1. Geographic factors such as the difficulty of patrolling the country's long coastline and borders which makes smuggling and drug production difficult to control. 2. Economic factors like poverty that can influence involvement in the drug trade. 3. Social factors such as the phenomenon of overseas contract workers being recruited as drug mules. 4. Political factors like policies, drug laws, and their enforcement.

1. Illegal Drugs : A Problem of the World
Michael C. dela Rama
Master in Public Administration

2. The UNODC showed the annual prevalence for
marijuana is 3.5 percent, amphetamine-type
stimulants 2.8 percent, and ecstasy .01 percent of
the population above 15 years of age. According to
the International Narcotics Control Strategy Report
2003, it is estimated that there are 1.8 million drug
users in the Philippines, which is equivalent to 2.2
percent of the population.
What is the problem?

3. Illegal drugs are drugs
that are not allowed. The law
says a person cannot own
an illegal drug. A drug is any
chemical that affects the
human body or mind when it is
consumed in any way. A
psychoactive drug affects the
brain. Other drugs are illegal,
meaning a person is never
allowed to have them.
What is illegal
drugs?

4. o Permanent damage to brain and body
o Become addictive
o Major factor in suicide, accidents and crimes
o Risk of spreading disease through sharing
needles
o Can result in overdose
o leads to making irresponsible decisions
Why is illegal drugs dangerous??

5. o Desire to experiment
o Desire to escape depression/boredom
o Enjoyment of risky behavior
o Belief that drugs solve personal problems
o Peer pressure
o Media glamorizing drug use
“The reason people begin using drugs are similar to the reasons
they begin to drink or smoke.”
What are these reasons?

6. All drugs, legal and illegal, are classified into
different categories based on their similar effects on
the mind and body.
o Depressants
o Stimulants
o Hallucinogens
o Club/Designer
o Opiates
DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS

7. Depressants - A depressant, or
central depressant, is a drug that
lowers neurotransmission levels, which
is to depress or reduce arousal or
stimulation, in various areas of the
brain. Depressants are also
occasionally referred to as "downers"
as they lower the level of arousal when
taken. There are several different types
of depressants, including barbiturates,
benzodiazepines, alcohol, opioids,
cannabis, and Rohypnol.
DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS

8. EFFECTS : Instead of speeding up
most body processes, they slow them
down. Depressants are sometimes
referred to as sedatives or
tranquilizers. They lower blood
pressure and slow down brain activity,
heart rate and breathing. Depressants
generally affect the neurotransmitter
GABA.
DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS

9. Stimulants - is an overarching term
that covers many drugs including those
that increase activity of the central
nervous system and the body, drugs
that are pleasurable and invigorating,
or drugs that have sympathomimetic
effects. There are several types
of stimulants, including caffeine,
nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, and
methamphetamines.
DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS

10. EFFECTS : Even the short-term usage
of stimulants can have adverse effects
on your health. Many users experience a
loss of appetite, increased heart rate,
elevated blood pressure and
body temperature, interrupted sleep
patterns, panic, hallucinations, and
irritability.
DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS

11. Hallucinogens - is a psychoactive
agent which can cause hallucinations,
perceptual anomalies, and other
substantial subjective changes in thoughts,
emotion, and consciousness. The common
types of hallucinogens are psychedelics,
dissociative and deliriants. Some examples
of hallucinogens include: LSD (lysergic acid
diethylamide); PCP (phencyclidine); magic
mushrooms (psilocybin); ketamine;
mescaline (peyote cactus); morning glory
seeds; datura.
DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS
Hallucinogenic drugs create most
of the same physical effects as
stimulant drugs, such as increased
heart rate, dilated pupils,
increased blood pressure and
sleeplessness

12. Club/Designer - A drug such as
MDMA (Ecstasy), GHB, Rohypnol,
ketamine, methamphetamine, and LSD that
is used by young adults at all-night dance
parties such as "raves" or "trances,"
dance clubs, and bars. Club drugs
include GHB, Rohypnol®, ketamine,
MDMA (Ecstasy), Methamphetamine,
and LSD (Acid).
DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS
EFFECTS: Euphoria, Sedation,
Confusion, Dizziness, Hallucinations,
Lowered inhibitions, Short-term
amnesia, Combativeness.

