1. gvB‡µv GÛ ¯§j G›UvicÖvBR †W‡fjc‡g›U
dvg©t dvg© ej‡Z wewfbœ AvKv‡ii GK LÐ f’wg ev Rjvkq†K (cyKzi, b`x, †jK BZ¨vw`)
eySvq hv cÖv_wgKfv‡e Lv`¨ Drcv`b I e¨e¯’vcbv (‡hgb- Lv`¨ km¨, gvQ, Mev`x cï, nuvm-
gyiMx BZ¨vw`), Avuk Ges R¡vjvbx Drcv`‡bi Kv‡R RwoZ| GUv Lv`¨ Drcv`‡bi †gŠwjK
Dcv`vb|
hy³ iv‡óªi K…wl wefvM (USDA) Gi g‡Z dvg© n‡”Q f’wg ev †MvPviYf’wg‡Z †h‡Kvb
Kvh©µg †hLvb †_‡K eQ‡i Kgc‡ÿ GK nvRvi Wjvi g~j¨gv‡bi K…wlR cY¨ wewµ nq ev
¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq mgg~‡j¨i K…wlR cY¨ wewµ Kiv hv‡e|
dvwg©st dvwg©s ej‡Z KZ¸wj Kv‡Ri mgwó‡K eySvq hv DcKiY msMÖn †_‡K ïiæ K‡i
Lv`¨ km¨, Mev`x cï, nuvm- gyiMx, gvQ, BZ¨vw` Drcv`b I e¨e¯’vcbv ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z|
dvwg©s ej‡Z eySvq: K) Pvl ev Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡R Rwg e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g Lv`¨ km¨, Avuk,
MvQcvjv, djgyj Drcv`b;
L) Mev`x cï, nuvm- gyiMx, gvQ BZ¨vw` Drcv`b I e¨e¯’vcbv ev ‡gŠgvwQ
cvjb|
dvwg©s wm‡÷gt dvwg©s wm‡÷g ej‡Z dvwg©s e¨emv‡K wdwRK¨vj, ˆRweK I Av_©-
mvgvwRK Ae¯’v we‡ePbv K‡i †hŠw³K Dcv‡q mvRv‡bv‡K eySvq| dvwg©s wm‡÷g‡K
mve- wm‡÷‡g fvM Kiv hvq|
Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW dvwg©st hLb GKvwaK Pvl c×wZ GKB Lvgvi e¨e¯’vcbvi gva¨‡g GK
c×wZi eR©¨ Ab¨ c×wZ‡Z e¨envi K‡i Drcv`‡bi e¨e¯’v MÖnb Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K
Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW dvwg©s ejv nq| Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW dvwg©s aviYvi g~j wfwË n‡jv GK Pvl
c×wZi eR©¨ Ab¨ Pvl c×wZ‡Z e¨envi Kiv Ges Kg Li‡P Drcv`b evov‡bv|
e„nr dvwg©s wm‡÷‡g GKvwaK mve- wm‡÷‡gi g‡a¨ m¤^š^q mvab‡K Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW
dvwg©s ejv nq| D`vniY ¯^iƒc ejv hvq dm‡ji Dw”Qóvsk Mevw` cïi Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
Avevi Mevw` cïi DcRvZ †hgb- †Mvei, Pzbv BZ¨vw`) dmj, kvK-meRx Ges gvQ Pv‡l mvi
wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|

2. mvewm‡÷Ý dvwg©st mvewm‡÷Ý dvwg©s ej‡Z eySvq K…lK hLb ïaygvÎ Zvi wb‡Ri ev
cwiev‡ii Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ dmj Drcv`b K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î K…lK †Q‡j- †g‡q‡`i ‡jLvcovi LiP,
†cvlvK cwi”Q`, †iv‡Mi wPwKrmvi Rb¨ hLb A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb nq ZLb wKQz wKQz dmj
wewµ K‡i _v‡K| GK K_vq mvewm‡÷Ý dvwg©s Gi g~j jÿ¨ dmj wewµ bq cvwievwiK Lv`¨
Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv|
Kgvwm©qvj dvwg©s/ K…wl e¨emvt Kgvwm©qvj dvwg©s/ K…wl e¨emv ej‡Z eySvq
K…lK hLb A_© DcvR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ K…wlR cY¨ Drcv`b I Drcvw`Z cY¨ evRviRvZKiY K‡i
_v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î K…wl Kvh©µg ïaygvÎ Avw_©K jv‡fi Rb¨ cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K|
K…wl e¨emvt dvwg©s hLb eo ai‡Yi e¨emvwqK Kvh©µg wnmv‡e cwiPvwjZ nq †hLv‡b
K…wlR cY¨ Drcv`b, cÖ‡mwms I weZiY Ges K…wlR hš¿cvwZ ˆZwi I mieivn BZ¨vw`
Kvh©µg AšÍf©y³ _v‡K ZLb Zv‡K K…wl e¨emv ejv nq| GKwU e¨emv Pvjy Ki‡Z ev
Pvwj‡q †h‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ welq¸‡jv‡K we‡ePbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRbt
 DcKiY
 Acv‡ikbvj Kvh©µg
 gv‡K©wUs Kvh©µg
 e¨emvi Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek BZ¨vw`|
dvwg©s e¨emvt Farming as a business n‡jv GKwU aviYv hv ÿy`ª K…lK‡`i Rxeb avi‡Yi Rb¨
cwiPvwjZ K…wl Kvh©µg‡K jv‡fi D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ K…wl Kvh©µg wnmv‡e cwiMwbZ Kivi
Rb¨ Zv‡`i Ávb- `ÿZv Ges mÿgZv e„w× K‡i Ges †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î Zv‡`i dvwg©s Kvh©µ‡g
ˆewPÎZv Avbvq‡b mnvqZv K‡i| mnR K_vq dvwg©s Kvh©µg‡K e¨emvwqK D‡Ï‡k¨
cwiPvwjZ Kivi aviYvUv‡KB ejv nq Farming as a business |
Farming as a business aviYvwU ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb K…lK, ¯’vbxq K…wl `ßi Ges
cÖvB‡fU †m±‡ii g‡a¨ Kvh©Kix m¤úK©| G‡ÿ‡Î PROSHAR cÖMÖvg Gi g~j f’wgKv n‡e
Dc‡iv³ G±i‡`i g‡a¨ we`¨gvb m¤úK© kw³kvjx Kiv Ges K…lK‡`i mÿgZv e„w× Kiv, Zv‡`i
e¨emv Dbœq‡bi †mev, evRvi m¤úwK©Z Z_¨, cÖwkÿY Ges Avw_©K †mev cÖvw߇Z
mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
2

3. dvwg©s Kvh©µg‡K e¨emvq iƒcvšÍit
Avgv‡`i †`‡ki AwaKvsk K…lK dvwg©s Kvh©µg‡K Rxeb avi‡Yi MZvbyMwZK cÖ_v
wnmv‡e we‡ePbv K‡i| dvwg©s Kvh©µ‡g MZvbyMwZK avivi Kvi‡Y Avgv‡`i †`‡ki K…lK
mgv‡R Lv‡`¨i Afve e¨vcKfv‡e cwijwÿZ nq| ZvB dvwg©s Kvh©µg‡K Ab¨vb¨ e¨emvi g‡Zv
A_© DcvR©‡bi gva¨g wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G‡ÿ‡Î wb¤œwjwLZ avc¸‡jv
dvwg©s Kvh©µg‡K e¨emv wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡et
3

4. Major steps in preparing for farming as a business
 e¨emvi wfkb Ges Kvh© †KŠkj wVK Kiv (¯^í cuywRi Drcv`K/ mieivnKvix, †`kxq
cY¨, D”P g~‡j¨i cY¨, jvBf÷K, gvV dmj)
 e¨emvi Rb¨ mwVK evRvi wPwýZ I c”Q›` Kiv
