Max Weber argues that the Protestant ethic, specifically Calvinism, helped enable the emergence of capitalism. The Calvinist emphasis on self-discipline, choosing a vocation as a calling from God, and reinvesting profits rather than spending them helped foster the values of hard work, thrift, and rational investment that are important for capitalism. Weber traces how this Protestant ethic influenced the development of the capitalist spirit in Europe and America. He suggests that the Protestant ethic was a key factor in the rise of capitalism by changing attitudes towards work and profit accumulation.
Karl Marx: Alienated Labor and CommunismRichard Lopez
1) Karl Marx was born in 1818 in Trier, Germany and studied philosophy at the Universities of Bonn and Berlin. He married Jenny von Westphalen in 1843.
2) Marx believed that under capitalism, workers become alienated from their labor, the products of their labor, their human nature, and from other people. Workers are forced to labor under others' control and are unable to determine their own actions or fulfill their creative potential.
3) Marx proposed communism as an alternative to capitalism, where private property is abolished and workers own the means of production collectively. This would overcome the alienation of labor by allowing workers to control their own activities and outputs.
This document discusses the development of Marxian theory away from economic determinism toward more subjective approaches. It outlines the contributions of Georg Lukács, Antonio Gramsci, and the Frankfurt School of critical theory in emphasizing subjective factors like ideology, consciousness, and culture rather than viewing the economy as the sole determining force in society. Lukács introduced the concepts of reification and class consciousness to analyze how capitalism shapes subjective experience. Gramsci's concept of cultural hegemony also focused on ideas and politics rather than economic structures alone. Critical theory further developed criticisms of economic determinism, positivism, and the failure of other theories like sociology to critically analyze and challenge society.
Karl Marx was born in 1818 in Trier, Germany to a family of Jewish descent that had converted to Lutheranism. He married Jenny von Westphalen and established a friendship with Friedrich Engels who provided intellectual and financial support for Marx's work. Marx studied law and philosophy, becoming immersed in Hegelian philosophy and antagonizing Prussian authorities with his radical writings. He was expelled from Paris and settled in Brussels, where he collaborated with German communist exiles and wrote The Communist Manifesto in 1848. The Manifesto outlined Marx's theories of historical materialism, economic determinism, and the inevitable proletarian revolution that would overthrow the bourgeoisie and usher in a communist society without social classes or
Karl Marx was a German philosopher, economist, historian, and revolutionary socialist. He is famous for his theories about capitalism and communism. Some of his major works analyzed the capitalist system and private property, and predicted its eventual downfall and replacement by a socialist or communist system based on public or common ownership. Marx's theories about economics and class struggle have been highly influential in the study of society, history, and human culture. While some of Marx's specific predictions did not come to pass, his analysis of the economic foundations of society and his identification of class conflict as an engine of historical change have profoundly shaped modern thought.
1. The document provides an overview of key concepts in Marxism, including Marx's intellectual development, ideas about alienation under capitalism, dialectical materialism, and predictions about the inevitable fall of capitalism.
2. It discusses Marx's influences like Hegel and how Marx transformed Hegelian ideas, as well as Marx's views on economics, politics, history and society.
3. The document also examines contributions to Marxism from thinkers like Lenin and Mao, including ideas about the vanguard party, revolutionary consciousness, and strategies for revolution.
PowerPoint developed and used for the first half of a series of lectures on Marxism for PS 240 Introduction to Political Theory, Spring 2007 at the University of Kentucky by Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Marxism is an economic and sociopolitical worldview created by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the 19th century. It views society and history through the lens of class struggle and proposes that capitalist societies will inevitably give way to socialist societies, and in turn to communist ones. Neo-Marxism extends Marxism by incorporating elements from other traditions like critical theory and psychoanalysis. While Marxism focuses on economic determinism, Neo-Marxism considers broader social and intellectual influences. Criticisms of Marxism argue that it takes too materialistic an approach, cannot be falsified, ignores gender roles, and overstates the importance of economics.
Karl Marx: Alienated Labor and CommunismRichard Lopez
1) Karl Marx was born in 1818 in Trier, Germany and studied philosophy at the Universities of Bonn and Berlin. He married Jenny von Westphalen in 1843.
2) Marx believed that under capitalism, workers become alienated from their labor, the products of their labor, their human nature, and from other people. Workers are forced to labor under others' control and are unable to determine their own actions or fulfill their creative potential.
3) Marx proposed communism as an alternative to capitalism, where private property is abolished and workers own the means of production collectively. This would overcome the alienation of labor by allowing workers to control their own activities and outputs.