13. Opiates - Opiate is a term classically
used in pharmacology to mean a drug
derived from opium. Opioid, a more
modern term, is used to designate all
substances, both natural and synthetic, that
bind to opioid receptors in the brain.
Opiates are alkaloid compounds naturally
found in the opium poppy plant Papaver
somniferum. There are natural opiates
such as opium, morphine, and codeine.
There are also man-made opiates(referred
to as opioids in some instances), which
include demerol, oxycodone, vicodin,
fentanyl, and methadone.
DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS
EFFECTS: Because of the intense high produced
by the interaction of several opiates and the brain,
the drugs remain extremely addictive, sometimes
causing measurable symptoms of addiction in
under three days. The side effects of opiate abuse
are fairly varied and may include: Drowsiness.
Lethargy.

14. The Philippines As Target Market For Illicit Drugs
The Philippines, as a target
market for drug trafficking, is in
urgent need of a drug control policy
that deals with this problem.
A large number of Filipinos
are in jail abroad for drug trafficking
offenses – the most prominent has
been Mary Jane Veloso, though
hundreds more are in jails in
Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore,
Hong Kong, and even Cambodia.

15. The Philippines As Target Market For Illicit Drugs
The National Anti-Drug Plan of Action
for 2015-2019 (NADPA) of the Dangerous Drugs
Board (DDB) noted that:
• African drug syndicates are known to recruit
Filipinos as drug mules
• Chinese or Filipino-Chinese drug syndicates
control the drug trade in the country –
smuggling, manufacture, and establishment of
laboratories
• 66% of all arrested drug personalities involved
in dismantled shabu (methampethamine)
laboratories since 2002 are Chinese nationals
• the Mexican Sinaloa drug cartel has been
reported to have operations since 2012

16. The Philippines As Target Market For Illicit Drugs
Since 2003, some 89 clandestine laboratories have been
dismantled. Drug manufacturing through these laboratories has changed.
Production is split into different stages, making detection more difficult. Labs
have been set up in warehouses, inside subdivisions and condominiums.

17. The Philippines As Target Market For Illicit Drugs
Drug arrests and seizures are only the tip of the iceberg. The
NADPA reported that 80,593 pushers and 66,154 users were arrested from
2002 to 2013. Over 10,500 kilos of shabu in powder form and 713,800 liters
of its liquid form have been seized in the same period. It is estimated that
globally, less than 10% of the total amount of illicit drugs being trafficked is
eventually seized.

18. The Philippines As Target Market For Illicit Drugs
The Philippines, with its long coastline, many ports of entry, and
with innovations in the manufacture, packaging, and transport of illicit drugs,
is not any different. This is a kin to smuggling, only that the proportion of
smuggled and non-taxed items confiscated is not immediately quantified.

19. Laws And Institutions
Republic Act 9165, the
Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002,
provides that the government shall
pursue an “intensive and unrelenting
campaign against trafficking and use
of dangerous drugs and other similar
substances” and upholds the concept
of the DDB as the primary policy-
making body in drug prevention and
control.
What are the laws and institutions
responsible for responding to the problem
of illegal drugs?
The Philippine Drug
Enforcement Agency (PDEA) is
the main implementing arm of the
Board. The DDB is made up of
17 members– secretaries of
various government departments,
the Integrated Bar of the
Philippines, and an NGO
representative.

20. Laws And Institutions
The NADPA 2015-2020 guides the
implementation of the policies, plans and programs,
and outlines the roles and responsibilities of all
agencies and the partnerships with both regional
and international organizations. Developed by the
Dangerous Drugs Board, it visualizes a “Drug-
Resistant, and eventually, Drug-Free Philippines.”
The NADPA has 5 core strategies: drug
supply reduction, drug demand reduction, alternative
development, civic awareness and regional and
international cooperation.
Not much seems to have changed in the
NADPA over the years.

21. Laws And Institutions
In November 2002, the
DDB launched a similar plan, with
the goal of making the Philippines
“drug free” by 2010 – then, as now,
a futile goal. The 5 pillars in 2002
are exactly the same as the 5
strategies.
While the current NADPA
devotes 3 paragraphs to people
who inject drugs (PWID) and notes
with concern the rise of HIV
infections among PWID in Cebu, it
is silent about known effective
strategies for reducing HIV and
Hepatitis among PWID.

22. Laws And Institutions
This approach, termed
“harm reduction,” or “reducing drug-
related harms” is a well known
public health strategy, and
comprises a set of activities that
attempt to reduce the harm brought
about by drug use, in the same way
that, for example, seat belts and
helmets are used to prevent
needless deaths and injuries from
traffic accidents. Harm reduction is
controversial to drug control
agencies, since it does not
necessarily aim towards being “drug
free.”