 m¤ú` hvPvB Ges Gi m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB (Rwg, kÖwgK, A_©, †UK‡bvjwR)
 cvU©mvikxc Ges †hvMm~Î ¯’vcb
 Kg© cwiKíbv ˆZwi
AvBwRG (Avq ea©bgyjK Kvh©µg) t
AvBwRG ej‡Z wKQz Kvh©µg‡K eySvq hv jvf e„w× K‡i| MÖvgxb †jvKRb wewfbœ ai‡bi
Abdvg© I bbdvg© Kvh©µ‡gi mv‡_ RwoZ|Drcv`bgyjK m¤ú` I wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g jvf nq,
†h jvf mivmwi Drcv`bKvixi Kv‡Q Av‡m |
e¨emvt e¨emv GKwU Kvh©µg hv cY¨/ †mev Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ Ges †hLv‡b †mev
ev c†Y¨i wewbg‡q A_© DcvwR©Z nq ( †hgb- bbdvg© Kvh©µg; †mev, LyPiv wewµ, cY¨
Drcv`b BZ¨vw`)| e¨emvi g~j K_v n‡jv e¨emvqx KZ©„K A_© wewb‡qv‡M SuywK MÖnY|
we‡klÁ‡`i g‡ZÓcÖK…wZ n‡Z cÖvß DcKiY I m¤ú`mg~n AvniY K‡i kªg I hš¿cvwZi
mvnv‡h¨ cÖwµqvRvZ Kivi ci †h iƒcvšÍwiZ `ªe¨ cvIqv hvq Zv g~‡j¨i wewbg‡q †fv³vi wbKU
†cŠuQv‡bvi Rb¨ cwienY, ¸`vgRvZKiY mKj KvR‡KB e¨emv e‡jÓ|
e¨emvi aiYt gvwjKvbvi wfwˇZ e¨emvi aiYt
GKK gvwjKvbv t GKRb gvwjK Øviv G e¨emv cwiPvwjZ nq|
Aswk`vix t Aswk`vix Pzw³i gva¨‡g `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³ Øviv G ai‡Yi e¨emv cwiPvwjZ
nq|
MÖvgxY GjvKvq Pvi ai‡Yi e¨emv we`¨gvb h_v t
• Drcv`bg~jK t wewµi Rb¨ cY¨ Drcv`b †hgb- mwâ Drcv`b, nuvm- gyiMx cvjb, gvQ Pvl
BZ¨vw`
• cÖwµqvRvZKiY t KuvPv gvj †_‡K PzovšÍ cY¨ Drcv`b †hgb- gywo ˆZwi, njy` I gwi‡Pi
¸ov BZ¨vw`
4

5. • †Kbv-†ePv t GKB cY¨ eo e¨emvqxi KvQ †_‡K wK‡b LyPiv wewµ †hgb- gyw`i
†`vKvb, wWg wewµ BZ¨vw`
• †mev wewµ t MÖvgxY RbM‡Yi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx †mev cÖ`vb †hgb- GjGmwc, DcKiY
we‡µZv BZ¨vw`
e¨emvi D‡Ïk¨ t
e¨emvi D‡Ïk¨ t GKwU Av`k© e¨emvq wb‡Pi PviwU g~j D‡Ïk¨ _vKv DwPr|
K) wU‡K _vKv t e¨emv‡K Aek¨B wU‡K _vK‡Z n‡e, Ab¨_vq Gi Ab¨vb¨ D‡Ïk¨ AR©b e¨nZ
n‡e|
L) mg„w× t e¨emv KLbB GKfv‡e Pj‡Z cv‡ibv| nq Gi cÖmvi N‡U bZzev msKzwPZ nq|
M) gybvdv AR©b Kiv t wU‡K †_‡K fwel¨Z mg„w× AR©b wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡j e¨emv †_‡K
Aek¨B gybvdv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e|
N) mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ m¤úv`b t Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó, †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z Ae`vb
ivLv Ges wbivc` cwi‡ek ˆZix‡Z e¨emv f‚wgKv iv‡L|
e¨w³MZ t
 gybvdv AR©b
 RxweKv AR©b
 g~jab I m¤ú` e„w×
 Rxebgv‡bi Dbœqb
 mvgvwRK gh©v`v e„w×
mvgvwRK t
 †µZvi fwel¨r Pvwn`v, iæwP I cQ›` Abyhvqx cY¨ ˆZix I mieivn Ges †mevi †hvMvb
 Kg© ms¯’vb
 m¤ú` e„w×i gva¨‡g mgvR MVbg~jK Kv‡R Ask †bqv