This document discusses the development of Marxian theory away from economic determinism toward more subjective approaches. It outlines the contributions of Georg Lukács, Antonio Gramsci, and the Frankfurt School of critical theory in emphasizing subjective factors like ideology, consciousness, and culture rather than viewing the economy as the sole determining force in society. Lukács introduced the concepts of reification and class consciousness to analyze how capitalism shapes subjective experience. Gramsci's concept of cultural hegemony also focused on ideas and politics rather than economic structures alone. Critical theory further developed criticisms of economic determinism, positivism, and the failure of other theories like sociology to critically analyze and challenge society.
Karl Marx was born in 1818 in Trier, Germany to a family of Jewish descent that had converted to Lutheranism. He married Jenny von Westphalen and established a friendship with Friedrich Engels who provided intellectual and financial support for Marx's work. Marx studied law and philosophy, becoming immersed in Hegelian philosophy and antagonizing Prussian authorities with his radical writings. He was expelled from Paris and settled in Brussels, where he collaborated with German communist exiles and wrote The Communist Manifesto in 1848. The Manifesto outlined Marx's theories of historical materialism, economic determinism, and the inevitable proletarian revolution that would overthrow the bourgeoisie and usher in a communist society without social classes or
Karl Marx was a German philosopher, economist, historian, and revolutionary socialist. He is famous for his theories about capitalism and communism. Some of his major works analyzed the capitalist system and private property, and predicted its eventual downfall and replacement by a socialist or communist system based on public or common ownership. Marx's theories about economics and class struggle have been highly influential in the study of society, history, and human culture. While some of Marx's specific predictions did not come to pass, his analysis of the economic foundations of society and his identification of class conflict as an engine of historical change have profoundly shaped modern thought.
1. The document provides an overview of key concepts in Marxism, including Marx's intellectual development, ideas about alienation under capitalism, dialectical materialism, and predictions about the inevitable fall of capitalism.
2. It discusses Marx's influences like Hegel and how Marx transformed Hegelian ideas, as well as Marx's views on economics, politics, history and society.
3. The document also examines contributions to Marxism from thinkers like Lenin and Mao, including ideas about the vanguard party, revolutionary consciousness, and strategies for revolution.
PowerPoint developed and used for the first half of a series of lectures on Marxism for PS 240 Introduction to Political Theory, Spring 2007 at the University of Kentucky by Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Marxism is an economic and sociopolitical worldview created by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the 19th century. It views society and history through the lens of class struggle and proposes that capitalist societies will inevitably give way to socialist societies, and in turn to communist ones. Neo-Marxism extends Marxism by incorporating elements from other traditions like critical theory and psychoanalysis. While Marxism focuses on economic determinism, Neo-Marxism considers broader social and intellectual influences. Criticisms of Marxism argue that it takes too materialistic an approach, cannot be falsified, ignores gender roles, and overstates the importance of economics.
Marxists believe the transition from capitalism to socialism is inevitable. Marxism views capitalism as dehumanizing, where workers have no rights over the products they create and become commodities themselves. Marx saw communism as solving "the riddle of history" by ending the exploitation of workers. He analyzed how societies change through modes of production and class struggles between owners and workers. Marx lived in poverty in London and felt capitalism destroyed its own markets by keeping wages low while overproducing goods. He argued consciousness is determined by social and economic conditions rather than individual thinking.
This document provides an overview of Karl Marx's life and key ideas. It discusses how the industrial revolution led to new social classes like the bourgeoisie and proletariat. It then examines Marx's concepts of forces and relations of production, base and superstructure, alienation, commodity fetishism, and his view that history is defined by class struggle. The document also outlines Marx's criticisms of capitalism, including that it is prone to crises and will eventually fail. It provides context on Marx's philosophy of history and dialectical materialism.
Karl Marx advocated for the abolition of private property and the means of production being owned by the state in his Communist Manifesto. He believed religion was an illusion that kept the working class oppressed. Marx had a troubled personal and family life, with many of his children dying prematurely or committing suicide. Under communist regimes that drew from Marx's philosophies like the Soviet Union, there was intense state atheism and opposition to religion.
This document is the Communist Manifesto written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It outlines the rise of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat in modern capitalist society. The bourgeoisie established new social classes and conditions of oppression through industrialization and the rise of capitalism. This created a division between the bourgeoisie who own private property and the means of production, and the proletariat who must work for wages. The Manifesto argues that a revolution is inevitable as the contradictions between the bourgeoisie and proletariat intensify.
- Marxism is a political, economic, and sociological theory developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that focuses on class conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat as the driving force behind history.
- Under capitalism, the bourgeoisie own the means of production and exploit the proletariat, who must sell their labor for wages. This causes the proletariat to experience alienation and false consciousness until they develop class consciousness and overthrow the bourgeoisie in a communist revolution.
