DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESS FIT CARBON STEEL AND THREADED GALVANIZED IRON FOR MALAYSIAN FIREFIGHTING SYSTEMS

DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESS FIT CARBON
STEEL AND THREADED GALVANIZED IRON FOR
MALAYSIAN FIREFIGHTING SYSTEMS
CHONG BUI CHYAN
OPEN UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA
2021

DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESS FIT CARBON STEEL AND
THREADED GALVANIZED IRON FOR MALAYSIAN FIREFIGHTING
SYSTEMS
CHONG BUI CHYAN
A Final Year Project submitted in fulfilment of the requirements
for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Project and Facility Management with Honours
Open University Malaysia
2021

ii
DECLARATION
Name: Chong Bui Chyan
Matric Number: 860216135343001
I hereby declare that this final year project is the result of my own work, except for quotations
and summaries which have been duly acknowledged.
Signature: Date: 30.12.2021

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DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESS FIT CARBON STEEL
AND THREADED GALVANIZED IRON FOR MALAYSIAN
FIREFIGHTING SYSTEMS
ABSTRACT
All firefighting system installation in Malaysia today are only using thread or welded method
for the galvanized iron pipe connection work. On the contrary, there is another method of
connection known as press-fit method. Press-fit method has been using in European countries
for more than 100 years! However, press-fit method needs to be used with a carbon steel pipe.
The main factor that the press-fit methods with carbon steel pipes are not being used is due to
the fact that nobody is willing to introduce it. This study goes on to identify dynamic
characteristics of press-fit carbon steel and threaded galvanized iron for Malaysian firefighting
systems. In Malaysia, any new installation method and material must obtain approval from
SIRIM and CIDB before allowing it to be used in the industry. Firefighting systems are
compulsory to be installed in all large and tall building to protect the building from any fire
incident. Firefighting systems is also known as first-aid and rescue (lives and property)
technology with two types of operation. Firefighting systems may be operated automatically,
as well as manually. Firefighting systems consist of wet and dry system, wet system always
require high impact pipe, which the pipe have a characteristic of resistance to heat, pressure,
and corrosion. This thesis studies the dynamic characteristics of press fit carbon steel versus
threaded galvanized iron by comparison, then bring it into the local market so that it can be
applied wisely in the firefighting industries as well. It is hoped that, with further related
dynamic characteristics study of press-fit carbon steel, this method will be accepted by the
related approval authorities and bring it into the Malaysian Standard (MS). Meanwhile, this
thesis also hoped that other than it will be a contribution towards encouraging and engaging it
to be accepted in the firefighting industries, it will also be another choice of design and
installation method for the mechanical and electrical (M&E) consultants and fire contractors.
Again, this may be towards continuously developing professionalism (CPD).
Keywords: Firefighting, press-fit, threaded, carbon steel, galvanized iron, pipe

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CIRI-CIRI DINAMIK BESI KARBON TEKAN TETAP DAN BESI GALVANI
BERBENANG UNTUK SISTEM PEMASANGAN KESELAMATAN
KEBAKARAN MALAYSIA
ABSTRAK
Sehingga hari ini, semua sistem pemasangan keselamatan kebakaran (PKK) di
Malaysia adalah menggunakan kaedah penyambungan jenis benang atau kimpalan
kepada paip besi bergalvani. Sebenarnya, terdapat satu lagi cara penyambungan yang
dikenali sebagai tekan-tetap. Kaedah tekan-tetap telah diguna pakai di negara Eropah
selama 100 tahun! Tetapi kaedah tekan-tetap mesti menggunakan besi karbon. Faktor
utama kenapa kaedah tekan-tetap dengan besi karbon adalah tiada orang sanggup
memperkenalkan. Kajian terhadap ciri-ciri dinamik tekan-tetap besi karbon dan besi
galvani berbenang untuk sistem PKK Malaysia. Di Malaysia, kaedah pemasangan dan
bahan baru perlu dapatkan kelulusan daripada SIRIM dan CIDB sebelum di benar guna
pakai di dalam industri. Sistem PKK wajib diadakan kepada pembinaan bangunan
besar dan tinggi untuk pelindungan daripada kejadian kebakaran. Sistem PKK juga
dikenali sebagai penyelamatan awalan dan teknologi penyelamatan (nyawa dan harta
benda) dengan dua jenis operasi. Sistem PKK boleh beroperasi secara automatik dan
insani, sistem PKK juga terbahagia dua jenis iaitu sistem basah dan sistem kering.
Sistem basah memerlukan paip yang berimpak tinggi, dengan ciri-ciri ketahanan
terhadap haba, tekanan dan kakisan. Oleh itu, kajian terhadap ciri-ciri dinamik tekan-
tetap besi karbon dan besi galvani berbenang untuk perbandingan supaya dibawa
masuk ke pasaran tempatan dan diguna pakai dalam secara luas di dalam industri PKK.
Apabila, banyak kajian yang berkaitan dengan ciri-ciri dinamik tekan-tetap besi
karbon, maka akan diterima dan diluluskan kegunaannya oleh badan kelulusan yang
berkaitan. Seterusnya mampu memperolehi Piawaian Malaysia (MS). Di samping itu,
kajian ini mampu menggalak pihak industri PKK untuk mengambil bahagian.
Manakala, penggunaan tekan-tetap besi karbon akan menjadi satu pilihan di dalam reka
bentuk dan pemasangan dikalangan perunding mekanikal & elektrik, dan kontraktor
PKK. Sekali gus, penggunaan tekan-tetap besi karbon boleh mengembangkan
profesionalisme secara berterusan (CPD).
Kata Kunci: Pemasangan Keselamatan Kebakaran, tekan-tetap, benang, besi
karbon, besi galvani, paip

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude and appreciation to my
supervisor, Associate Professor Ir. Dr. Mohd Danial bin Ibrahim guidance, patience, and
invaluable advice throughout this project.
I also would like to express my appreciation to Mr Leo Tan Kia Ou, the director of LTA
Services Sdn. Bhd. for the contribution of press-fit carbon steel pipe & fittings and on-site
testing for the press-fit connection and installation method. Thanks to my friends for their
endless support whenever I face problems. Without the mentioned parties, it is impossible
for me to complete this project report successfully.
My deepest and greatest gratitude goes to my wife and family member for their
unstoppable support, endless love, and prayers for my project paper completion and
throughout my studies in Open University Malaysia (OUM).
THANK YOU.
CHONG BUI CHYAN
30 December, 2021

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
ABSTRACT iii
ABSTRAK iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS x
LIST OF SYSMBOLS xi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Research Objective 3
1.4 Research Hypotheses 4
1.5 Significance of the Research 4
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 History of Malaysia Firefighting System 7
2.3 Firefighting System Requirement 7
2.3.1 Uniform Building By-Law 1984 11
2.3.2 Sarawak Building Ordinance 1994 17
2.4 Firefighting System International Standard
2.4.1 Malaysia Standard (MS) 22
2.4.2 British Standard (BS) 23
2.4.3 National Fire Protection Associations (NFPA) 23
2.5 Installation Method
2.5.1 Threading 24
2.5.2 Press Fitting 24
2.6 Benefits of Press Fitting 25
2.7 Barriers in Implementing Press Fitting 27
2.8 Strategies of Marketing and Usage of Press Fitting 28
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 Research Design Press Fit Carbon Steel vs
Threaded Galvanized Iron 33
3.3 Experimental Analysis & Data Collection Method
3.3.1 Pressure Performance Carbon Steel Pipe vs
Galvanized Iron Pipe 33
3.3.2 Pressure Performance Press Fit Carbon Steel
Fitting vs Threaded Galvanized Iron Fitting 33
3.3.3 Torque Radial Strength on the Fitting Connections of
Press Fit Carbon Steel vs Threaded Galvanized Iron 33

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3.4 Data Analysis Method 34
3.4.1 Pressure Performance 42
3.4.2 Torque Radial Strength 42
CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Results of the On-Site Test 44
4.2 Fulfillments of the Industry 47
4.3 The accepted and used in Malaysia according to the
Standard of SIRIM & CIDB regulations 47
CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Summary of Main Findings 50
5.2 Discussion and Implications 51
5.3 Limitations of the Study 52
5.4 Directions for Future Research 52
REFERENCES 53
APPENDICES
A ASTM B31: Standards of Pressure Piping, collection with various dates
B BS EN 12845: Automatic Sprinkler System
C EN 10305-3: Steel Tube for Precision Application
D ISO 65: Carbon Steel Tube
E MS 1910: 2016: Automatic Sprinkler System

