This document discusses electronic communications as enablers of smart cities. It proposes models of smart city functional components and characteristics of connected smart objects to analyze connectivity requirements. The paper focuses on communication and networking needs, and examines the relationship between electronic communications regulation and implementing smart city concepts. Specific topics covered include the Internet of Things, spectrum allocation, numbering, privacy, and standardization issues related to smart cities.

1. Electronic Communications as Smart
City Enablers
SEMINAR BY
ABHISHEK G
4KV13EC002
8th SEM
21-10-2017 1Electronic Communications as Smart City Enablers

2. CONTENTS
REGULATION OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS AND SMART CITY .
INTERNET OF THINGS AND SMART CITY.
CONCLUSIONS.
ABSTRACT.
INTRODUCTION.
COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING REQUIREMENT.
21-10-2017 2Electronic Communications as Smart City Enablers

3. ABSTRACT
 This paper deals with the electronic communications as the enabler in
realizing the concept of smart cities.
 Communication and networking requirements are discussed within a
proposed model of smart city functional components.
 And classification proposal for connected smart objects and their
characteristics.
 General issues and relationships between electronic communications
regulation and smart city implementation, as well as specific topics
related to the Internet of Things are elaborated.
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4. INTRODUCTION
 Today many European and worldwide cities population is
increasingly growing thus resulting with increasing energy
consumption and greenhouse gases.
 Today, over 50% of the population lives in urban areas with a
tendency to rise to 60% by 2025.
 And 74% of the European population lives in the urban areas
consuming more than 70% of the total electricity consumption, and
over half of greenhouse gas emissions in Europe are emitted by urban
areas.
 In order to prevent a further increase of negative trends, the cities
must be smarter and more efficient.21-10-2017 4Electronic Communications as Smart City Enablers

5. What is ‘SMART CITY’ ?
 “A smart sustainable city is an innovative city that uses information
and communication technologies (ICTs) and other means to improve
quality of life, the efficiency of urban operation and services and
competitiveness, while ensuring that it meets the needs of present and
future generations with respect to economic, social and environmental
aspects.”
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6. What are the topics this paper focuses on ?
 This paper focuses on the electronic communications as enablers of
interactions in a smart city, among humans, between both physical
and virtual objects and with them.
 And not address the general issues of smart city and the city of the
future but it focuses on communication and networking requirements
that are related to the urban physical and social infrastructure and city
life.
 Special attention is given to the general issues and relationships
between the electronic communications regulation and smart city
implementation, and topics related to the Internet of Things in the
context of the smart city.
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7.  The rest of the paper is organised in particular sections :
 Communication and networking requirements related to smart
systems used in a smart city are presented in the Section II.
 Regulation of electronic communications, especially in the area of
connected objects and its impact on the implementation of the smart
city concept is elaborated in the Section III.
 Section IV. deals with the Internet of Things and its regulatory
implications.
 Section V. concluding remarks , Thus complete the paper.
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8. COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING
REQUIREMENTS
 Communication and networking requirements related to urban
physical and social infrastructure are derived from the characteristics
of the systems to be applied in the smart city.
A. Smart city functional components
 In order to cover all aspects of the electronic communications, it is
necessary to consider the smart city in a broader context that includes
not only physical but also social infrastructure.
 Therefore the model of smart city is proposed, functional components
of which include subsystems of physical and social infrastructure as
well as in-door and out-door spaces (Fig. 1).21-10-2017 8Electronic Communications as Smart City Enablers

9.  Physical infrastructure categorised in
terms of the services it provides,
include energy, transport, water supply,
water waste and solid waste.
 Digital infrastructure i.e. ICT is
considered as a part of the solution for
the smart city and therefore is not
included in the model.
 Social infrastructure includes facilities
related to health and ageing, education,
culture, lifestyle and the other related
to the city life and wellbeing.
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10.  Smart in-door and out-door spaces include buildings and different
urban spaces. They have a special position in the model because they
are places where infrastructure subsystems intertwine. At the same
time this is an area of intense technological development.
 Shift from physical infrastructure automation to autonomous mode of
operation and shift from information systems to information society
services, mark the smart systems.
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11. B. Smart systems
What is meant by Smart systems ?
 Smart systems are defined as “self-sufficient intelligent technical
systems or subsystems with advanced functionality, enabled by
underlying micro- Nano- and bio-systems and other components.
 They are able to sense, diagnose, describe, qualify and manage a
given situation, their operation being further enhanced by their ability
to mutually address, identify and work in consort with each other. ”
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12.  Smart systems include smart entities –
objects that perform tasks,
independently and/or in interaction
with other objects. Such entities are
named Connected Smart Objects
(CSO).
 All entities should not carry the
attribute “smart”, of course. Electronic
communications are required for
object communication and interaction,
where the term “object” has a different
meaning in different research
communities (Cyber physical system:
“component”, Internet of Things:
“thing”, Machine-to-Machine
Communications: “machine”).21-10-2017 12Electronic Communications as Smart City Enablers