- After overthrowing the capitalists, the proletariat would establish a temporary dictatorship before creating a true communist society without social classes where people share according to their abilities and needs.
karl marx historial materialism, alienation, mode of production, class struggleskingsly sam zebulun
This document provides background information on Karl Marx and summarizes some of his key theories. It notes that Marx was a German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary socialist who is considered one of the founders of sociology and social science. It then outlines some of Marx's main theories, including historical materialism, modes of production, alienation, and class struggle. Historical materialism refers to Marx's view that economic structures and relations of production determine societal change and development. The document also summarizes Marx's concepts of different modes of production like feudalism and capitalism, as well as how alienation occurs for workers under capitalism. It defines Marxism and class struggle as the conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat.
The document provides biographical information about Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, the authors of The Communist Manifesto. It describes how they were inspired by the struggles of the working class and collaborated to write The Communist Manifesto in 1848 as a founding document of communist ideology. The Manifesto analyzes the limitations of capitalism, presents the principles of communism, and calls for the abolition of private property and classes to achieve a communist society.
This document summarizes key aspects of Karl Marx's historical materialism and Marxist criticism. It discusses:
1) Hegel's dialectical philosophy of history and how Marx sought to "turn it right side up" through historical materialism, which argues that economic conditions determine social and political structures.
2) Marx's analysis of capitalism and alienation of labor, where workers are estranged from their work and its products.
3) How the Frankfurt School extended Marxist criticism to culture and mass media, arguing these reinforce capitalist ideology and false consciousness.
This document provides historical context on Marxism and key figures related to Marx's work such as Engels, Proudhon, Bakunin, and Fourier. It summarizes Marx and Engels' collaboration and major publications including the Communist Manifesto. It also discusses Marx's views on "Utopian Socialism" and differences between his "scientific socialism" and the ideas of other socialist thinkers of his time. Lastly, it examines various interpretations of Marx's work including traditional and non-traditional Marxism.
Karl Marx believed that work should be meaningful and allow people to express their creativity, but under capitalism, most workers are alienated. Workers must sell their ability to work for a wage rather than receiving a portion of the products they create. As a result, workers feel estranged from their human nature, their work, and their fellow humans. This alienation leaves workers feeling powerless and detached from their "species being," or natural state of being conscious and social beings.
This document outlines some of Karl Marx's key ideas about political criticism and ideology. It discusses Marx's concepts of the means of production, economic base, superstructure, ideology, false consciousness, and how Marx believed that material conditions shape consciousness and that history is driven by class struggle. The document also provides biographical details about Marx and references some of his major works that advanced these ideas, such as The Communist Manifesto and The German Ideology.
Karl Marx was a 19th century German philosopher and economist who is famous for his theories about capitalism and communism. Some key points about Marx include that he was born in 1818 in Germany, studied philosophy and economics, and wrote extensively about his communist and socialist ideas, most notably in The Communist Manifesto co-authored with Friedrich Engels. Marx predicted that capitalism would inevitably give way to socialism and communism due to internal contradictions, and that there would be a worldwide proletarian revolution that would create a classless society. Though his specific predictions did not come to pass, Marx's philosophical and economic theories formed the basis for the political ideology of Marxism and informed socialist movements.
Karl Marx was a 19th century German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, and revolutionary socialist. He published seminal works on the theories of communism, capitalism, and sociology. The document outlines Marx's early life, education, publications including The Communist Manifesto, and summarizes his theories of historical materialism, alienation, modes of production, class consciousness, and class struggle. It also lists countries that were influenced by Marxism and communism.
This document provides background information on Karl Marx and summaries of some of his major theories. It notes that Marx was a German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary socialist who lived from 1818 to 1883 and was one of the founders of sociology and social science. Some of Marx's key theories discussed include historical materialism, alienation of workers under capitalism, the labor theory of value, surplus value, and class struggle between the bourgeoisie and proletariat. The document also discusses Marx's influence and criticism of some of his ideas.
Karl Marx was a German philosopher who wrote the Communist Manifesto in 1848. In the manifesto, he outlined his theory of communism and six stages of history, culminating in a communist society without social classes or government. Marx believed that under capitalism, the bourgeoisie exploited the proletariat, or working class, and that this struggle between the haves and have nots would ultimately result in a proletariat revolution and transition to socialism and then communism. Communism, according to Marx, would be a classless society where people contribute according to their abilities and receive according to their needs.