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2. 1: Schedule 10th
UBBL 1984 – Institution ................................................................11
UBBL 1984 – Hospital and Nursing Home....................................12
UBBL 1984 – Others Residential ...................................................13
UBBL 1984 – Offices, Shopping Complexes, Shops and Markets 14
UBBL 1984 – Factory.....................................................................14
UBBL 1984 – Place of Assembly...................................................15
UBBL 1984 – Storage and General.................................................16
Table 2. 8 : Schedule 10th UBBL 1984 - Indicators for Table 2.1 - 2.7...................................16
Table 2. 9: Schedule J in SBO 1994 – Education Occupancies...............................................17
Table 2. 10: Schedule J in SBO 1994 – Hospitals & Nursing Homes and Hotels...................18
Table 2. 11: Schedule J in SBO 1994 – Hostel & Dormitories, Modified Requirement for
Flats, Offices and Shop............................................................................................................19
Table 2. 12 : Schedule J in SBO 1994 – Factory, Place of Assembly.....................................20
Table 2. 13: Schedule J in SBO 1994 – Storage & General ....................................................21
Table 2. 14: Schedule J in SBO 1994 – Indicators for Table 2.9 - 2.13. .................................21
Table 4. 1: Pressure and flow requirements for HHP and HHS pre-calculated installations
designed .............................................................................................................................. 44
Table 4. 2: Pressure Performance test to the Carbon Steel Pipe vs Galvanized Iron Pipe ......45
Table 4. 3: Pressure Performance test to the Press-fit Carbon Steel vs Threaded Galvanized
Iron fittings...............................................................................................................................45
Table 4. 4: Fittings Pressure Test to the Press-fit Carbon Steel vs Threaded Galvanized Iron
fittings ......................................................................................................................................46
Table 4. 5: Torque Radial Strength (Pull) on the Fitting Connections Press Fit Carbon Steel
vs Threaded Galvanized Iron ...................................................................................................46

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2. 1: A typical wet sprinkler system layout.....................................................................8
Figure 2. 2: A typical dry sprinkler system layout .....................................................................9
Figure 2. 3: A typical pre-action sprinkler system layout ........................................................10
Figure 2. 4: Deluge sprinkler systems for petroleum liquid storage tank................................10
Figure 2. 5: Cross section press-fit connection illustration theory ..........................................25
Figure 2. 6: Summary of Press-Fit Vs Threaded Connection Method ....................................26
Figure 3. 1: Contact behavior in the press-fit process ........................................................ 31
Figure 3. 2: Simplified model ..................................................................................................31
Figure 3. 3: The principle of deflection at point O (a) and its equivalent model (b)...............31
Figure 3. 4: The construction site of Doncaster Residence .....................................................34
Figure 3. 5: Pipe pressing tool .................................................................................................35
Figure 3. 6: Myself and Mr. Leo Tan taking sampling press-fit fitting to connected with
carbon steel pipe ......................................................................................................................36
Figure 3. 7: Insert the Carbon Steel Pipe into the fitting .........................................................36
Figure 3. 8: pressing the pipe fitting to the carbon steel pipe using pressing tool...................37
Figure 3. 9: Sprinkler piping system had installed and painted with red colour .....................37
Figure 3. 10: Reducing joint by using grooved fitting.............................................................38
Figure 3. 11: Combination of different connection method in Reducer Tee-joint ..................38
Figure 3. 12: The connection of reducer and tee joint to the carbon steel pipe. ......................39
Figure 3. 13: The finishing work of sprinkler pipe system conceal into the celling while the
sprinkler head exposed.............................................................................................................40
Figure 3. 14: Fire pump control panel for Sprinkler System ...................................................40
Figure 3. 15: Fire Sprinkler System Pump Set ........................................................................41
Figure 3. 16: Water Pressure Gauge and Water Release Valve...............................................42
Figure 4. 1: The Process Flow of Carbon Steel Pipe Manufacturing ………………………..48
Figure 4. 2: Machine Used In the Process ...............................................................................49

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LIST ABBREVIATIONS
AISI American Iron and Steel Institute
ASTM American Society Testing Methods
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineering
BS British Standard
BSI British Standard Institute
Bomba Fire and Rescue Department of Malaysia
CIDB Construction Industry Development Board
CCC Certificate of compliant and Completion
CF Certificate of Fire
EN European Standard (Europaische Norm)
FM Factory Mutual
ISO International Organization for Standardization
LH Low Hazard
M&E Mechanical and Electrical
MS Malaysia Standard
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
OH Ordinary Hazard
OP Occupation Permit
SBO Sarawak Building Ordinance
SIRIM Standard and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia
UBBL Uniform Building By-Law
UL Underwritten Laboratories

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LIST OF SYMBOLS
E The elastic modulus
µ The Poisson’s ratio
π The ratio of the circumference of any circle to the diameter of that circle

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Background
Innovation and creation which leads to the revolution were originated from
Europe for its excellent quality. Press-fit technique from Europe creates premium
producing techniques, equipment, and models to perfectly fit the market demand. It
provides excellent quality products which commonly applied to multifunctional metallic
pipe systems for example, fire sprinklers, household drinking water, gas, petroleum, and
central air-conditioning.
Compared with the traditional thread connection, press-fitting system has
prominent performance in pressure resistant, durability and cost-saving. It greatly reduces
the usage of auxiliary materials, which is environmentally friendly. It has been recognized
as a great innovative revolution in metallic pipeline system and adapted by various well-
known companies.
The press-fit method is ideally meeting several key requirements for pipe or tube
systems delivering drinking water, process water, firefighting water and other liquids or
gases. This method is easier and faster in installation, combined with long-term reliable
service (Thomas Pauly 2012). The further development of carbon steel with press-fit
method has been applied to firefighting system industries. For process liquids, the
potential corrosive influence of product has taken into account. For gaseous media, gas
tightness can be critical in terms of its safety.
Mechanical fitting systems are available for a number of metallic materials.
However, the outstanding formality makes the carbon steel and their proven neutrality
make the press-fitting system. While this constellation is best known for its use in
firefighting systems in buildings.
The present publication outlines;
• The main technical properties of carbon steel “press-fit” connections
• Its competitive position in the context of alternative solutions

2
• Typical areas of application
• Aspects of design and installation that are specific to carbon steel
1.2 Problem Statement
In this present day, fire remains one of the major hazards, albeit of the various
safety measures and legislative requirements for building in the design stage as well as
management regulations. Buildings are getting taller and more complex where
prescriptive regulations and laws enacted from empirical judgements and often nor
resulted from scientific research nor engineering verification in most countries are no
longer apt to cater to those complexities (Kokkala 2001), (Woodrow, et al. 2020),
(Meacham 2013), (Plank 2013).
In 1998, the Petronas Twin Tower was design with 88-storeys and 452 m high, as
of 2021, it remains the tallest twin-buildings in the world (Petronas Towers 2021),
(Murray 2014). Presently the tallest tower in Malaysia which is to be completed in 2022,
namely the Merdeka PNB 118 Tower reaching 118-storeys and 644 m high (Yeap 2020),
(The Tower Info 2021) with the advancement of technology, the needs for sustainability
and to reduce carbon footprint, many Asian and Middle Eastern countries had dominated
the tall structures scene (Bukowski 2008).
Nevertheless, the tragedy of 8 April 1976, the Campbell Shopping Complex fire
was a major disaster in Malaysia at Jalan Campbell (now Jalan Dang Wangi), Kuala
Lumpur. The entire shopping complex including its 20-storey office tower block was
completely destroyed in a fire (Fatt 2011). A short circuit had sparked the flames that
razed the 4-storey retail podium and adjoining 15-storey office tower, claiming a life (Ng
2017). The tragedy had raised concerns over tall structures on the structural integrity, fire
threat, means of escape and rescue facilities for such buildings.
Fire sprinkler systems save lives. When a fire breaks out, sprinklers can control
the blaze by cooling and wetting surfaces to deprive it of fuel sources and prevent
flashover, the sudden ignition of everything in a room when it reaches auto ignition
temperature. But how are fire sprinkler systems designed, from head types to pipe to

3
pressure? It’s a complicated process, so we obviously can’t explain everything. But this
study gives an overview of the steps of fire sprinkler system design, including:
• Identifying and evaluating the water supply
• Determining what kind of sprinkler system, the building needs
• Identifying the hazard level of the building and the protection required
• Picking and laying out sprinkler heads
• Choosing and laying out pipe
At each step, we explain broadly what a designer must do, including the
calculations (financial and technical) involved. In Malaysia we will refer to Uniform
Building By-Law (UBBL 1984) and Sarawak Building Ordinance (SBO 1994) for the
determination of firefighting system to a building design and usage. This requirement will
refer to Schedule 10 in UBBL 1984 for Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah, meanwhile in
Sarawak will refer to Schedule J (SBO 1994).
However, for standard designs, we’ll frequently refer to NFPA 13, MS 1910 and
BS EN 12845, which are the standard for the installation of sprinkler systems. Those
documents adopted by jurisdictions that govern commercial fire sprinkler system design.
The standard design is according to the client requirement and to be accepted and
approved by the Fire and Rescue Department of Malaysia (Bomba). The finding the fire
sprinkler pipe installation in Malaysia only using threading and welding method for
galvanized iron pipe, meanwhile Europe countries are using press-fit method for carbon
steel.
1.3 Research Objective
The sprinkler pipe installation of threaded method and welded method are
compatible with the press-fit method. In terms of installation method, press-fit is a new
installation method to be introduced into the Malaysia firefighting system. However,
there are some laboratory tests for the dynamic characteristics of press-fit carbon steel
and threaded galvanized iron as a technical comparison of the sprinkler installation. The
scientific test result is used to be gained from SIRIM and CIDB approval then included
into the Malaysia Standard (MS 1910) as one of an installation methods.