 `¶Zvi Dbœqb
RvZxq t
 RvZxq m¤ú‡`i DËg e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK wfwË gReyZ Kiv
 RvZxq Avq Drcv`b I Avq evov‡bv
 `vwi`ªZv `~ixKiY
 ‡eKvi mgm¨v `~ixKiY
miKv‡ii ivR¯^ e„w×
5

6. e¨emv‡qi ˆewkó¨ t
1. DØ„Ë m¤ú` m„wó t cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g e¨emvq DØ„Ë m¤ú` m„wó K‡i hv
gvby‡li wewfbœg~Lx Afve c~i‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i|
2. AvBbMZ ˆeaZv t e¨emv‡K Aek¨B AvBbMZfv‡e ˆea n‡Z nq|
3. gybvdv jv‡fi cÖZ¨kv t e¨emv‡qi cÖ_g I cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv gybdv AR©b hvi AvkvqB
gvbyl SzuwK MªnY K‡i|
4. cyuwRi ms¯’vb t cÖ‡qvRbxq b~¨bZg cyuwRi ms¯’vb Qvov e¨emv cwiPvjbv Kiv m¤
¢e bq| e¨emvqx wbR¯^ Drm Qvov I cÖ‡qvR‡b wewfbœ Drm †_‡K cyuwRi ms¯’vb
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
5. ‡jb‡`b t e¨emv n‡Z n‡j Aek¨B GKvwaKevi µq-weµq I †jb‡`b n‡e| Afv‡e c‡o wbR¯^^
Miæ weµq Ki‡j ev GKevi wK‡b Zv cQ›` bv nIqv‡Z weµq K‡i w`‡j Zv‡K e¨emv e‡j bv|
Z‡e †KD hw` gybvdv AR©‡bi Avkvq evievi Miæ †K‡b I Zv wewµ K‡i Zvn‡j Zv e¨emv
e‡j MY¨ nq|
6. SuywK I AwbðqZv t GKRb e¨emvqx‡K gybvdvi Avkvq A_©MZ, mgqMZ,
bxwZgvjvMZ, ¯’vbMZ Ges cÖK…wZMZ bvbvb SzuwK MªnY Ki‡Z nq | GB SzuwK I
AwbðqZvi cyi¯‹vi wnmv‡eB GKRb e¨emvqx gybvdv jvf K‡i|
7. weµ‡qi B”Qv t wb‡R †fv‡Mi D‡Ï‡k¨ bq eis †µZvi Kv‡Q weµ‡qi B”Qv‡Z Drcv`b Kiv
e¨emv‡qi GKUv cÖavb ˆewkó¨|
8. Avw_©K g~j¨ wba©viY t †h †Kvb cY¨ µq-weµ‡qi †¶‡Î Avw_©K g~j¨ wba©viY
Ki‡Z nq|
9. K‡g©i ¯^vaxbZv t e¨emv GKwU ¯^vaxb †ckv | GLv‡b e¨emvqx Zvi ˆea e¨emv‡qi
Rb¨ Kv‡iv wbqš¿Y gvb‡Z eva¨ bq|
10. cvi¯úwiK myweav t e¨emvq †µZv I we‡µZv Df‡qi myweav ˆZix K‡i| GKRb
Av‡iKR‡bi wbKU †_‡K DcK…Z I jvfevb nq|
11. c~e©vbygvb t fwel¨‡Z c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v, g~j¨ I wewfbœ Ae¯’v c~e© †_‡K Abygvb K‡i
cY¨ Drcv`b ev msMÖn Ki‡Z nq| GB Abygvb mwVK bv n‡j e¨emvqx mgm¨vq c‡o|
12. cwieZ©bkxjZv t e¨emvqx†K me mgq cwieZ©bkxj Ae¯’vi mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q Pj‡Z nq
| †µZvi fwel¨r Pvwn`v, iæwP I cQ›` wbiƒcY K‡i e¨emv‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq cwieZ©b Avb‡Z
nq|
6

7. 13. ‡mevi g‡bvfve t b¨vh¨g~‡j¨ I myweavRbK k‡Z© †µZvi cQ›` Abyhvqx cY¨ mieivn
KivB e¨emv‡qi ˆewkó| ZvB AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªK bv n‡q e¨emvqx‡K ‡mevi g‡bvfve wb‡q
e¨emv cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z nq|