Karl Marx was a German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary socialist who developed the theories of communism, class conflict, and surplus value. Some of his most influential works include The Communist Manifesto, co-authored with Friedrich Engels, and Das Kapital. Marx proposed that capitalism relies on the exploitation of labor and that the profits of employers come from the unpaid work of their employees. He believed this dynamic would inevitably lead to conflict between the proletariat and bourgeoisie classes.
This document provides a summary of a paper by Bienvenido S. Oplas, Jr. titled "Reflections of a Former Marxist on Property and Property Rights". It discusses Oplas' background as a former Marxist and how he has since reassessed his views on private property. The summary explores Marx's analysis of private property in works like Das Kapital and The Communist Manifesto. It also discusses Friedrich Hayek's perspective on property and private property rights.
This document discusses various perspectives on whether Marxism is still a relevant theory for understanding world politics. It summarizes views from Stephen Walt, Bova, Ellen Meiksins Wood, and Robert Halliday. Walt argues Marxism was discredited before the Cold War ended, but his view of Marxism is oversimplified. Bova and Halliday believe certain aspects of Marxism, such as its structural analysis of conflict, remain relevant. Wood argues this is the best time to reexamine Marxism given capitalism's global reach. The document also outlines some key tenets of historical materialism and discusses how Marxism provides insights into state behavior and conflicts in world politics.
Marxists believe the transition from capitalism to socialism is inevitable. Marxism views capitalism as dehumanizing, where workers have no rights over the products they create and become commodities themselves. Marx saw communism as solving "the riddle of history" by ending the exploitation of workers. He analyzed how societies change through modes of production and class struggles between owners and workers. Marx lived in poverty in London and felt capitalism destroyed its own markets by keeping wages low while overproducing goods. He argued consciousness is determined by social and economic conditions rather than individual thinking.
This document provides an overview of Karl Marx's life and key ideas. It discusses how the industrial revolution led to new social classes like the bourgeoisie and proletariat. It then examines Marx's concepts of forces and relations of production, base and superstructure, alienation, commodity fetishism, and his view that history is defined by class struggle. The document also outlines Marx's criticisms of capitalism, including that it is prone to crises and will eventually fail. It provides context on Marx's philosophy of history and dialectical materialism.
Karl Marx advocated for the abolition of private property and the means of production being owned by the state in his Communist Manifesto. He believed religion was an illusion that kept the working class oppressed. Marx had a troubled personal and family life, with many of his children dying prematurely or committing suicide. Under communist regimes that drew from Marx's philosophies like the Soviet Union, there was intense state atheism and opposition to religion.
This document is the Communist Manifesto written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It outlines the rise of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat in modern capitalist society. The bourgeoisie established new social classes and conditions of oppression through industrialization and the rise of capitalism. This created a division between the bourgeoisie who own private property and the means of production, and the proletariat who must work for wages. The Manifesto argues that a revolution is inevitable as the contradictions between the bourgeoisie and proletariat intensify.
- Marxism is a political, economic, and sociological theory developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that focuses on class conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat as the driving force behind history.
- Under capitalism, the bourgeoisie own the means of production and exploit the proletariat, who must sell their labor for wages. This causes the proletariat to experience alienation and false consciousness until they develop class consciousness and overthrow the bourgeoisie in a communist revolution.
- After overthrowing the capitalists, the proletariat would establish a temporary dictatorship before creating a true communist society without social classes where people share according to their abilities and needs.
karl marx historial materialism, alienation, mode of production, class struggleskingsly sam zebulun
This document provides background information on Karl Marx and summarizes some of his key theories. It notes that Marx was a German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary socialist who is considered one of the founders of sociology and social science. It then outlines some of Marx's main theories, including historical materialism, modes of production, alienation, and class struggle. Historical materialism refers to Marx's view that economic structures and relations of production determine societal change and development. The document also summarizes Marx's concepts of different modes of production like feudalism and capitalism, as well as how alienation occurs for workers under capitalism. It defines Marxism and class struggle as the conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat.
The document provides biographical information about Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, the authors of The Communist Manifesto. It describes how they were inspired by the struggles of the working class and collaborated to write The Communist Manifesto in 1848 as a founding document of communist ideology. The Manifesto analyzes the limitations of capitalism, presents the principles of communism, and calls for the abolition of private property and classes to achieve a communist society.
This document summarizes key aspects of Karl Marx's historical materialism and Marxist criticism. It discusses:
1) Hegel's dialectical philosophy of history and how Marx sought to "turn it right side up" through historical materialism, which argues that economic conditions determine social and political structures.
2) Marx's analysis of capitalism and alienation of labor, where workers are estranged from their work and its products.
3) How the Frankfurt School extended Marxist criticism to culture and mass media, arguing these reinforce capitalist ideology and false consciousness.