4
The purposes of the laboratory tests are:
1. To verify the pressure performance based on the pressure data logging through
experimental analysis.
2. To verify the leakages during the experimental of pressure performance to the
fittings
3. To verify on the torque radial strength on the fitting connections
1.4 Research Hypotheses
Press-fit method save times and manpower compared to threaded method and welded
method in the installation work.
Carbon steel pipe is cheaper then galvanise iron pipe.
Press-fit carbon steel pipe have better performance compared to threaded and welded
galvanise iron.
1.5 Significant of the Research
Press-fit installation will save up time and manpower installation. Carbon steel is
much cheaper compared to others material while still providing the same or better
characteristics and properties.
Carbon-steel pipework has been applied in building services systems for almost
200 years. If employed in an appropriate application – and maintained properly – such
pipework systems are set for a long and productive life. Press-fit systems, which have
been commercially available for more than 50 years, can provide a speedier installation
time than the traditional jointing methods (such as screwing or welding) and do not
require any hot works or screw cutting.
As with all building services systems, the longevity and effectiveness of a carbon-
steel pipework press-fit system will be dependent on proper installation, operation and
maintenance, and this article will consider some of the key aspects that influence the
serviceable life of such a system.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Carbon-steel pipework has been applied in building services systems for almost 200
years. If employed in an appropriate application – and maintained properly – such pipework
systems are set for a long and productive life. Press-fit systems, which have been commercially
available for more than 50 years, can provide a speedier installation time than the traditional
jointing methods (such as screwing or welding) and do not require any hot works or screw
cutting.
As with all building services systems, the longevity and effectiveness of a carbon-steel
pipework press-fit system will be dependent on a proper installation, operation and
maintenance, and this article will consider some of the key aspects that influence the
serviceable life of such a system.
Fire protection system which are also known as firefighting system, is a system of
equipment used to prevent, extinguish, localize, or block fires in an enclosed space. Automatic
fire-fighting systems are installed in buildings and rooms where the fire hazard is
comparatively high. A distinction is made between systems that are actuated automatically and
operated according to a predetermined program and those that are actuated by an operator; the
former is called automatic fire protection systems, while the latter is called fire protection units.
An automatic fire-fighting system includes a sensor capable of detecting combustion,
alarm signaling devices, fire-extinguishing equipment, starting and stopping devices, and
feeders for the fire-extinguishing substance; where in some cases, it includes control equipment
for the production process being protected. Atomizers, foam generators, and pipe nozzles form
are the direct stream of the fire-extinguishing substance, which may be a liquid, foam, powder,
or gas. Fire-extinguishing substances are fed into the system from a centralized supply, such
as a water supply, or from self-contained or combined feeders (Encyclopedia 2021).
The most widely used systems employ water (sprinkler and drencher systems), carbon
dioxide, aerosols, or powders. A sprinkler system consists of a grid of pipelines located on the

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ceiling of the room, with sprinkler heads attached to the pipes by threaded connections. The
opening of a sprinkler is kept closed by a disk held in a closed position by a thermal lock. If
the room temperature rises to a specified point, the lock is destroyed and the disk opens,
admitting water to the room.
Drencher systems, which use nozzles without thermal locks, are actuated either by a
sprinkler installed in a trigger airline or by a cable-type thermal lock. Automatic fire protection
systems are classified according to the time elapsed between the start of the fire and the
actuation of the system as ultrahigh speed (to 0.1 sec), high-speed (to 3 sec), and standard (to
180 sec). The fire-extinguishing substance can be applied for periods ranging from 30 sec to
60 min.
Carbon-steel pipes are available in many wall thicknesses at the various nominal sizes.
Those with a thinner wall thickness provide lightweight systems that employ less material and
are easier to install but, since there is less material in the pipes’ structure, it can be more readily
perforated where they are not installed or operated appropriately through corrosion or other
physical damage. Such thin-wall pipe – which has a wall thickness of about half that of EN
102552 type L2 ‘light’ pipe – is often joined using roll-grooved or press-fit type fittings that
maintain a water seal using captured O-rings.
Thin-wall pipe is available with external and internal zinc coatings created through
electroplating, which prevent corrosion of the steel by forming a barrier and acting as a
sacrificial anode if that barrier is damaged. Thin-wall piping is also available with external
polypropylene coating to prevent corrosion from ambient moisture and oxygen.
The press-fitting jointing system was initially developed in the 1950s for copper pipes,
but it was slow to gain initial acceptance as reportedly, the trade was reluctant to trust a method
of connection that did not involve heat. However, a commercial product was established in the
late 1960s, and systems were developed to use with copper, carbon-steel and stainless-steel
pipes.

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2.2 History of Malaysia Firefighting System
The tragedy of 8 April 1976, the Campbell Shopping Complex fire was a major disaster
in Malaysia at Jalan Campbell (now Jalan Dang Wangi), Kuala Lumpur. The entire shopping
complex including its 20-storey office tower block was completely destroyed in a fire (Fatt
2011).
A short circuit had sparked the flames that razed the 4-storey retail podium and
adjoining 15-storey office tower, claiming a life (Ng 2017). The tragedy had raised concerns
over tall structures on the structural integrity, fire threat, means of escape and rescue facilities
for such buildings. Fire sprinkler systems save lives.
2.3 Firefighting System Requirement in Malaysia
A fire sprinkler system is a device that discharge water. It is an active fire protection
method that includes the water supply system, providing adequate pressure by flowing water,
distributing the piping system in which the sprinklers are connected. In most cases, a fire
sprinkler system can prevent property damage and reduce the risks of injuries to the occupants
of the premises.
Fire sprinklers are extensively used worldwide, this is proved by over 40 million
devices are being installed each year. 96% of the fire in buildings is being controlled and
protected by the fire sprinkler system (AITO 2021) the devices normally be installed in ceilings
or sidewalls. Not all buildings are required as referring in both laws, only designated buildings
are required to install.
Fire sprinkler installation to a building is according to the requirement in the Uniform
Building by Law 1984 and Sarawak Building Ordinance 1994. There are four main types of
commercial sprinkler systems, each adapted to the needs of various facilities to maximize
response time and ensure the protection of employees and assets (Ziavras 2021), (Impact Fire
2020), (Bakar 2006).

8
i. Wet pipe
Wet pipe sprinkler systems—or traditional fire sprinklers—are the most common
across residential and commercial buildings. When a fire begins, the heat activates the
nearest sprinkler head, releasing pressurized water stored in the pipes. Each sprinkler
head is activated independently, reducing water damages in the event of a false alarm.
Wet pipe systems are an inexpensive, low-maintenance option appropriate for offices,
schools, and commercial properties, refer to Figure 2.1 below.
Figure 2. 1: A typical wet sprinkler system layout
ii. Dry pipe
As opposed to wet pipe systems, dry pipe systems do not store water in their pipes.
Instead, they are filled with pressurized air or nitrogen, which is released if a fire
activates the valves in the sprinkler head. The pipes then fill with water and discharge
it over the smoke or flames.
While this system is more complex and costly than a wet pipe system, it is the most
appropriate for cold climates where there is a high risk of frozen pipes halting an
emergency fire response. Note the dry pipe valve on the blue-colored riser, which is the
key to system activation, refer to the following Figure 2.2.

9
Figure 2. 2: A typical dry sprinkler system layout
iii. Pre-action
Pre-action systems are another form of dry pipe sprinkler but require a two-step
activation. When heat or smoke is detected, the pre-action valve will open and allow
water into the pipes. Then, sprinkler heads can be individually activated to release water
over the fire.
This two-step process enables facilities to shut off the system in case of a false alarm,
protecting their assets from water damage. Pre-action systems are especially useful in
places where accidental discharge could lead to irreparable damages, such as museums,
libraries, and data centers, refer to the following Figure 2.3.
iv. Deluge
Deluge sprinkler systems are another version of a dry pipe system. However, as
opposed to all previous options, the sprinkler heads in this system are always open.
They do not have a heat-sensing element in the sprinkler head itself and require an
external smoke or heat sensor to activate. Once heat is detected, water fills the pipes
and is released to all open sprinkler heads, creating a flooding effect across the entire
area. This system is most often used in industries with flammable liquids that are likely
to spread rapidly, refer to the following Figure 2.4.

10
Figure 2. 3: A typical pre-action sprinkler system layout
Figure 2. 4: Deluge sprinkler systems for petroleum liquid storage tank

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2.3.1 Uniform Building By-Law 1984 (UBBL 1984)
UBBL 1984 is being used widely and must comply with in the building
construction. Architectural design and mechanical & electrical design are depending on
the regulations of UBBL 1984. UBBL 1984 can be applied to the whole of Malaysia
but not in the state of Sarawak. The approval authorities are local council and Bomba.
The requirement of buildings to install a fire sprinkler system is by referring to UBBL
1984. The 10th
schedule in UBBL 1984 (edition 2012) may be referred for fire sprinkler
installation.
When the architect intends to design a large education occupancy also known
as school, architect will refer to the 10th
schedule in UBBL 1984 for the type of usage
and size of area to be built. Therefore, for school area above 2000m2
sprinkler system
will be required. Please refer to Table 2.1 below.
UBBL 1984 – Institution

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Hospital and nursing home design is categorized into two groups. There are day
care clinic and in-patient treatment where patient stays in the hospital. These hospitals
design is dependent on how many storeys in height and build up area for each floor.
This type of building will have sleeping risk during the operation. Please refer to Table
2.2 below.
UBBL 1984 – Hospital and Nursing Home
Meanwhile, other residential such as hotel, hostel, apartment, and flats also
require sprinkler system. However, not all of them are required to install the sprinkler
system, this is depending on the height and area size of the building intend to be built.