e¨emvi †ÿ‡Î we‡eP¨ welqmgyn t
1. Drcv`b cwiKíbv ˆZix Kiv
2. cwiKíbv Abyhvqx Drcv`b DcKiY msMÖn Ges µq-weµq Kiv
3. A_© ms¯’vb Kiv
4. Drcv`b Kiv
5. evRvi m¤ú‡K© †LuvR Lei ‡bIqv
6. msMÖ‡nvËi e¨e¯’vcbv
7. cwienb
8. cY¨ gRyZKiY
9. cY¨ weµq Kiv
10. wnmvei¶Y
11. cÖPvi
12. evRvi M‡elYv
13. Kg©x msµvšÍ KvR (Kg©x wb‡qvM, cÖwk¶Y BZ¨vw`)
D‡`¨vM (Enterprise)t D‡`¨vM n‡jv GKwU KvR ev wkí hvnv evRv‡ii Pvwn`v Abyhvqx cY¨
ev †mev mg~n Drcv`b I wecYb Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ| D‡`¨vM‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq h_vt
 K…wl m¤úwK©Zt
Lvgvi- evwYwR¨K ÿz`ª K…l‡Ki Drcv`b †hgb- ÿz`ª †mP h¯¿ Øviv meRx
Drcv`b, wbweofv‡e grm¨ Pvl/ grm¨ Lvgvi, BZ¨vw`|
ALvgvi- DcKiY I c‡Y¨i ewni evRvi †hgb- K…wl DcKiY mieivnKvix, meRx
we‡µZv (LyPiv I cvBKvix), BZ¨vw`|
 AK…wl m¤úwK©Zt
- †fvR¨ `ªe¨vw`t Lv`¨ cÖwµqvKiY, avb fv½v, gywo fvRv BZ¨vw`
- n¯Íwkít euvk/ †eZ Øviv AvmevecÎ ˆZwi, bKkx Kuv_v ˆKwi, BZ¨vw`
- ‡mev †K›`ªt Pv‡qi †`vKvb, †mjyb, A‡Uv- †gvevBj, mvB‡Kj/ wi·v/ †gvUi
7

8. mvB‡Kj †gKvi, wd«R †gKvi, Ry‡qjvix BZ¨vw`
D‡`¨v³v (Entrepreneur)t D‡`¨v³v n‡jv GKRb e¨vw³, whwb GKwU bZzb e¨emv ïiæ K‡i
bZzb cY¨ ev eZ©gvb cY¨ bZzb evRv‡i ev eZgv©b evRv‡i mieivn K‡ib|
D‡`¨v³v GKRb e¨w³ whwb mwVK e¨e¯’vcbvq evwYwR¨Kfv‡e e¨emvi
SzuwK MÖnY K‡ib| GKRb D‡`¨v³v AwaK cY¨ Drcv`b I Av‡qi Rb¨
AbybœZ GjvKv n‡Z DbœZ GjvKvq A_© I m¤ú` wewb‡qvM K‡i _v‡Kb|
D‡`¨v³v `yB ai‡Yi h_vt
e¨emvqx D‡`¨v³vt GKRb D‡`¨v³v hvi cÖavbZg jÿ¨ _v‡K jvf Kiv I e¨emvi cÖmvi NUv‡bv
(jvfRbK cÖwZôvb)| †hgb- e¨emvwqK Lvgvi, wkí KviLvbv, AvBb e¨emv BZ¨vw`|
mvgvwRK D‡`¨v³vt GKRb D‡`¨v³v whwb †Kvb GKwU †Mvôx ev mgv‡Ri Dbœq‡bi Rb¨
A jvfRbK †Kvb e¨emv cwiPvjbv K‡ib| †hgb- AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v, `vZe¨ cÖwZôvb
BZ¨vw`|
g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷gm B›Uvib¨vkbvj g¨vKevi bvgK GKwU `j wek¦e¨vcx GK
e¨cK M‡elbvq Rvb‡Z †c‡i‡Q †h †gvU `kwU cÖavb ˆewkó¨ †Kvb e¨w³‡K
mdj D‡`¨v³v n‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| wb‡gœœ Zvi eb©bv Kiv njt-
GKRb mdj D‡Ï¨³vi mdjZvi †hvM¨Zvmgyn t
1. my‡hvM mÜvbx t e¨emv msµvšÍ bZzb bZzb my‡hvM †`Lv Ges
G¸‡jvi Dci KvR Kiv|
2. Aa¨evmvqx t †Kvb evav‡K `~i Ki‡Z Aweivg wewfbœ cš’v Aej¤^b
Kiv Ges we‡ivwaZv ev cÖv_wgK e¨_©Zv m‡Ë¡I wb‡Ri wm×v‡šÍ
AUj _vKv|
3. Kg©Pzw³i cÖwZ cÖwZkÖæwZe× t kªwgK‡`i mv‡_ Kv‡R †j‡M
_vKv Ges Zv‡`i gva¨‡g KvR¸‡jv Kwi‡q †bqv hv‡Z MÖvnKMY
me©`v mš‘ó _v‡Kb|
8