This document provides historical context on Marxism and key figures related to Marx's work such as Engels, Proudhon, Bakunin, and Fourier. It summarizes Marx and Engels' collaboration and major publications including the Communist Manifesto. It also discusses Marx's views on "Utopian Socialism" and differences between his "scientific socialism" and the ideas of other socialist thinkers of his time. Lastly, it examines various interpretations of Marx's work including traditional and non-traditional Marxism.
Karl Marx believed that work should be meaningful and allow people to express their creativity, but under capitalism, most workers are alienated. Workers must sell their ability to work for a wage rather than receiving a portion of the products they create. As a result, workers feel estranged from their human nature, their work, and their fellow humans. This alienation leaves workers feeling powerless and detached from their "species being," or natural state of being conscious and social beings.
This document outlines some of Karl Marx's key ideas about political criticism and ideology. It discusses Marx's concepts of the means of production, economic base, superstructure, ideology, false consciousness, and how Marx believed that material conditions shape consciousness and that history is driven by class struggle. The document also provides biographical details about Marx and references some of his major works that advanced these ideas, such as The Communist Manifesto and The German Ideology.
Karl Marx was a 19th century German philosopher and economist who is famous for his theories about capitalism and communism. Some key points about Marx include that he was born in 1818 in Germany, studied philosophy and economics, and wrote extensively about his communist and socialist ideas, most notably in The Communist Manifesto co-authored with Friedrich Engels. Marx predicted that capitalism would inevitably give way to socialism and communism due to internal contradictions, and that there would be a worldwide proletarian revolution that would create a classless society. Though his specific predictions did not come to pass, Marx's philosophical and economic theories formed the basis for the political ideology of Marxism and informed socialist movements.
Karl Marx was a 19th century German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, and revolutionary socialist. He published seminal works on the theories of communism, capitalism, and sociology. The document outlines Marx's early life, education, publications including The Communist Manifesto, and summarizes his theories of historical materialism, alienation, modes of production, class consciousness, and class struggle. It also lists countries that were influenced by Marxism and communism.
This document provides background information on Karl Marx and summaries of some of his major theories. It notes that Marx was a German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary socialist who lived from 1818 to 1883 and was one of the founders of sociology and social science. Some of Marx's key theories discussed include historical materialism, alienation of workers under capitalism, the labor theory of value, surplus value, and class struggle between the bourgeoisie and proletariat. The document also discusses Marx's influence and criticism of some of his ideas.
Karl Marx was a German philosopher who wrote the Communist Manifesto in 1848. In the manifesto, he outlined his theory of communism and six stages of history, culminating in a communist society without social classes or government. Marx believed that under capitalism, the bourgeoisie exploited the proletariat, or working class, and that this struggle between the haves and have nots would ultimately result in a proletariat revolution and transition to socialism and then communism. Communism, according to Marx, would be a classless society where people contribute according to their abilities and receive according to their needs.
Karl Marx was a German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary socialist who developed the theories of communism, class conflict, and surplus value. Some of his most influential works include The Communist Manifesto, co-authored with Friedrich Engels, and Das Kapital. Marx proposed that capitalism relies on the exploitation of labor and that the profits of employers come from the unpaid work of their employees. He believed this dynamic would inevitably lead to conflict between the proletariat and bourgeoisie classes.
This document provides a summary of a paper by Bienvenido S. Oplas, Jr. titled "Reflections of a Former Marxist on Property and Property Rights". It discusses Oplas' background as a former Marxist and how he has since reassessed his views on private property. The summary explores Marx's analysis of private property in works like Das Kapital and The Communist Manifesto. It also discusses Friedrich Hayek's perspective on property and private property rights.
This document discusses various perspectives on whether Marxism is still a relevant theory for understanding world politics. It summarizes views from Stephen Walt, Bova, Ellen Meiksins Wood, and Robert Halliday. Walt argues Marxism was discredited before the Cold War ended, but his view of Marxism is oversimplified. Bova and Halliday believe certain aspects of Marxism, such as its structural analysis of conflict, remain relevant. Wood argues this is the best time to reexamine Marxism given capitalism's global reach. The document also outlines some key tenets of historical materialism and discusses how Marxism provides insights into state behavior and conflicts in world politics.
The cherry: beauty, softness, its heart-shaped plastic has inspired artists since Antiquity. Cherries and strawberries were considered the fruits of paradise and thus represented the souls of men.
Hadj Ounis's most notable work is his sculpture titled "Metamorphosis." This piece showcases Ounis's mastery of form and texture, as he seamlessly combines metal and wood to create a dynamic and visually striking composition. The juxtaposition of the two materials creates a sense of tension and harmony, inviting viewers to contemplate the relationship between nature and industry.