13
The building design also refers to open or enclosed design and type of
ventilation is used. Please refer to Table 2.3 below.
UBBL 1984 – Others Residential
Office design required sprinkler system, when the height of the building is
exceeding 30m and floor area less than 10,000m2
. Shopping complexes, shops and
market are known as commercial usage buildings. Large scale commercial building
normally will be known as shopping mall and the building has very high occupancy
hazard due to many people occupies at the same times. When the mall area exceeding
2000m2
sprinkler system will require to be installed. Please refer to the following Table
2.4.

14
UBBL 1984 – Offices, Shopping Complexes, Shops and Markets
Furthermore, factory also has high hazards which depending on the process or
production in the factory building. The factory also depends on the total area size and
the numbers of storeys, refer to Table 2.5 below.
UBBL 1984 – Factory
Extinguishing
system
Alarm and Fire
Alarm System
VI. FACTORY
1. Single Storeys detached or terrace units
(iv) More than 2,000 sq. m A & B 1, 3 & 5
A & B 1, 3 & 5
(iii) Exceeding 1,000 sq. m per floor area
4. Flatted Factories Block
(i) 2 storeys and over
A & B 1, 3, 4 & 5
(ii) Three storeys and over
A & B 1, 3, 4 & 5
(iii) Vehicle Assembly and similar Plants
(d) Exceeding 5,000 sq. m AB & D 1, 2, 3 & 5
5. Special hazards
(ii) A, B, C or D 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Occupancy Hazard
(c) Exceeding 1,000 sq. m per
(a) With compartment exceeding
(b) Building with hazardous
3. Two Storeys detached or terrace units: each floor
built as separate compartment single or terrace type

15
Place of assembly such as stadium, mosque, church, hall and etc. where the place
peoples usually gathering in high numbers. Chaos might happen in the case of emergency like
fire. Therefore, fire sprinkler also required when the area exceeding 1,000m2
. Please refer to
Table 2.6 below.
UBBL 1984 – Place of Assembly
Carpark and warehouse are categorizing under storage and general. The
occupancy hazard is high due to the high fire load were located inside the premises. For
the maximum protection to the car in the carpark and stock in the warehouse, sprinkler
system is the best fire protection for the buildings when the area exceeding 1,000m2
and volume more than 7,000m3
. Please refer to the following Table 2.7.
Extinguishing
system
Alarm and Fire
Alarm System
VII. PLACE OF ASSEMBLY
A & B 1
A & B 1, 3, 4 & 5
A & B 1, 3, 4 & 5
4. Amusement centers (total floor area)
A & B 1 & 3
5. Bus terminals, train stations, airports (total floor area)
A & B 1, 3, 4 & 5
Occupancy Hazard
3. Theatres, Cinemas, Concert Halls, Auditoriums (total
floor area)
(iii) 3 storeys and above or exceeding 2,000
(ii) 2 storeys and above or exceeding 1,000
(ii) 2 storeys and above or exceeding 1,000
(iii) 2 storey and above or exceeding 2,000
1. Place of assembly below level of exit discharge
2. Convention Center, Community Centers, Private
Clubs, Exhibition Centers, Museums And Art Galleries
(total floor area)

16
UBBL 1984 – Storage and General
For Table 2.1 through Table 2.4, all coding was indicated as in Table 2.8 below.
The code red B is when the sprinkler system is compulsory to be installed, to obtain
Bomba approval during the design stage and Certificate of compliant and Completion
(CCC) or Certificate of Fire. (CF)
Table 2. 8 : Schedule 10th
UBBL 1984 - Indicators for Table 2.1 - 2.7
NOTE 2:
A – Hose Reel System.
B – Sprinkler System.
C – Gaseous Extinguishing System.
D – Pressurized Fire Hydrant.
NOTE 3:
1. Automatic Fire Detectors SystemManual Electric Fire Alarm System.
2. Manual Electric Fire Alarm SystemAutomatic Fire Detectors System.
3. Signal Indicator Alarm SystemCentralized Monitoring System.
4. Manual Alarm SystemPublic Address System.
5. Fire Command Center
The letters in the second column of this Schedule refer to the types of fixed extinguishing system,
The figures in the third column of this Schedule refer to the types of fire alarm and fire detection
Extinguishing
system
Alarm and Fire
Alarm System
VIII. STORAGE AND GENERAL
1. Car parks
(ii) Underground car parks
A & B 1, 3, 4 & 5
(iii) Automated multi level car parks A & B 1 & 3
3. Warehouse and Storage of combustible products
(i) Single storeys (total floor area)
A & B 1, 3 & 5
(ii) Two storeys and over (total floor area)
A & B 1, 3 & 5
(e) More than 1,000 sq. m or
(b) 2000 sq. m and above (total
floor area)
(b) Exceeding 1,000 sq. m and
over or more than 7,000 cu. m
Occupancy Hazard

17
2.3.2 Sarawak Building By-Law 1994 (SBO 1994)
SBO 1994 is only being used in Sarawak only. The approval authorities are
local council and Bomba. The requirement of buildings to be installed a fire sprinkler
system is by referring Schedule J in SBO 1994. For education occupancies also known
as school, architect will refer to refer to Schedule J in SBO 1994 for the type of usage
and size area to be built.
Library and school with central air conditioning with area above 1,000m2
sprinkler system is required. Please refer to Table 2.9.
Table 2. 9: Schedule J in SBO 1994 – Education Occupancies
Hospital and nursing home design was categorized into two groups. There are
day care clinic and in-patient treatment where patient stays in the hospital. These
hospitals deign design is dependent on how many storeys (in height) and build up area
for each floor. This type of building will have sleeping risk during the operation.
Meanwhile, hotels required sprinkler system depending on the height and area
size of the building which are intended to be built. The building design also refer to
either it is an open or enclosed design and type of ventilation used. In other design of
hotel where the number of rooms are more than 50 rooms with 4-storeys and above and
exceeding 18m in height, sprinkler design is also a requirement. The building design
with sprinkler system requirement can be referred to Table 2.10.
Extinguishing
System
Fire Alarm System Emergency Lighting
1. EDUCATIONAL OCCUPANCIES
(iv) Library
(a) Single storey
4.More than 1,000 Sq. m AG 2 a
(b) 2 storeys
3. More than 1,000 sq. m
(central air-conditioning)
AG 1+2
b or c
(c) 3 storeys or more (Total Floor Area)
2. More than 1,000 sq. m AG 1+2 b or c
Note: a: Heat Detector b: Smoke Detector c: UV/IR Detector
(vii) Buildings with central air-conditioning
(c) Exceeding 1,000 sq. m AG 2 b or c
Occupancy Hazard
II. INSTITUTION

18
Table 2. 10: Schedule J in SBO 1994 – Hospitals & Nursing Homes and Hotels.
For hostel and dormitories, apartment and flats, it is also a requirement to be
equipped with sprinkler system when it is above 11-storeys. This is because the build-
up storeys need to be considered as high-rise building which is exceeding 30m in height.
Offices exceeding 30m or 10 storeys above with more than 10,000m2
also required
sprinkler system installations. Shops known as commercial building or mall with floor
area more than 2,000m2
also required the installation of the sprinkler system due to high
occupancies during operation hours. Please refer to Table 2.11.
Extinguishing
System
2. HOSPITALS AND NURSING HOMES
(ii) In-patient Treatment
(b) Not exceeding 250 sq. m per floor
(bf) 5 or 6 storeys (central
airconditioning)
AG 3
b or c
(bg) 18 metres & above AG 3 b or c
(c) Exceeding 250 sq. m per floor
(cd) 3 or 4 storeys (central
airconditioning)
AG 3
a
(ce) 5 storeys & above AG 3 a
III. OTHER RESIDENTIAL
1. HOTELS
(d) 6 to 10 storeys
2. More than 50 rooms AG 2 c
(e) 11 storeys & above AG 2 c
B. Other Designs
(d) 51 rooms & above:
4 storeys & above AG 2 c
(e) Exceeding 18 metres AG 2 c
A. Open design balcony approach with open
staircase with extended lobby or tower staircase.
Occupancy Hazard

19
Table 2. 11: Schedule J in SBO 1994 – Hostel & Dormitories, Modified Requirement for
Flats, Offices and Shop
Factory buildings are always built with large areas and large volumes. This is
because the factories need to put many or large production machines in the complex.
Therefore, factories with area above 2,000m2
and volume above 7,000m3
are required
to install a sprinkler system to protect the machines and also its stocks. Meanwhile,
places of assemblies such as stadiums, mosques, churches, and halls are built to let
people gather in a place.
Therefore, the place of assembly will be had high occupancies and may occur
chaos in case of fire emergency. As a preventive measure sprinkler system will be
required when the area is more than 2,000m2
or 2,000 numbers of persons in the place,
as can be referred to Table 2.12.
Extinguishing
System
2. HOSTELS AND DORMITORIES
(c) 6 to 10 storeys
(ii) More than 250 sq. m per floor area AG 2 b
(d) 11 storeys & above AG 2 b
3. MODIFIED REQUIREMENTS FOR FLATS
(e) Central air-conditioning system
(iii) 11 storeys & above AG 2 c
4. OFFICES (Total Floor Area)
(iv) Exceeding 30 metres or more 10,000 sq. m AG 2 c
5. SHOP
(ii) Single storey AG 2 a
(d) 2,001 sq. m & above
(iii) Two storeys (Total Floor Area)
(d) 2,001 sq. m & above AG 2 c
(iv) Three storeys and above (Total Floor Area)
(c) 3,001 sq. m & above AG 2 c
Occupancy Hazard