23. Drug Cartel
A drug cartel is any criminal organization
with the intention of supplying drug
trafficking operations. They range from
loosely managed agreements among
various drug traffickers to formalized
commercial enterprises. The term was
applied when the largest trafficking
organizations reached an agreement to
coordinate the production and distribution
of cocaine. Since that agreement was
broken up, drug cartels are no longer
actually cartels, but the term stuck and it
is now popularly used to refer to any
criminal narcotics related organization.

24. Drug Cartel
The Sinaloa Cartel, often
described as the largest and
most powerful drug
trafficking organization in the
Western Hemisphere, is an
alliance of some of Mexico’s
top capos. The coalition’s
members operate in concert
to protect themselves, relying
on connections at the highest
levels and corrupting
portions of the federal police
and military to maintain the
upper hand against rivals.

25. Drug Cartel

26. World Drug Report 2018
Latest Trend
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
UNODC

27. World Drug Report 2018

28. World Drug Report 2018
Total global opium production jumped
by 65 per cent from 2016 to 2017, to
10,500 tons, easily the highest estimate
recorded by UNODC since it started
monitoring global opium production at
the beginning of the twenty-first century.
A marked increase in opium poppy
cultivation and a gradual increase in
opium poppy yields in Afghanistan
resulted in opium production in the
country reaching 9,000 tons in 2017, an
increase of 87 per cent from the
previous year.

29. World Drug Report 2018

30. World Drug Report 2018
The non-medical use of
pharmaceutical opioids is of increasing concern
for both law enforcement authorities and public
health professionals. Different pharmaceutical
opioids are misused in different regions. In
North America, illicitly sourced fentanyl, mixed
with heroin or other drugs, is driving the
unprecedented number of overdose deaths. In
Europe, the main opioid of concern remains
heroin, but the non-medical use of methadone,
buprenorphine and fentanyl has also been
reported. In countries in West and North Africa
and the Near and Middle East, the non-medical
use of tramadol, a pharmaceutical opioid that is
not under international control, is emerging as a
substance of concern.

31. World Drug Report 2018

32. World Drug Report 2018
Tramadol

33. Trendsinglobaldruguse
World Drug Report 2018

34. World Drug Report 2018
First Global estimate of cannabis use among students 15-16

35. World Drug Report 2018
Trends and patterns in drug related deaths

36. World Drug Report 2018
Trends in treatment

37. World Drug Report 2018
Seizures

38. Darknet

39. Darknet

40. Heroin trafficking flows

41. Heroin and morphine seizures

42. Opiate use trends

43. Opiate use trends in
Eastern Europe

44. Cocaine trafficking

45. Cocaine use

46. Cannabis herb
seizures

47. Cannabis resin
seizures

48. Cannabis use in
different regions

49. Cannabis use and
its health
consequences
in Colorado

50. ATS seizures

51. Methamphetamine trafficking

52. New Psychoactive
Substances

53. Seizures of
New Psychoactive Substances

54. Drug use and
age

56. Factors determining pathways to substance use

57. Cannabis use – consequences

58. Proportion arrested under age 18

59. Drugs and older people

60. Drug use prevalence – by gender

61. Drug use prevalence – by gender

63. Drug related arrests and women

66. •Geographic factors
•Economic factors
•Social factors
•Political factors
Factors that influence illegal drug incidence in the Philippines

67. • Geographic factors that
make patrolling and
protecting the country
from smugglers of
methamphetamine and
planters of marijuana
difficult
Factors that influence illegal drug incidence in the Philippines

68. • Economic factors
such as poverty
Factors that influence illegal drug incidence in the Philippines

69. • Social factors such as
the phenomenon of the
overseas contract
worker
Factors that influence illegal drug incidence in the Philippines

70. • Political factors such
as policies, drug laws,
and enforcement.
Factors that influence illegal drug incidence in the Philippines

71. Factors that influence illegal drug incidence in the Philippines
1. Ferdinand Dancel Aguindaldo, Vice Mayor, Pasuquin, Ilocos Norte (Running for
Mayor)
2. Jesus Celeste, 1st District Representative, Pangasinan (Did not file)
3. Marjorie Salazar, Mayor Lasam, Cagayan ((Running for Municipal Councilor)
4. Cipriano Dungao Violago Jr., Mayor, San Rafael, Bulacan (Running for Mayor)
5. Erlon Agustin, Mayor, Camiling, Tarlac (Running for Mayor)
6. Jefferson Khonghun, Mayor Subic, Zambales (Running for Vice Governor of
Zambales)
7. Jeffrey Khonghun, 1st district Representative, Zambales (Running for
Congressman)
8. Bruno Tolentino Ramos, Mayor, Bay, Laguna (Did not file)
9. Caesar Pabalete Perez, Mayor, Los Baños, Laguna (Running for Mayor)
10.Cecilio C. Hernandez, Mayor, Rodriguez, Rizal (Running for Vice Mayor)
NARCO-POLITICS as of March 2019