This tutorial offers a step-by-step guide on how to effectively use Pinterest. It covers the basics such as account creation and navigation, as well as advanced techniques including creating eye-catching pins and optimizing your profile. The tutorial also explores collaboration and networking on the platform. With visual illustrations and clear instructions, this tutorial will equip you with the skills to navigate Pinterest confidently and achieve your goals.
Boudoir photography, a genre that captures intimate and sensual images of individuals, has experienced significant transformation over the years, particularly in New York City (NYC). Known for its diversity and vibrant arts scene, NYC has been a hub for the evolution of various art forms, including boudoir photography. This article delves into the historical background, cultural significance, technological advancements, and the contemporary landscape of boudoir photography in NYC.
Heart Touching Romantic Love Shayari In English with ImagesShort Good Quotes
Explore our beautiful collection of Romantic Love Shayari in English to express your love. These heartfelt shayaris are perfect for sharing with your loved one. Get the best words to show your love and care.
This document announces the winners of the 2024 Youth Poster Contest organized by MATFORCE. It lists the grand prize and age category winners for grades K-6, 7-12, and individual age groups from 5 years old to 18 years old.
1. CLASS:
shared
social
and
economic
position;
shared
life
chances
for
prosperity.
How
are
certain
‘classes’
of
people
created?
Let’s
take
the
example
of
capitalism
and
its
agents
(capitalists)
in
the
West:
Max
Weber,
1905.
“The
Protestant
Ethic
and
the
Spirit
of
Capitalism,”
pp.
499
-‐
505.
Blackboard.
How
are
the
protestant
ethic
(Calvinism
is
the
sect
of
Protestantism
that
Weber
connects
to
capitalism)
and
the
spirit
of
capitalism
connected?
17th
century
Protestant
ethic
was
key
in
spearheading
capitalism.
Hence,
a
change
in
the
institution
of
religion
created
a
change
in
the
institution
of
economy.
Hence,
Weber
is
arguing
that
before
Calvinism
and
its
partner
work
ethic
(Protestant
ethic)
CAPITALISM
DID
NOT
EXIST
IN
THE
WORLD
!!!
A
change
in
the
institution
of
religion
created
Capitalism.
To
reiterate,
Capitalism
like
all
other
economic
systems
is
socially
constructed.
Weber’s
theory
is
contended
and
we
will
discuss
this
in
the
context
of
‘Globalization’
towards
the
end
of
the
semester.
Synopsis
of
“The
Protestant
Ethic
and
the
Spirit
of
Capitalism”
&
Definitions:
You
will
not
be
tested
on
the
synopsis;
it
is
provided
as
a
useful
contextualization
of
Weber’s
theory.
Weber
begins
with
the
puzzle
of
distinction
between
the
modern
and
traditional
world.
He
writes
that
the
modern
world
operates
on
the
basis
of
rationality,
focused
on
the
most
efficient
means
to
accomplish
an
end.
He
argues
that
Protestantism
was
necessary
for
capitalism
to
take
off.
Weber
conducts
a
case
study
of
Germany,
demonstrating
that
different
rates
of
economic
activity
correlate
with
religious
affiliation,
central
Germany
being
most
protestant
and
highly
economically
active,
and
Northern
Germany
being
mostly
Catholic
and
minimally
politically
active.
Rationalization
(know
the
first
definition
for
the
exam):
Defined
in
2
ways:
1.
Process
of
most
efficient
means
to
accomplish
an
end.
2.
Etymology
(origin
of
term):
reason;
means
by
which
we
cognitively
organize
reality
and
our
universe
for
the
purposes
of
cognitively
structuring
an
environment
that
is
manageable
&
predictable.
Concept
developed
in
the
Middle
Ages
in
Europe
by
means
of
the
Bible
&
Greek
philosophy.
In
1904,
Weber
visits
the
U.S.
on
a
2
month
tour.
He
is
struck
by
industry
and
by
Benjamin
Franklin-‐
Poor
Richards
Almanac
which
becomes
a
regular
publication
with
wide
readership.
Franklin
proverbs/aphorisms-‐
“time
is
money”,
“a
penny
saved
is
a
penny
earned”,
“money
begets
money.”
2. Weber
is
confounded
by
the
philosophy
of
avarice;
greed
for
wealth,
that
he
observes.
He
notes
that
Americans
feel
a
patriotic
duty
to
make
money
through
a
profession,
sustaining
a
‘Cult
of
Money’.
