Humanism and the Allure of Antiquity PART 1

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Humanism and the Allure of Antiquity
PART 1

2
COMPETITION!

Florence
Proud city
Controls textile industry
Gold “florin”
5

Florence Cathedral
The “Duomo”
Constructed over hundreds of years
by several architects…di Cambio,
Giotto di Bondone, Brun...

The Florence Baptistery
8

COMPETITION!
For the East Doors of the Florence
Baptistery commissioned by the
Wool Merchants Guild
(South Doors by Andrea...

Wool merchants Guild
Sponsors contest as a kind of self-
promotional advertisement for their
civic mindedness
10

Competition Theme:
Sacrifice of Isaac
• Abraham is asked by Christ to
sacrifice his only son as a test
of his loyalty
• ”p...

Many interpret the story as an
attempt by the Hebrews to
differentiate their religion from
religions that actually DID
pra...

Florence under attack
• 1402, Giangaleazzo Visconti
(Duke of Milan) attempts to take
over Italian peninsula
• Florence is ...

The “Competition Panels”
15

17
FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI,
Sacrifice of Isaac, competition
panel for east doors, baptistery,
Florence, Italy, 1401–1402.
Gil...

18
LORENZO GHIBERTI,
Sacrifice of Isaac, competition
panel for east doors, baptistery,
Florence, Italy, 1401–1402.
Gilded ...

• “planar” orientation
• (everything seen from the side)
• Spatially primitive
• More dramatic, but less
emotional complex...

• Space recedes- more complex,
0verlapping
• Emotional complexity
(contemplation)
• Also cast in one piece
• less $$$
21

Ghiberti’s figure recalls torsion of Hellenistic statue (classical influence)
24

Ghiberti WINS!
“To me was conceded the palm of
victory by all the experts and by all
who had competed with me. To me
the h...

Brunelleschi
Loses the competition, but travels
to Rome, studies architecture and
re-invent Liner Perspective
Returns to F...

Representation of Space
Flat space
“isometric perspective”, “mixed
perspective”

Linear Perspective
• (re)discovered by Brunelleschi
(loser in previous competition)
around 1420
• “rationalization of sigh...

32
PAOLO UCCELLO, Battle of San Romano, ca. 1455 (?). Tempera on wood, approx. 6’ x 10’ 5”. National Gallery,
London.

35
LORENZO GHIBERTI, east doors (Gates
of Paradise), baptistery, Florence, Italy,
1425–1452. Gilded bronze, 17’ high.
Mode...

36
LORENZO GHIBERTI, Isaac and His Sons (detail of FIG. 21-10), (Gates of Paradise), baptistery, Florence,
Italy, 1425–145...

Ghiberti’s previous set of doors moved North to give way to his new set of doors in the most
prestigious location
38

Another commission by the Wool Merchants Guild
39

The “Door” has been significant architecturally since ancient Rome
40

All episodes from the Old Testament (Book of Genesis)
43

No longer constrained by the
“quatrefoil” the relief can
become a “window” of illusion
The artist creates an entire world
...

• Amazing sense of depth
“raised relief” almost jumps out of the panel
48

The beauty of gilded bronze
52

Isaac and Rebecca
Have twins
Esau(older)
Jacob(younger)
54

God appears to Rebecca-she asks
why there is so much trouble in her
womb-”my two future children seem
to be fighting.”
55

Rebecca giving birth to the twins.
57

Esau (first born) has gone hunting,
has come back very hungry. Asks
Jacob for his bowl of stew. Jacob
says he will trade t...

Later, Isaac sends Esau out to hunt
for him. “When you come back I will
give you my blessing.”
(Esau is Isaac’s favorite, ...

Esau going out hunting.
60

“While Esau is hunting I will prepare
the meat for you to give to Isaac.
You will trick Isaac into thinking you
are Esau i...

The trick works.
Isaac (can’t see very well) blesses
Jacob thinking he is Esau.
Jacob's vocation as Isaac's
legitimate hei...

CONTRAPPOSTO
-an asymmetrical arrangement of
the human figure in which the line
of the arms and shoulders contrasts
with w...

66
LORENZO GHIBERTI, Isaac and His Sons (detail of FIG. 21-10), (Gates of Paradise), baptistery, Florence,
Italy, 1425–145...

67
DONATELLO, Feast of Herod, panel on the baptismal font of Siena Cathedral, Siena, Italy, 1423–1427.
Gilded bronze , 1’ ...

Meanwhile….Brunelleschi makes his comeback !
68

• Loser in sculpture, winner in architecture.
Highest Dome until St. Peters
Wide as the Pantheon
Alberti: an achievement w...

• Cantilevered scaffolding
• (not enough lumber to use the
Pantheon method)
77

Stone, mortar and iron
“chains” to hold the form in
80

Invented an “ox-hoist”
81

Florence under attack
again !!
King Ladislaus of Naples in a
campaign to take the peninsula
surrounds Florence.
Ladislaus,...

During the Siege at the..
Or San Michele
Church, granary, town hall, guild
headquarters
The “Signoria” (Florence’s
governi...

The 14 niches act as public advertisements for guilds and symbols of civic pride.
85

87
DONATELLO, Saint Mark, Or San Michele, Florence, Italy,
1411–1413. Marble, 7’ 9” high. Modern copy in exterior niche.
O...

St. Mark the Evangelist
Often shown holding or writing the
Gospel of Mark
88

Commissioned by the Guild of linen
makers and tailors.
Contrapposto is evident in weigh shift.
Even more impressive that i...

Dignity of the individual
92

Intersection of the spiritual and
human.
Internal focus/awareness
93

94
NANNI DI BANCO, Four Crowned
Saints, Or San Michele, Florence, Italy,
ca. 1410–1416Marble, ﬁgures 6’high.
Modern copy i...

Four Christian sculptors defy an order
from Diocletian (Roman Emperor) to
carve a statue of a Roman Deity. They
are execut...

100

Direct Roman influence
101

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