20
Table 2. 12 : Schedule J in SBO 1994 – Factory, Place of Assembly
Next, is the storage and general spaces such as multi-storey carpark and
warehouse. System requirement mostly refer to volume of the building, when the
volume more than 7,000m3
with combustible materials, a sprinkler system is required.
Sprinkler system is the maximum protection and most effective system to protect the
in-house stock from fire damage, as can be referred to Table 2.13.
Extinguishing
System
6. FACTORY
(i) Single storey
(d) 2,001 sq. m & above AG 2
(d) Exceeding 1,000 sq. m per floor area AG 2 a
(a) 2 storeys & above
4. Compartments exceeding
7,000 cu. m
AG 2
c
(b) Three storeys to five storeys
(ii) With any compart-ment size
exceeding 7,000 cu. m
AG 2
c
(c) 6 storeys & above AG 2 c
(vi) Special structures
(c) Hazardous processes A, B, C, D, E, or F 2 a
7. PLACE OF ASSEMBLY
AG 2
a
Building with central air-conditioning
(iii) More than 1,000 sq. m or
1,000 persons and above
AG 2
c
(iii) Two storeys each floor built as separate
compartment, single or terrace type construction
(v) Flatted Factories, Block Development, Open
Balcony Approach
(iv) 2,001 sq. m & above or 2,001 persons and
above
Occupancy Hazard

21
Table 2. 13: Schedule J in SBO 1994 – Storage & General
Table 2.9 to Table 2.13, all coding which was indicated before is summarized
as in Table 2.14 below. The code red A is the sprinkler system was compulsory to be
install, to obtain Bomba approval during the design stage and Occupation Permit (OP)
or Certificate of Fire. (CF) .
Table 2. 14: Schedule J in SBO 1994 – Indicators for Table 2.9 - 2.13.
Extinguishing
System
8. STORAGE AND GENERAL
AG 2 a
(iv) General
(a) Single storey
5. More than 7,000 cu. m AG 2 a
(b) Two storeys and above (Total area)
3. 1,001 sq. m and above AG 2 a
(ii) Underground parking structures, the ceilings of
which are less than 0.6 m above outside gradient
Occupancy Hazard
NOTE 2:
The letters in the second column of this Schedule refer to the types of fixed extinguishing system, as follows:
A — Automatic Sprinklers.
B — Water Spray System.
C — High Expansion Foam System.
D — Carbon Dioxide System.
E — Approved Halogenated Extinguishing System. F — Other Automatic Extinguishing System.
G — Hose Reel.
H — Hydrant System.
NOTE 3:
The figures in the third column of this Schedule refer to the types of fire alarm, as follows:
1 Automatic Fire Detectors System.
2 Manual Electrical Fire Alarm System.
3 Signal Indicator Alarm System.
4 Manual Alarm System.
NOTE 4:
The figures in the fourth column of this Schedule refer to the types of Emergency Illumination
(a) Signal point units.
(b) Central battery.
(c) Generators.
In all cases the duration of emergency illumination in the event of failure of normal supply shall not be less than 1 hour.

22
2.4 Firefighting System International Standard
2.4.1 Malaysia Standard (MS)
According to (Department of Standards Malaysia 2017) in MS 1910:2017 has
defined an automatic sprinkler system is designed to detect a fire and extinguish it with
water in its early stages or hold the fire in check so that extinguishment can be
completed by other means.
A sprinkler system consists of a water supply and one or more sprinkler
installations. Each installation consists of a set of installation main control valves and
a pipe array fitted with sprinkler heads. The sprinkler heads are fitted locations at the
roof or ceiling and where necessary between racks, below shelves, and in ovens or
stoves.
The following normative references are undependable for the application of this
standard. The latest edition of the normative references applies are;
i. MS 862: specification for welded and seamless carbon steel pipe for general
purposes.
ii. Plain end, screwed and socketed welded steel pipe (6mm to 150mm) –
specification.
iii. MS ISO 6182-1: Fire protection – Automatic sprinkler system – Part 1:
Requirements and test methods for sprinklers.
A mechanical pipe joint may fit other than threaded tubulars, screwed fittings,
spigots and socket and flanged joint, used to connect pipe and components. The system
may install in multi-storey building which it is comprising two or more storeys, above
or below ground, and the materials (pipe) must non-combustible as conforming to BS
476 – part 6.
Meanwhile in MS 1910:2017 Clause 16: pipe work; 16.1.2 Above ground
piping. Piping downstream of control valves shall be steel or copper or other material
in accordance with appropriate specifications valid in the place of the system. When
steel pipe of diameter equal to or less than 150mm are threaded, cut-grooved or
otherwise machined with Medium Class of MS 863.

23
2.4.2 British Standard (BS)
According to (European Committee for Standardization 2015) in BS EN
12845:2015 has defined as a nozzle with a thermally sensitive sealing device which
opens to discharge water for firefighting. An automatic sprinkler system is designed to
detect a fire and extinguish it with water in its early stages or hold the fire in check so
that extinguishment can be completed by other means.
A sprinkler system consists of a water supply (or supplies) and one or more
sprinkler installations; each installation consists of a set of installation main control
valves and a pipe array fitted with sprinkler heads. The sprinkler heads are fitted at
specified locations at the roof or ceiling, and where necessary between racks, below
shelves, and in ovens or stoves.
Normative references are included the following documents, this document and
are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
i. EN 1057, Copper and copper alloys - Seamless, round copper tubes for
water and gas in sanitary and heating applications
ii. EN ISO 3677, Filler metal for soft soldering, brazing and braze welding -
Designation (ISO 3677)
iii. EN ISO 9606-1, Qualification testing of welders - Fusion welding - Part 1:
Steels (ISO 9606-1)
iv. ISO 65, Carbon steel tubes suitable for screwing in accordance with ISO 7-
1
2.4.3 National Fire Protection Associations (NFPA)
According to (National Fire Protection Association 2010) in NFPA 13:2010 –
Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems has defined as a fire suppression or
control device that operates automatically when its heat-activated element is heated to
its thermal rating or above, allowing water to discharge over a specified area.
The usage of galvanized pipes; where steel pipe is used in pre-action and dry
pipe systems, piping materials shall be limited to internally galvanized steel.

24
Meanwhile, galvanized pipe shall not be used in sprinkler or water spray systems in
ovens, furnaces, or related equipment.
• ASTM A 307, Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 1997.
• ASTM B 31, Standards of Pressure Piping, collection with various dates
• FM 1630, Steel Pipe for Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems
• FM 1920, Pipe Couplings and Fittings for Fire Protection Systems
• UL 852, Metallic Sprinkler Pipe for Fire Protection Service
2.5 Installation Method
2.5.1 Threading
According to (ISO 1981) approval Standard ISO 65, Carbon steel tubes suitable
for screwing in accordance with ISO 7-1. Again, in MS 1910:2017 clause 18.1.1.2: All
installation pipework shall be hydrostatically tested for less than two hours, to a
pressure of not less than 15 bar, or 1.5 times the maximum pressure to which the system
will be subjected, whichever is the greater.
Standard ISO 65 was developed by Technical Committee ISO/TC is about
Metal Pipes and fittings. Meanwhile related references are;
i. ISO 7 / 1, Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads - Part
1: Designation, dimensions, and tolerances.
ii. ISO 50, Metal pipes - Steel sockets screwed according to ISO 7.
iii. ISO 404, Steel, and steel products - General technical delivery requirements.
ISO 4200, Plain end steel tubes, welded and seamless – General tables of dimensions
and masses per unit length.
2.5.2 Press Fitting
According (European Commitee for Standardization 2016) is EN 10305-
3:2016. BS EN 10305-3 is the standard that specifies the technical delivery conditions
for welded cold sized steel tubes of circular cross section for precision applications with
specified outside diameter D ≤ 193.7 mm.

25
In part 3 of BS EN 10305 may also be applied to other types (excluding square
and rectangular) of cross section. Tubes according to this document are characterized
by having precisely defined tolerances on dimensions and a specified maximum surface
roughness. Typical fields of application are in the vehicle, furniture, and general
engineering industries. According to (National Fire Protection Association 2010)
8.4.7.2.3 non-galvanized fittings shall be permitted.
Press-fit connection between press-fitting and carbon steel pipe as shown in
Figure 2.1 below. The product is provided by (Anytop 2018).
Figure 2. 5: Cross section press-fit connection illustration theory
2.6 Benefits of Press Fitting
i. International authentication – meet international fire technical standard
ii. Fast installation – easy connection with pressing tools and convenient installation
everywhere.
iii. Reliable and durable – use of high-quality materials with durable o-shape rubber band,
tight and no leakage.
iv. High pressure resistance – passes pressure test which can be resist the press above 35kg.
The summary between press-fit connection methods versus threaded connection method as
shown in Figure 2.6.

