whole + day, night, week, year,
a) all, all the, the whole + day, night, week, year,
summer, winter; * +hour/century
summer, winter; * +hour/century
e.g. I waited all (the) week/the whole week for him to
e.g. I waited all (the) week/the whole week for him to
answer.
answer.
In structures with nouns denoting time,
In structures with nouns denoting time, “
“all
all”
” cannot be
cannot be
pro.
pro.
?I waited all of the week for him to answer.
?I waited all of the week for him to answer.
In negative sentences,
In negative sentences, “
“all
all”
” just precedes zero article.
just precedes zero article.
e.g. I haven
e.g. I haven’
’t seen him all day / *all the day.
t seen him all day / *all the day.

27. b) When
b) When “
“all the
all the”
”,
, “
“the whole
the whole”
” can be used with singular
can be used with singular
nouns that can be divided, they can be replaced by
nouns that can be divided, they can be replaced by “
“all
all
of the
of the”
” (
(“
“the
the”
” cannot be omitted).
cannot be omitted).
e.g. He ate the whole loaf / all (of) the loaf by himself.
e.g. He ate the whole loaf / all (of) the loaf by himself.
“
“All of the / the whole + singular n.
All of the / the whole + singular n.”
” is more often than
is more often than
“
“all the + singular n.
all the + singular n.”
”.
.
e.g. I haven
e.g. I haven’
’t read all of the book / the whole book.
t read all of the book / the whole book.
“
“All the
All the”
” cannot be used with singular [C] n. that be be
cannot be used with singular [C] n. that be be
divided, so
divided, so “
“the whole
the whole”
” is used.
is used.
e.g. *All the hall / The whole hall resounded with
e.g. *All the hall / The whole hall resounded with
applause.
applause.

28. Each vs. every:
Each vs. every:
1)
1) “
“Each
Each”
” and
and “
“every
every”
” can be exchanged when preceding
can be exchanged when preceding
“
“time
time”
” and
and “
“one
one”
”.
.
e.g. Every / Each time I wash the car it rains.
e.g. Every / Each time I wash the car it rains.
Every one / Each (one) of the students should have
Every one / Each (one) of the students should have
his/their own books.
his/their own books.
2)
2) “
“Every
Every”
” cannot be replaced by
cannot be replaced by “
“each
each”
” when
when…
…
a)
a) “
“every
every”
” is used with such abstract nouns as
is used with such abstract nouns as “
“assistance,
assistance,
kindness, confidence, encouragement, effort
kindness, confidence, encouragement, effort”
” and
and
denotes
denotes “
“as possible; the greatest
as possible; the greatest”
”(
( 一切可能的，最
一切可能的，最
大的
大的 )
)
e.g. He gave us every / *each assistance/encouragement.
e.g. He gave us every / *each assistance/encouragement.

29.  He made every/*each attempt to go there.
He made every/*each attempt to go there.
b) not, almost, nearly, practically + every
b) not, almost, nearly, practically + every
every + single
every + single
e.g. Not every / *each house on the island has
e.g. Not every / *each house on the island has
electricity.
electricity.
Almost every /*each building was damaged in the
Almost every /*each building was damaged in the
earthquake.
earthquake.
I answer every/*each single letter I receive.
I answer every/*each single letter I receive.
c)
c) “
“every
every”
” means
means “
“once in each
once in each”
” (
( 每隔
每隔…
…；每逢
；每逢…
… )
)
e.g. He comes to see us every 4 days /*each 4 days.
e.g. He comes to see us every 4 days /*each 4 days.

30. However,
However, “
“every + cardinal numeral + pl. [C] n.
every + cardinal numeral + pl. [C] n.”
” can be
can be
“
“every + ordinal numeral + singular [C] n.
every + ordinal numeral + singular [C] n.”
”.
.
e.g. He comes to see us every 4th day.
e.g. He comes to see us every 4th day.
Change the oil in the car every 5000 miles /*each 5000
Change the oil in the car every 5000 miles /*each 5000
miles / every 5000th mile.
miles / every 5000th mile.
every other line (day) =
every other line (day) = 每隔一行
每隔一行 /
/ 天，即每第二
天，即每第二
行
行 /
/ 每逢第二天
每逢第二天
Every third line (day)=
Every third line (day)= 每隔二行
每隔二行 /
/ 天，即每第三行
天，即每第三行 /
/
每逢第三天
每逢第三天
Every fourth line (day)=
Every fourth line (day)= 每隔三行
每隔三行 /
/ 天，即每第四
天，即每第四
行
行 /
/ 每逢第四天
每逢第四天
Every fifth day/year=
Every fifth day/year= 每隔四天
每隔四天 /
/ 年，即每逢第五
年，即每逢第五
天
天 /
/ 年或每五天
年或每五天 /
/ 年
年

31. “
“every + 3 + pl. n.
every + 3 + pl. n.”
” can be replaced by
can be replaced by “
“every +
every +
third/other +singular n.
third/other +singular n.”
”, but
, but “
“every + 2 + pl. n.
every + 2 + pl. n.”
”
cannot be
cannot be “
“second + singular n.
second + singular n.”
”.
.
e.g. We go to the movies every 3 weeks/ every third
e.g. We go to the movies every 3 weeks/ every third
week/ every other week.
week/ every other week.
Take some medicine every two days / *every second day
Take some medicine every two days / *every second day
“
“Every other
Every other”
” can also mean
can also mean “
“all the others
all the others”
”(
( 其余的
其余的 ).
).
Here
Here “
“every + 3 + pl. n.
every + 3 + pl. n.”
” and
and “
“every + other +
every + other +
singular n.
singular n.”
” cannot be exchanged.
cannot be exchanged.
e.g. Every other girl /* Every three girls in the class got
e.g. Every other girl /* Every three girls in the class got
a present but me!
a present but me!

32. “
“Every
Every”
” denotes three or more than three people or
denotes three or more than three people or
things;
things; “
“each
each”
” refers to two or more than two people
refers to two or more than two people
or things. So when referring to three or more than
or things. So when referring to three or more than
three they can be exchanged; when denoting
three they can be exchanged; when denoting “
“two
two”
”
only
only “
“each
each”
” is used.
is used.
e.g. Every / Each man in the crowd raised his hand.
e.g. Every / Each man in the crowd raised his hand.
Each / *Every sex has its own psychological
Each / *Every sex has its own psychological
characteristics.
characteristics.