This document discusses concepts related to child development, educational philosophy, and the sociological foundations of education. It defines education as the process of developing from infancy to maturity by adapting to one's environment. Philosophy is described as a rigorous analysis of problems. The main branches of philosophy discussed are axiology, epistemology, and ontology. The major schools of philosophy outlined are idealism, realism, naturalism, and pragmatism. Culture is defined as patterns of learned behavior and products shared within a society. Material and non-material culture are distinguished, and the difference between them is called cultural lag.

1. CHILD DEVELOPMENT
&
PEDAGOGY
EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY,
SCHOOLS OF EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY
&
SOCIOLOGICAL FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION

2. EDUCATION

3. CONCEPT OF EDUCATION
 EDUCATUM: To train, Act of Teaching or Training.
 EDUCERE: To lead out, To draw out.
 EDUCARE: To bring up, To raise, To Educate.
“Education is that process of development which
consists the passage of human being from infancy
to maturity, the process whereby he adapts himself
gradually in various ways to his physical and
spiritual environment.” -- T. Raymont

4. CONCEPT OF PHILOSOPHY
 “ Philosophy is a rigorous, disciplined and guarded
analysis of some most difficult problems which man
has ever faced.” …… Handerson
 “From a psychological point of view, philosophy is
an attitude, an approach, or a calling to answer or
to ask, or even to comment upon certain peculiar
problems.”
 “Anything that we think, feel or act upon is
PHILOSOPHY.”……..Tarun

5. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
 Axiology: The study of value; the investigation
of its nature, criteria
 Ethics: the study of values in human behavior or the
study of moral problems.
 Esthetics: the study of value in the arts or the
inquiry into feelings, judgments, or standards of
beauty and related concepts.

6.  Epistemology: The study of knowledge.
In particular, epistemology is the study of the
nature, scope, and limits of human knowledge.
 Ontology or Metaphysics: The study of what is
really real.
o What kinds of things exist?
o How do ideas exist if they have no size, shape, or
color?
o What is spirit? or soul? or matter? space? Are
they made up of the same sort of "stuff"?

7. SCHOOLS OF PHILOSOPHY
 IDEALISM: Born out of Plato’s “Theory of
Ideas”
“Idealists point out that it is mind that is central in
understanding the world. To them nothing gives a greater
sense of reality than the activity of mind engaged in trying to
comprehenceitsworld.”……Brubacher
Protagonists: Socrates, Plato, Descartes, Spinoza, Burkley,
Kant, Fitche, Schelling, Hegel, Green, Schophenhaur,
AurbindoGhosh

8.  REALISM: The doctrine which believes that
objective reality or the material universe exists
independently of the conscious mind.
According to Realism, “the things as we see and
perceive are realities. Knowledge acquired through
senses only is true.”
Protagonists: Irasmus, Rebellias, Milton, Lord
Montaigne, John Locke, Mulcaster, Bacon, Ratke,
Commenius, White Head & Bertrand Russel

9.  NATURALISM: AlsotermedasMATERIALISM.
“Naturalism is a doctrine which separates Nature from God,
subordinates spirit to matter and sets up unchangeable laws as
supreme.”…….Ward
AccordingtoNaturalism:
The basis of the world is the MATTER and Mind is also a
formofmatter.
OnlyNATUREiseverything.
Protagonists: Aristotle, Comte, Hobbes, Bacon, Darwin,
Lamark, Huxley, Herbert Spencer, Bernard Shaw, Samual
Butler,Rousseauetc.

10.  PRAGMATISM: Also known as PRAGMATIKOS,
whichmeansPracticabilityorUtility.
“Pragmatism is a doctrine which believes that man creates his
own values in the course of activity that reality is still in the
making.”……..J.S.Ross
AccordingtoPRAGMATISM:
FirsttheActivityorExperimentisdoneandthenonthebasis
of results, principles or Ideas are derived.
(EXPERIMENTALISM)
Protagonists: C. B. Pearce, William James, Shiller and John
Dewey.

11. EDUCATION& CULTURE
“ Culture is a continually changing pattern of learned behaviour
and the products of learned behaviour including attitudes,
values, knowledge and material objects which are shared by
andtransmittedamongthemembersofsociety.”…..CUBER
TYPES
MATERIAL
CULTURE
NON MATERIAL
CULTURE

12. EDUCATION& CULTURAL LAG
The vast difference between the Material
culture and the Non-Material culture is
known as Social or Cultural Lag