13. • Taxonomy of the main characteristics of the CSOs suitable for
evaluation of communication and networking requirements is proposed
in Fig. 2.
• Connected objects appear in two forms, physical and virtual.
• Physical objects act as data sources (sensors, meters), actuators
implementing some physical actions or displays providing some
information. Many physical objects are embedded in communication
and computing equipment (e.g. smartphone), home appliances (e.g.
smart refrigerator) and media devices (e.g. smart TV hub).
• Virtual objects are twofold: virtual representation of objects existing in
physical space and objects which exist only in cyberspace/information
space.
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14. • Connected objects use electronic communications with the different
interactivity, connectivity, dependability and security requirements.
• Regarding interactivity, a particularly important issue is interaction
with humans in direct or indirect form that can cause problems with
privacy.
• Connectivity is closely related to mobile network coverage and fixed
broadband coverage.
• Dependability and security include a wide set of attributes relevant for
communication and networking in the smart city.
• Diversity of applications reflects the amount of information that is
exchanged and the time at which it should be done
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15. REGULATION OF ELECTRONIC
COMMUNICATIONS AND SMART CITY
 The electronic communications have dual role in a smart city:
 1) fast and ultra-fast access and the exchange of different information,
content and media, and
 2) connecting objects, stationary and mobile, permanently or on
request.
 The first role is fully covered by standards and regulatory framework,
including measures to reduce the cost of deploying high-speed
networks which aims to encourage and facilitate the their
implementation.
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16.  And second role for Development of the smart city concept means also
building a complex ecosystem with the electronic communications as
the enablers, and solutions based on Internet of Things (IoT),
Machine-to-Machine communications (M2M) and Big Data.
 a new regulatory framework is formed that includes the existing ex
ante regulatory decisions related to data privacy, data security, data
retention, network neutrality, universal service, broadband services
quality and others, but also brings new challenges related to
standardisation as well as regulation, especially in the area of IoT,
M2M and cloud computing
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17. INTERNET OF THINGS AND SMART CITY
 A specific part of policies and regulations is related to the IoT and
“things” as physical or virtual objects connected by communication
networks and Internet.
 Due to demanding objectives, Europe has achieved the progress in
several sectors. Especially it should point out the following two
directives which led rapid development of the Internet of Things:
“The Energy Services Directive”: It is expected that 80% of
households will have the installed smart energy meters by 2020.
“eCall Directive”: All new vehicles need to have the installed devices
that will automatically dial 112 in case of an accident.
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18.  Before mass installation of IoT devices, one could expect solving of a
large number of outstanding issues. The most important form the
communication and networking point of view, besides
standardisation, spectrum, numbering, and privacy.
Numbering
 If public mobile network is used for IoT services, i.e. M2M
communication, numbers are required.
 In case of IoT and predicted number of devices connected availability
of sufficient numbers has to be ensured.
 Most of the operator still uses IPv4 addresses which will not be
enough for IoT usage.
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19. Spectrum
 The IoT requires a massive numbers of devices to be supported.
 A range of solutions with different bandwidth, range, mobility, and
security characteristics is required.
 The majority of IoT application are characterised by :
 Relatively low data throughput.
 The need for good coverage, including building penetration.
 Low energy consumption for long battery life or energy harvesting.
 Low total cost of ownership.
 Also, there is an emerging proposal to allocate spectrum near the band
at 700 MHz which has been identified for future mobile broadband
use.
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20. Privacy
 With raising the number of connected objects, the greater amount of
personal data will be processed and made available via the Internet.
 This opens privacy issues.
 To assess privacy and data protection issues EU composed of Privacy
Directive.
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21. Standardization
 Today most of the IoT solutions are proprietary solutions, incompatible
with each other.
 Standardization efforts are towards making standards that are open and
have the following features:
 Interoperable
 Neutral
 Trustworthy
 Transparent in governance
 Protect privacy and fundamental right of users
 Security
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24. CONCLUSIONS
 Smart city is a concept of sustainable social and economic
development of the city.
 It implies connectivity and networking of all entities in the city,
humans and different physical and virtual objects. This emphasizes
the importance of electronic communications for the implementation
of smart systems, including cyber-physical systems in the city.
 The article proposes two related models: a) Smart city functional
components and b) Classification of the main characteristics of
Connected (Smart) Objects that should facilitate a systematic analysis
of connectivity and networking requirements in smart cities.
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25. Thank You !
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