26
Figure 2. 6: Summary of Press-Fit Vs Threaded Connection Method
In the building installation market, the advantages of press systems over traditional
solutions like galvanized iron and threaded fittings have long been recognized. The same
advantages apply for sprinkler installations, the most important ones are summarized below:
i. Press-fit piping system reduces installation time
ii. Press-fit piping system only requires a press tool for installation
iii. Press-fit piping system reduces the installation costs
iv. Press-fit piping system is backed by 10 years limited warranty.
v. Press-fit piping system is reliable; all fittings up to 54 mm are equipped with leak before
pressed (LBP) O-rings
vi. Press-fit piping system is dependable; it is tested and approved by the major fire
protection approval bodies.
vii. Press-fit piping system is safe, due to the absence of high heat and flame from welding
torches.
viii. Press-fit piping system has a c-factor of 140 for both stainless and carbon steel piping.
ix. Press-fit piping system takes up far less space than traditional threaded, welded or
flanged systems.

27
x. Press-fit piping system installation does not lead to possible introduction of foreign
materials in the pipeline.
xi. Press-fit piping system is healthy. It does not lead to hazardous fumes in working area.
xii. Press-fit piping system is extremely user friendly: no need to thread the tubes; no
lubrication; easy tube insertion due to the special Grinnell® design of fittings
xiii. Press-fit piping system is a renowned quality product; it is manufactured according to
the ISO 9001 QA standard. High-tech manufacturing using laser welding technology
ensures that all welded fittings are 100% tested
xiv. Press-fit piping system can be used in hazardous areas, without special precautions.
xv. Press-fit piping system is lightweight and weight reductions up to 50% can be achieved
compared to traditional threaded piping systems.
2.7 Barriers in Implementing Press Fitting
The installation method was new in Malaysia, currently those in Kuching, Sarawak are
using it. This method which started in Kuching, and it will be tried to be implemented to the
whole Sarawak, then to the peninsular Malaysia. Press-fit method was first to be introduced in
a service apartment knows as Doncaster Residence at Jalan Hup Kee, Kuching Sarawak.
The installation method was according to BS EN 12845: Automatic sprinkler system,
as the sprinkler pipe specification is according to BS EN 10305:2016. The Bomba Sarawak has
approval to the given M&E plan with the purposed of press-fit connection method to the
sprinkler system installation. However, if the purposed of specification using MS 1910:
Automatic sprinkler system, it will not be approved. This is because the MS 1910 has not yet
had the standard approval by SIRIM using the press-fit connection method.
Malaysia Standard is a priority accepted and approval by Bomba Malaysia. Unless the
others standard has stated in the MS to be allowed to be used as a combination of standard or
there is no standard approval in the MS. Therefore, Bomba approval may follow any standard
as the M&E Consultant has agreed and endorsed. Meanwhile, with the direct add-in BS EN
10305:2016 into MS 1910 by SIRIM, the add-in will allow the press-fit connection method to
be used in MS 1910 in the future. Once that is cleared, the press-fit connection will have no
barriers to be implemented nationwide.

28
The other barrier that the press-fit technology is facing is that the press-fit connection
method with carbon steel pipe also might will give competition to the threaded connection
method galvanized iron pipe. This is because the existing market or factories will need to
change their production of galvanized iron pipe to carbon steel pipe in mass to supply the
demand usage in the future. The transaction between galvanized iron pipe and carbon steel pipe
also both fitting will be a large reshuffle in the Malaysia firefighting industries history.
2.8 Strategies of Marketing and Usage of Press Fitting
Press-fit method was first to be introduced in Malaysia in a service apartment known
as Doncaster Residence at Jalan Hup Kee, Kuching Sarawak. It was the first building that uses
press-fit method with carbon steel pipe for the fire sprinklers installations. This project is the
first marketing strategy to show the new method to Sarawak market and also as the starting of
a new method and new product to enter the firefighting industry.
However, this effort still needs many recognitions from consultancy firms for using the
product. Again, we need more contractors to accept and use this method for the replacement of
threaded galvanized iron which requires many workers and time-consuming during
installation. Furthermore, from the studies, we know that carbon steel has a longer life cycle
compared to galvanized iron, and the press-fit method can save cost and time for installation
compared to the threaded method. The product needs to be brought into International Fire
Conference and Exhibition Malaysia (IFCEM) to promote the product to the entire Malaysia’s
firefighting contractors and consultancy.
Another effort of marketing is to conduct roadshows to promote the completed project
(Doncaster Residence) as the sample of product usage and approved by Bomba Sarawak. This
promotes as the beginning of the press-fit connection to the automatic sprinkler system
installation to the firefighting industries. This movement is to gain trust of the M&E
Consultants firm to use the method for their next upcoming project design.

29
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
The establishment of theoretical model, as shown in Figure 3.1, during the press-fitting
process, the diameter of the shaft is reduced under the contact pressure, and the diameter of the
hole is increased. Since the contact behaviour in the contact region is very complicated, it is
assumed that the deformation of the contact region is evenly distributed in the axial direction.
Due to axial symmetry of the shaft–hub structure and contact pressure distribution, the
interference fitting couple can be simplified as a plane strain case. As shown in Figure 3.2, the
contact pressure is affected by the noncontact regions of the shaft (red dotted line) and hub
(green dotted line) by (Wang, et al. 2017).
For different materials and structure rigidity, deformation of the shaft, µ1 is different
from the hub, µ2. But the shaft and the hub have unique contact pressure at the same contact
position because force equilibrium in the radial direction. Therefore, the stress of the shaft and
the hub are the same when their deformation is µ1 andµ2, respectively.
So, the noncontact region of the shaft can be equivalent to the noncontact region of the
hub (black line), and the problem is converted into that a non-uniform load acting on the
boundary of a homogeneous material. Furthermore, since the interference value is much
smaller than the parts dimension, the plane strain problem can be considered as non-uniform
load acting on a portion of the straight boundary of a semi-infinitely plate.
The deflection of the straight boundary of the plate can be found for any load
distribution by using equation (1) which considering a concentrated force acting on a semi-
infinitely plate as mentioned by (Fontaine, et al. 2002). If q is the intensity of non-uniform load

30
distribution, the deflection produced at point O at a distance x from the shaded element qdx of
the load can be expressed as Equation (2) (Figure 3.3(a)).
𝑢 =
2𝑞
𝜋𝐸
𝐼𝑛
𝑑
𝑥
−
(1 + 𝜇)𝑞
𝜋𝐸
(1)
where µ is the Poisson’s ratio; E is the elastic modulus; d is the position of the reference point.
𝑑𝑢 =
2𝑞
𝜋𝐸
𝐼𝑛
𝑑
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 −
(1 + 𝜇)𝑞
𝜋𝐸
(2)
Therefore, the total deflection at point Q is
𝜇0 =
2
𝜋𝐸
∫ 𝑞
𝐿+𝑠
𝑠
𝐼𝑛
𝑑
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 −
(1 + 𝜇)𝑞
𝜋𝐸
∫ 𝑞𝑑𝑥
𝐿+𝑠
𝑠
(3)
Equation (3) also can be used for finding the intensity q of load distribution, which produces a
constant deflection along the loaded portion of the straight boundary. So, the distribution of the
pressure along the portion (Figure 3.3(b)) is given by the following equation, formulated by
(Sadowsky 1928).
𝑞 =
2𝐹𝑐
𝜋√𝐿2 − (2𝑥 − 𝐿)2
(4)
where 𝐹𝑐is the equivalent concentrated force, and the unit is N/mm.

31
Figure 3. 1: Contact behavior in the press-fit process
Figure 3. 2: Simplified model
Figure 3. 3: The principle of deflection at point O (a) and its equivalent model (b).

32
Figure 3. 4: The principle of deflection at point O (a) and its equivalent model (b).
3.1.1 General
Samples and test pieces shall be taken at the tube ends and in accordance with
EN ISO 377 from one sample tube per test unit.
3.1.2 Test pieces for the tensile test
The test pieces shall be prepared in accordance with EN ISO 6892-1. At the
manufacturer's discretion the test piece is either a full tube section or a strip section not
containing the weld seam taken in a direction longitudinal to the axis of the tube.
3.1.3 Test pieces for the flattening or drift expanding test
The test pieces shall consist of a full tube section, in accordance with EN ISO
8492 or EN ISO 8493 respectively.
3.1.2 Test pieces for roughness measurement
The test pieces should be taken from the same location as for the mechanical
tests. At the manufacturer's discretion the test piece shall be either a full tube section or
be taken in a direction longitudinal to the axis of a full section at random.