After
he
returns
to
Europe
her
writes
“The
Protestant
Ethic
and
the
Spirit
of
Capitalism”
where
he
argues
that
capitalism
has
a
moral
basis.
He
traces
the
ethic
of
working
hard
for
G-d’s
glory,
and
not
enjoying
the
fruits
of
one’s
labor,
remaining
austere
(plain
without
luxury),
and
avoiding
spending
money
to
the
17th
century
Protestant
sect
of
Calvinism.
Calvinism
emphasized
self-discipline,
choosing
a
profession
as
your
calling
in
life,
subverting
your
personal
desires,
and
pursuing
desires
for
G-d’s
glory.
Calvinism
taught
that
we
are
hand
picked
by
G-d,
we
are
predestinated
for
salvation;
however,
one
does
not
know
if
one
is
predestined
for
salvation,
and
this
leads
to
extreme
worry.
Hence,
to
resolve
this
problem,
Calvinists
reinterpreted
the
scripture
as
the
following:
one’s
lot
in
this
life
is
suggestive
of
predestination,
if
successful,
have
self-discipline
in
this
life,
then
there
is
a
likely
corollary
in
other
world.
There
is
a
somber
tone
at
end
of
Weber’s
essay;
he
is
critical
of
the
modern
world
which
is
‘rational’
and
justifies
action
on
the
basis
of
efficiency
(know
that
highlighted
in
grey
for
the
exam).
Weber
writes
that
the
world
has
become
de-‐
mystified,
stripped
of
magic,
by
process
of
rationalization;
quintessential
form
of
the
new
rational
world
is
bureaucracy:
action
on
the
basis
of
rules.
Weber
wrote
that
people
become
titles,
credentials,
and
numbers.
People
fall
into,
are
trapped
into
the
Iron
Cage
(or
Iron
Shell,
depending
on
translation)
of
bureaucracy.
This
is
a
somber
and
sad
assessment-‐
original
beliefs
falls
to
the
wayside,
become
inconsequential,
now
belief
in
money
has
become
belief
in
itself,
and
we
no
longer
understand
why
we
are
accumulating
money
for
the
sake
of
accumulation
itself.
Iron
Cage
(know
for
exam):
Weber’s
concept
for
being
trapped
in
modern
‘rational’
bureaucracy-‐
devoid
of
magic
and
mystery,
where
the
environment
is
reduced
to
highly
organized
structure
and
the
person
reduced
to
a
credential
(easily
replaceable).
Weber’s
definition
of
class:
Economic
and
social
status.
Karl
Marx
and
Friedrich
Engels,
1888.
“Manifesto
of
the
Communist
Party.”
Blackboard.
In
Marx’s
conception
of
the
modern
world,
there
are
2
classes
of
people
based
on
ownership
of
capital:
1.
Proletariat
are
composed
of
the
masses
who
DO
NOT
OWN
CAPITAL
AND
ARE
DEPENDENT
ON
WAGE
LABOR;
they
are
dependent
on
those
who
own
capital
to
supply
them
with
work.
3. According
to
Marx’s
definition,
the
following
are
examples
of
Proletariats:
Bill
Gate’s
wife
(unless
she
herself
owns
capital),
most
house
wives,
BU
students,
academics,
factory
workers,
McDonald’s
workers,
pilots,
lawyers,
police
officers,
physicians,
secretaries,
teachers.
2.
Bourgeoisie
are
OWNERS
OF
CAPITAL
and
rule
over
the
P.
According
to
Marx’s
definition,
the
following
are
examples
of
Bourgeoisie:
Taxi
drivers
in
Boston
(required
to
own
their
own
taxi
cab),
factory
owners,
CEOs,
deli
owners,
flower
shop
owners,
Angel
investors
(invest
their
own
capital),
stock
holder
of
Airbnb.
The
Bourgeoisie
and
Proletariat
are
in
conflict.
The
B.
dominate
the
P.
The
P.
are
subservient
or
enslaved
by
the
B.
Marx
writes
that
the
Bourgeoisie
dupe
the
masses
by
inculcating
them
with
a
false
consciousness
(false/perverted
value
system).
For
this
exam,
you
have
to
be
familiar
with
the
false
consciousness
of
commodity
fetishism:
an
obsession
with
consumer
goods
which
leads
to
alienation
(a
sense
of
disconnection,
isolation;
also
translated
as
depression)
from
the
products
of
labor,
process
of
labor,
from
fellow
man,
from
self.
Example
of
commodity
fetishism:
The
‘magic’
‘special’
quality
we
assign
to
designer
shoes,
purses,
etc.
Example
of
alienation
from
fellow
man:
Working
long
hours
and
not
having
time
to
connect
with
others.