72. Factors that influence illegal drug incidence in the Philippines
11.Dennis Linco Hernandez, Rodriguez, Rizal (Running for Mayor)
12.Eulalio Mendoza Alilio, Mayor, Lemery, Batangas (Running for Mayor)
13.Juan Valencia Toreja, Mayor, Ibaan, Batangas (Did not file)
14.Loreto Sahagun Amante, Mayor, San Pablo City, Laguna (Running for Mayor)
15.Raul S. Palino, Mayor, Teresa, Rizal (Running for Mayor)
16.Roderick Alcantara Alcala, Mayor, Lucena City, Quezon (Running for Mayor)
17.Rommel Cruz Ayuson, Board Member, Rizal Province (Running for Board
Member)
18.Nieves Cabunalda Rosente, Mayor, El Nido, Palawan (Running for Mayor)
19.Ariel Tabugo Alagos Jr., Vice Mayor, Culasi, Antique (Running for Mayor)
20.Jed Patrick Mabilog, Mayor Iloilo City (Did not file, cannot be located)
NARCO-POLITICS as of March 2019

73. Factors that influence illegal drug incidence in the Philippines
21.Julius Ronald Pacificador, Mayor, Hamtic, Antique ((Running for Vice Mayor)
22.Mariano Malficio Malones Sr., Mayor Maasin, Iloilo ((Running for Vice Mayor)
23.Siegfredo Afluente Betita, Carles, Iloilo (Running for Mayor)
24.Franz Cabilao Sabalones, Vice Mayor, San Fernando Cebu (Did not file)
25.Vicente Loot, Mayor, Daanbantayan, Cebu (Did not file)
26.Vicente Sofronio Veloso, 3rd District Representative, Leyte (Running for
Congressman)
27.Gamar Ahay Janihim, Mayor, Zamboanga del Norte, (Running for Mayor)
28.Leonida Albor Angcap, Mayor, Midsalip, Zamboanga del Sur (Running for Mayor)
29.Crisinciano Enot Mahilac, Mayor, Misamis Occidental (Did not file)
30.David Mabal Navarro, Mayor, Clarin Miamis Occidental (Running for Mayor)
NARCO-POLITICS as of March 2019

74. 31.Ezel Tabuelog Villanueva, Mayor, Calamba, Misamis Occidental (Running for
Mayor)
32.Jason Paredes Almonte, mayor, Oroquieta City (Running for Congressman)
33.Abubakar Pendatun Maulana, Mayor, Palimbang, Sulatan Kudarat (Running for
Vice Mayor)
34.Albert Palencia, Mayor, Banga, South Cotabato (Running for Mayor)
35.Pablo Mondejar Matinong Jr, Mayor, Sto. Niño, South Cotabato (Running for
Mayor)
36.Roberto Luna, Mayor, Linging, Surigao del Sur (Running for Mayor)
37.Abdulwahab Sabal, Vice Mayor, Talitay, Maguindanao (Running for Mayor)
38.Anida Dimaukom, Vice Mayor, Datu Saudi Amptuan, Maguindanao (Running for
Mayor)
39.Arafat Alim Salic, Vice Mayor, Marawi City
Factors that influence illegal drug incidence in the Philippines
NARCO-POLITICS as of March 2019

75. Factors that influence illegal drug incidence in the Philippines
40.Jamal Abinal Pangandamun, Vice Mayor, Maguing, Lanao del Sur (Running for
Vice Mayor)
41.Mamaulan Abinal Mulok, Mayor, Maguing, Lanao del Sur (Running for Mayor)
42.Montasser Meling Sabal, Former mayor, Taglitay, Maguindanao (Running for Vice
mayor)
43.Ohto Caumbo Montawal,Vice Mayor, Datu Montawal (Running for Vice mayor)
44.Rasul Mabang Sangki, Mayor, Ampatuan, Maguindanao (Running for Mayor)
45.Vicman Kambang Montawal, Mayor, Datu Montawal, Maguindanao (Running for
Vice mayor)
46.Mayor Jamal Abdullah Mansul of Hadji Muhtamad, Basilan
NARCO-POLITICS as of March 2019

76. Conclusion: Drug abuse in the Philippines is
multifactorial, and there is a need to study these
different factors. Furthermore, there is an immediate
need to do an epidemiologic study of the extent of drug
abuse, which will significantly help fulfil the need for
policy, treatment, and prevention.

77. THANK YOU!