33
3.2 Research Design Press Fit Carbon Steel vs Threaded Galvanized Iron
Press Fit Carbon Steel pipe and Fitting shall accordance to EN 10305-3:2016. BS EN
10305-3 is the standard that specifies the technical delivery conditions for welded cold sized
steel tubes of circular cross section for precision applications with specified outside diameter
D ≤ 193.7 mm. Meanwhile, Threaded Pipe and Fittings. All threaded steel pipe and fittings
shall have threads cut in accordance with ASME B1.20.1, Pipe Threads, General Purpose
(Inch).
3.3 Experimental Analysis & Data Collection Method
All installation pipework shall be hydrostatic test of not less than 2.5 bar for not less
than 24 hours. Any leakage that results in a loss of pressure greater than 0.15 bar for the 24
hours shall be corrected as requirement in (Department of Standards Malaysia 2017).
3.3.1 Pressure Performance Carbon Steel Pipe vs Galvanized Iron Pipe
Pressure performances test may obtain during the sprinkler system running with
full force from the fire pump. This is to test the pipe able to hold the water pressure
during built-up by fire pump.
3.3.2 Pressure Performance Press Fit Carbon Steel Fitting vs Threaded Galvanized
Iron Fitting (Leak tightness test)
Non-destructive testing for verification of leak-tightness shall be carried out in
accordance with EN ISO 10893-1.
3.3.3 Torque Radial Strength on the Fitting Connections of Press Fit Carbon Steel vs
Threaded Galvanized Iron
The test shall be carried out at room temperature in accordance with EN ISO
6892-1 for (Threaded Galvanized Iron) and EN 10002-1 for Press Fit Carbon Steel, as
the following determined.
a) The tensile strength 𝑅𝑚;
b) The upper yield strength 𝑅𝑒𝐻;

34
If a yield phenomenon is not present the 0.2 % proof strength 𝑅𝑝0.2or the 0.5 %
proof strength (total extension) 𝑅𝑡0.5shall be determined. In case of dispute, the
0.2 % proof strength 𝑅𝑝0.2shall apply.
c) The percentage elongation A after fracture with a reference to a gauge length
𝐿0 of 5. 65√𝑆0.
If a non-proportional test piece; is used, the percentage elongation value shall
be converted to the value for a gauge length 𝐿0 = 5. 65√𝑆0 using the conversion tables
given in EN ISO 2566-1.
3.4 Data Analysis Method
This the construction site of Doncaster Resident which with the automatic sprinkler
installation using press-fit connection method. There were four blocks of service apartments.
Please refer to Figure 3.4 below.
Figure 3. 5: The construction site of Doncaster Residence

35
Press-fit connection method on-site test sample was taken to the connection pipes where
the installation has been conducted. Press-fit connection method requires pipe pressing tool
according to the size of the pipe been used. Figure 3.5 shows myself holding a pressing tool
on-site during the installation process.
Step 1, Mr. Leo Tan, the director of LTA Services Sdn. Bhd and I, performed using
press tool to clamp the press-fitting to the carbon steel pipe as a test sampling. This sample is
taken from the last section of sprinkler pipe, where the sprinkler head will be installed at the
end of the pipe by using threading method. Please refer to Figure 3.6 below.
Step 2 is to do the carbon steel pipe into the press-fit fitting from the incoming sprinkler
piping system shown in Figure 3.7 below.
Step 3, using pressing tool to clamp the fitting to the carbon steel pipe from the
incoming sprinkler piping system as show in Figure 3.8 below.
Step 4, after the connection is completed, all the sprinkler pipe are painted into red
colour to indicate the piping system is for firefighting system usage only. Please refer to
Figure 3.9 below.
Figure 3. 6: Pipe pressing tool

36
Figure 3. 7: Mr. Leo Tan and I taking sampling press-fit fitting to connected with carbon steel
pipe
Figure 3. 8: Insert the Carbon Steel Pipe into the fitting

37
Figure 3. 9: pressing the pipe fitting to the carbon steel pipe using pressing tool
Figure 3. 10: Sprinkler piping system had installed and painted with red colour
Due to limitation size of press-fitting pipe such as reducing pipe joint, the grooved
fittings (red colour) is to be carried out as shown in Figure 3.10.

38
Figure 3. 11: Reducing joint by using grooved fitting
Reducer Tee-Joint by using weld method and threaded method to covert into press-fit
method to be used as the combination of the delivery water sprinkler system as shown in Figure
3.11 below.
Figure 3. 12: Combination of different connection method in Reducer Tee-joint
Grooved fitting
Welded Joint
Press-fit joint
Threaded joint

39
Press-fitting reducer joint and tee-joint is to be used for the carbon pipe connection as
different piping size and different direction from the incoming pipe. Please refer to Figure 3.12.
After the pipe connection is completed, a sprinkler head is installed at the end point of
the pipe, then celling installed and ready to proceed on-site testing. The point to point between
sprinkler head and side wall is ≥ 3m ≤ 3.5m as required in BS EN 12845: 2015. Please refer
Figure 3.13 below.
Step 5, running the fire pump by using manual operation by switching off the jockey
pump then switch on the duty and standby in manual mode pump running at the same time.
Fire pump control panel as shown in Figure 3.14.
Figure 3. 13: The connection of reducer and tee joint to the carbon steel pipe.
Reducer Joint
Tee-Joint

40
Figure 3. 14: The finishing work of sprinkler pipe system conceal into the celling while the
sprinkler head exposed.
Figure 3. 15: Fire pump control panel for Sprinkler System
Duty
Pump
Standby
Pump
Jockey
Pump
≥ 3m ≤ 3.5m
≥ 3m ≤ 3.5m

41
Manual operation will allow duty pump and standby pump to run at the same time to
build up water pressure up to 16 bar. This pressure can detect the welded method, threaded
method, press-fit method and groove method connection to be tested. The result of Hydrostatic
Test Pressure Performance, Torque Radial Strength for fitting and pipe can also be determined.
The installation of fire pump for fire sprinkler system will come in a set of system,
where the fire pump system will consist of jockey pump, duty pump and standby pump. On-
site testing method will make duty and standby pump with manual start up. Fire sprinkler
system is a wet system; therefore, water pressure test is the best choice. During both pump
running, water hammer will occur, and water leaking may occur if any improper installation
has been made. The set of fire pumps refer to Figure 3.15.
Figure 3. 16: Fire Sprinkler System Pump Set
The reading of water pressure can be determined through the fire sprinkler pump
system. The water pressure can read thought the water pressure gauge, the reading value is also
use for determination of pressure performance from the pipe and fitting. The value gain when
the water valve is release or by burn off the sprinkler head with minimum three-unit sprinklers
head. The water release valve refers to Figure 3.16 below.
Jockey Pump

42
Figure 3. 17: Water Pressure Gauge and Water Release Valve
3.4.1 Pressure Performance
Pressure performances test may be obtained during the sprinkler system running
with full force from the fire pump. The fire pump will switch to automatic mode from
the fire pump panel until both duty and standby pump running at the same time after
three units of furthest point of sprinkler heads have been set to be broken by using fire
on-site. This technic of testing may obtain the sustainable of press-fitted with carbon
steel pipe than gain dynamic of characteristics.
Besides that, threaded connection with galvanized iron pipe also may be
obtained. This is because there is combination of press-fitting to threaded fitting during
the installations of fire sprinkler pipeline system.
3.4.2 Torque Radial Strength
Torque radial strength test may obtain when the fire pump will switch to
automatic mode from the fire pump panel until both duty and standby pump running at
Water Release Valve
Water Pressure Gauge

43
the same time after three units of furthest point of sprinkler heads have been set to be
broken by using fire on-site. When both pump running in the full force to accelerate the
water will be cause water hammer in the sprinkler pipeline system. This technic will
get the press-fitting connection is strong enough to against water hammer without
failure at the same time leaking from the press-fitting joints also can determined.
Besides that, threaded connection with galvanized iron pipe also may be
obtained. This is because there is combination of press-fitting to threaded fitting during
the installations of fire sprinkler pipeline system.

44
CHAPTER 4
RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Results of the On-Site Test
Sprinkler system is the most effective fire protection system to be used to protect the
building with the content and human life too. Therefore, the system requires high water flow
and high pressure to put off the fire during fire incident. This condition occurs when the
sprinkler head had burst by the heat from the fire then the fire pump had design to built-up
water pressure and flow rate as can be referred to Table 4.1 below.
Table 4. 1: Pressure and flow requirements for HHP and HHS pre-calculated installations
designed

45
4.1.1 Pressure Performance test in 5.0Mpa within 5 second to the pipe.
A non-destructive test is to determine the sustainable and maximum pressure of
the pipe in high-speed flow and pressure during the water pump built up the water
pressure to extinguish the fire with high volume and high pressure. The standard water
pressure in the pipe is 0.3Mpa during extinguish the fire. However, the pipe shall be
able to sustain up to 1.8Mpa, refer Table 4.2 below.
Table 4. 2: Pressure Performance test to the Carbon Steel Pipe vs Galvanized Iron Pipe
Size DN
(mm)
Carbon Steel Pipe Galvanized Iron Pipe
Thickness
(mm)
Fail / Pass Thickness
(mm)
Pressure
(Bar)
28 1.5 Pass 3.2 Pass
4.1.2 Pressure Performance (Burst) test to the fittings with minimum 6.4 MPa
A destructive test to the pipe for the determination of the pipe able to hold
maximum pressure with high water flow rate, during the water pump built up the water
pressure to extinguish the fire with high volume and high pressure. As a result, threaded
galvanized iron fitting has equal pressure performance compared to press-fit carbon
steel fitting, since both fitting still provide same inner diameter size. Please refer to
Table 4.3 below.
Table 4. 3: Pressure Performance test to the Press-fit Carbon Steel vs Threaded Galvanized
Iron fittings
Size DN
(mm)
Press Fit Carbon Steel Fitting Threaded Galvanized Iron Fitting
Thickness
(mm)
Burst Pressure
(MPa)
Thickness
(mm)
Burst Pressure
(MPa)
28 1.5 10.5 3.2 10.5
35 1.5 9 4.0 9
42 1.5 8 4.5 8
54 1.5 7 5.0 7