Example
of
alienation
from
the
products
of
labor:
A
worker
who
is
‘a
cog
in
the
machine’
is
responsible
for
gluing
the
sole
of
Nike
sneakers
for
16
hours
a
day.
This
is
his
only
role.
He
does
not
have
ownership
of
the
final
product
and
feels
disconnected
from
it.
He
feels
disconnected/alienation
from
the
product
of
partially
his
labor.
Equality
of
opportunity=
fair
game
Equality
of
condition=
level
playing
field
Equality
of
outcome=
equal
rewards
Meritocracy=
rule
by
those
why
have
greatest
effort,
rule
based
on
merit.
Aristocracy=
rule
based
on
inheritance
Democracy=
rule
by
people
4. Shamus
Khan,
Privilege
&
Lauren
Rivera.
2012.
“Hiring
as
Cultural
Matching:
The
Case
of
Elite
Professional
Service
Firms.”
Vol
77
pp.
999-‐1022.
BU
Library
Online:
Capital:
Resource
Cultural
Capital:
non-financial
social
asset,
such
as
education,
intellect,
style
of
dress,
speech,
posture,
accent,
aesthetics
(physical
appearance),
extracurricular,
etc.
What
beliefs
and
phenomena
lead
to
cultural
reproduction?
1.
Social
closure:
opportunity
or
resource
hoarding,
excluding
others
from
opportunities
and
resources.
Examples:
1.
High
fee
for
joining
a
country
club;
those
who
cannot
pay
are
not
granted
entry.
2.
High
cost
of
private
university
education;
those
who
cannot
find
the
funds,
do
not
attend.
3.
Cultural
standards
(certain
‘classy’
extra-‐curriculars)
for
entry
into
elite
law
firms;
those
who
do
not
list
sailing,
are
excluded
from
candidacy,
denied
the
opportunity
to
work
at
referent
firms.
2.
As
Paulie’s
demonstrate,
a
belief
in
meritocracy,
hard
work
leading
to
success
perpetuates
a
certain
culture,
and
with
it
inequalities.
3.
Culturally
omnivorous
-‐
consuming
both
‘high
brow’
and
‘low
brow’
culture
and
justifying
exclusion
on
the
basis
of
others
being
close-‐minded.
3.
Habitus:
set
of
dispositions,
tastes,
etc.
that
are
second
nature;
embodied
class;
for
example-‐
the
posture
and
gait
of
an
athlete,
dancer,
actor,
etc.
4.
Elite
firms
hiring
on
super
elite
college
affiliations
and
on
elite
extracirriculars;
social
closure
via
elite
credentials;
super
elite
graduates
get
jobs;
elites
looking
for
a
cultural
match
when
granting
entry
into
their
institutions.
What
facilitates
social
mobility?
1. Monetary
and
cultural
capital
2. Formal
and
informal
education
(the
unofficial
curriculum
of
St
Paul’s)
3. The
strength
of
weak
ties-
those
with
larger
social
networks
have
more
people
to
tap
when
climbing
the
status
ladder.
4. Being
a
cultural
match
for
the
institution
you
are
planning
to
enter.
The
Social
Construction
of
Poverty:
What
causes
poverty?
We
covered
racism
and
primary
and
secondary
deviance
in
the
last
study
guide.
The
rest
is
an
addition
and
overlaps
with
the
social
construction
of
deviance.
Post-‐Industrial
Change
5. • William
Julius
Wilson,
1996.
“When
Work
Disappears:
The
World
of
the
New
Urban
Poor.”
Blackboard.
Synopsis:
Pockets
of
poverty
(Urban
poor;
underclass)
develop
in
urban
settings
following
a
large
transformation
of
cities
in
1970’s.
Middle
class
expands
into
suburbs
in
50’s-70’s
and
cities
lose
capital.
Driven
by
transformation
in
work,
globalization
of
economy,
erosion
of
manufacturing
base,
plants
(steel,
weapons,
paper,
commodities,
cars)
first
move
to
the
suburbs
and
then
off-
shore;
factories
become
vacant.
In
their
wake,
disorder,
waste
land
city,
middle
class
whites
disappear-
WHITE
FLIGHT,
then
black
middle
class
leaves,
less
educated
remain,
low
skills
and
little
work.
Before,
a
$5
a
day
wage
was
a
highly
coveted
job;
for
that
wage
one
could
support
a
house
wife
and
family.
Wilson
is
making
case
for
the
power
of
globalization
and
subsequent
deindustrialization
creating
a
culture
of
segregation.
To
reiterate,
Wilson
argues
that
deindustrialization
and
the
flight
of
manufacturing
jobs
created
city
poverty.