46
4.1.3 Pressure Test to the fittings at 2.5Mpa with 1 minute.
A non-destructive test to the fitting connected with the pipe, being able to hold
high water pressure without leaking during the water pump built up the water pressure
to extinguish the fire with high volume and high pressure. Please refer to Table 4.4
below.
Table 4. 4: Fittings Pressure Test to the Press-fit Carbon Steel vs Threaded Galvanized Iron
fittings
Size DN
(mm)
Press Fit Carbon Steel Fitting
Threaded Galvanized Iron
Fitting
Thickness
(mm)
Fail / Pass Thickness
(mm)
Fail / Pass
4.1.4 Torque Radial Strength (Pull) test on the Fitting Connections.
A destructive test is to determine the connection between connector and pipe
being able to withstand against water hammer without leaking during the fire pump has
built up the water pressure and accelerated the water flow in the pipe. As a result,
threaded galvanized iron fitting has higher torque radial strength compared to press-fit
carbon steel fitting. This is because threaded galvanized iron fitting is thicker than
press-fit carbon steel fitting. Please refer to Table 4.5 below.
Table 4. 5: Torque Radial Strength (Pull) on the Fitting Connections Press Fit Carbon Steel
vs Threaded Galvanized Iron
Size DN
(mm)
Press Fit Carbon Steel Fitting Threaded Galvanized Iron Fitting
Thickness
(mm)
Pressure (kN) Thickness
(mm)
Pressure (kN)
28 1.5 6.76 3.2 7.82
35 1.5 8.36 4.0 9.43
42 1.5 13.41 4.5 15.52
54 1.5 15.71 5.0 18.82

47
4.2 Fulfillments of the Industry
Welded pipe is formed by rolling carbon-steel strips through a series of grooved rollers
that molded it into a circular shape. The ring of pipe is then passed alongside welding devices
that completed the seam. Welded pipe is cheaper than extruded pipe, but its inherent strength
is formally taken as being about 20% less as required by standards.
There is little else to choose between modern, good quality welded pipe and extruded
pipe, since a quality controlled welded production will effectively produce a completely
homogenous tube. Poorer quality tubing can suffer from poor bead removal and finishing
causing dimensional irregularities, as well as pitted seams or inappropriate fill materials that
exacerbate risks of corrosion.
Carbon-steel pipes are available in many wall thicknesses at various nominal sizes. The
joint between the tube and the fitting is created by pressure using a press tool. The fitting sleeve
is deformed and adapts to the surface of the tube, which is then pressed in turn against the
sealing rings on the surface of the fitting. This process ensures the sealing effect and prevents
the tube from slipping out. Those with a thinner wall thickness provide lightweight systems
that employ less material and are easier to install but, since there is less material in the pipes’
structure, can be more readily perforated where they are not installed or operated appropriately
through corrosion or other physical damage.
Such thin-wall pipe – which has a wall thickness of about half that of EN 102552 type
L2 ‘light’ pipe – is often joined using roll-grooved or press-fit type fittings that maintain a
water seal using captured O-rings. The thin-wall pipe is available with external and internal
zinc coatings (created through electroplating), which prevent corrosion of the steel by forming
a barrier and acting as a sacrificial anode if that barrier is damaged. Thin-wall piping is also
available with external polypropylene coating to prevent corrosion from ambient moisture and
oxygen.
4.3 The accepted and used in Malaysia according to the standard of SIRIM
SIRIM Berhad was appointed by the Department of Standard as the developer of
Malaysian Standard. The accepted and used in Malaysia need to undergo the laboratory test.
After gaining the test result comparison of data log. These results found out Press-fit method

48
is compatible to Threaded method, meanwhile, Carbon Steel Zinc Plated pipe has better
qualities compared to galvanized Iron Pipe.
The SIRIM application also require the manufacturing proses as the following Process
Flow Chart, refer to Figure 4.1 below.
Symbols Indication
Incoming
Flow
Process
Quality Control Check
Storage / Outgoing
Figure 4. 1: The Process Flow of Carbon Steel Pipe Manufacturing

49
The manufacturing process description as in Figure 4.2 below.
Figure 4. 2: Machine Used in the Process

50
CHAPTER 5
DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Summary of Main Findings
Press-fittings Sprinklers System are dedicated to designing, developing, and
manufacturing products of the highest quality. It is on this basis that you can trust the Press-fit
Carbon Steel range to achieve all relevant British, European, and international standards. Over
recent years, tube and fittings for plumbing and heating systems have been subject to a gradual
harmonization of standards.
Today, a further harmonization is taking place that is set to incorporate copper and
copper alloy press-fit fittings within prEN 1254 under Parts 7. It is a sign of my standing in the
industry that Press-fit Carbon Steel are helping to draft this and other new Malaysia Standards,
assisted by SIRIM committees. So, you can rest assured that whatever developments arise,
Press-fit Carbon Steel will always meet the latest standards. Sprinkler systems must be
designed and installed in accordance with MS 1910:2017 and/or local regulations.
These guidelines refer to BS EN 12845: Fixed firefighting systems - Automatic
sprinkler systems - Design, installation, and maintenance Carbon Steel Press-fitting with
combination Carbon Steel Pipe use in fixed sprinkler systems for above ground applications.
Carbon Steel Press-fittings and Carbon Steel Zinc Plated Pipe has been tested and certified in
accordance with the BS EN 10305-3: Steel tubes for precision applications - Technical delivery
conditions - Part 3: Welded cold sized tubes.
These guidelines refer to BS EN 10305-3 for the approval applies to the dimensional
range with a diameter DN20 up to DN100 (22-108mm) with a maximum operating pressure
16 bar. The carbon steel fittings are manufactured from unalloyed steel (material 1.0034/St 34-

51
2) and are protected against corrosion by means of a zinc layer (8-15 μm) which is applied by
electroplating (Aalberts Industries 2021) (Anytop 2018).
Except where correct fittings are used to connect the system to other ISO 65 or EN
10255 medium weight piping systems, Press-fit system components shall not be used in
conjunction with other press piping systems. The connection of other non-system components
is only admissible via detachable metal connections. Press-fit Sprinkler System installations
according to BS EN 12845 allowed hazard classes range from LH up to OH3.
The Threaded Galvanized Iron pipe has certification according to BS EN 150 228:2003
Specification for tube and fitting pipe threads. Also, for the application in wet sprinkler systems
with a maximum working pressure of 1.6MPa @ 16 bar. The approval refers to the Galvanized
Iron pipe for Sprinkler system in the dimensions DN20 to DN50 (22-54mm).
5.2 Discussion and Implications
The press-fit installation method will give huge implications in the industry of
firefighting. Press-fit method will knockout the threaded method because of times requires and
numbers of worker required. Press-fit method will be leading the firefighting system industries
in the future. However, the biggest implication might fall into disuse and become a threat to
the threading method. The acceptance among the M&E Consultant might be take times due to
unfamiliar with the rule and regulation of the press-fit method according to MS 1910.
Currently, BS EN 10305-3: Steel tubes for precision applications has approved to the
usage of press-fit connection method. This approval may apply in BS EN 12845: Automatic
Sprinkler System, for the technical delivery conditions welded cold sized tubes. Meanwhile,
NFPA 13: Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems also has approval for the press-fit
connection in the delivery conditions. Therefore, MS shall be followed to approve to the similar
press-fit connection method to allow the usage and up to date to the latest technology.
As a result, this study is to present the press-fit method to be approval by SIRIM and
add-in new standard into MS1910. This approval will show MS 1910 is up to trend and similar
with BS and NFPA.

52
5.3 Limitations of the Study
The limitation of press-fit connection method and carbon steel pipe only allow to be
use in non-domestics such as firefighting system and oil and gas industries. The carbon steel
pipe is not allowed to use in drinking water delivery system. This is because there is still no
study to show the carbon steel zinc plated pipe is safe for drinking water in long period of
usage.
5.4 Directions for Future Research
The direction for future research is towards to oil and gas industries. This research is
involving delivery or transporting of flammable liquid and explosive gases. The research is
about the sustainability of the press-fit connection method with carbon steel zinc plated pipe,
against oil and gas corrosive substance or chemical reaction during delivery.
The research will be of inclusive of the fitting or connector of press-fit, will also be able
to withstand against oil and gas corrosive substance and mineral or chemical reaction during
delivery in long period. This is to compare cost of installation and maintenance with threaded
connection method. Meanwhile, the research also will bring into drinking water (domestic
usage) for the household. The research is to study the chemical reaction occur between treated
water with the present of chlorine in the drinking water delivery.
Therefore, the research is giving the option to the M&E Consultant and related
contractor to choose which connection system will give them benefit into cost and time saving
in the future.

53
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Bakar, Hamzah bin Abu. 2006. "Automatic Sprinkler System." In Guide to Fire Protection in
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