9. 4. ¸bMZgvb eRvq ivL‡Z m¶g t Ggbfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z n‡e †h cÖPwjZ
DrKl© gvb‡K nvi gvbvq ev AZxZ Kg©mg~‡ni †_‡K DbœZi gv‡bi
nq|
5. SzwK MÖn‡Y mÿg t D‡`¨³vi wb‡Ri gZ Abyhvqx mnbxq SzwK
MÖnY Kiv|
6. Z_¨bymÜvb Kvix t e¨w³MZfv‡e MÖvnK, mieivnKix I cÖwZ‡hvMx
m¤ú‡K© Z_¨vbymÜvb Kiv Ges Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq
†hvMv‡hvM I Z_¨ Kvh©µg¸‡jv‡K Kv‡R jvMvb|
7. j¶¨ wba©vi‡b mÿg t ¯úófv‡e wbw`©ó ¯^í‡gqv`x I `xN©‡gqv`x jÿ¨
wba©vib Kiv|
8. c×wZMZ cwiKíbv I mRvM `„wói AwaKvix t j¶¨mg~‡n
†cuŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ hyw³hy³ cwiKíbv ˆZix K‡i †m¸‡jv Kv‡R jvMv‡bv
Ges g~j cwiKíbvi cvkvcvwk weKí cwiKíbv¸‡jv g~j¨vqb Kiv|
9. DØy×KiY ‡hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ t cÖKí ewnf©yZ e¨w³ ev
cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K cÖfvevwšÍZ I DØy× Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v
MÖnY|
10. AvZ¥wek¦vmx t wb‡Ri ¶gZv I hveZxq ¸bvejxi Dci k³ wek¦vm ivLv
Ges †Kvb KwVb KvR ev P¨v‡jÄ †gvKvwejv Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Ri ¶gZvi Dci
Av¯’v ivLv|
cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡b D‡`¨v³vi f‚wgKv t
• GjvKv Rwic K‡i c‡b¨i Pvwn`v wbiƒcY|
• DcKi‡bi mnRjf¨Zv wbiƒcY|
• A‡_©i †hvMvb|
• cY¨ Drcv`b cÖhyw³ msMÖn|
• Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨i mwVK g~j¨ ev evRvi g~j¨ wbav©iY|
• wecY‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY wjd‡jU, †cvóvi I wewfbœ wgwWqv
Øviv cÖPvi Kiv|
• wecY‡bi Rb¨ gv‡K©U Rwic Kiv|
• mwVK cwiKíbv cÖYqb|
• Avq e¨q wnmve wbY©q Kiv|
9

10. gvB‡µv GÛ ¯§j G›UvicÖvBRt
gvB‡µv GÛ ¯§j G›Uvi cÖvBR gyjZ cwievi KZ©„K PvwjZ e¨emv| mvavibZ Bbdigvj †m±‡i
Bnv cwiPvwjZ nq| mvewmm‡UÝ (msmvi cwiPvjbvi MZvbyMwZK) Kvh©µ‡gi evwn‡i 10
Rb ch©š— ÷vd wb‡qvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K, †hLv‡b cwi®‹vi evRvi Iwi‡q‡›Ukb i‡q‡Q|
wewfbœ ai‡bi gvB‡µv ¯§j G›UvicÖvBR;
• gvB‡µv weR‡bm (cwievi)
• wbw`©ó c‡b¨i Drcv`b (dmj Drcv`b, n¨vwÛµ¨vdU BZ¨vw`)
• cÖwµqvRvZKiY G›UvicÖvBR (gmjv, A¯’vqx bvm©vix, `jxq evRviRvZKiY BZ¨vw`)
• ‡mev G›UvicÖvBR (A‡b¨vi Kv‡Q †mev wewµ); GjGmwc, GmwcG
• LyPiv e¨emv
AvBwRG Ges GgGmB - Gi cv_©K¨ t
AvBwRG GgGmB
 GKKfv‡e cwiPvwjZ e¨emv
 e¨emv e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwUi cÖ‡qvRb
nq bv
 Øvqe×Zv bvB
 m`m¨ msL¨v 1-3 Rb
 GKK wewb‡qvM
 wewb‡qvM mxgv wbw`©ó bq
 evRvi wjs‡KR mn‡hvMxZvi cÖ‡qvRb
nq bv
 Avq Awba©vwiZ
 `jxq fv‡e cwiPvwjZ e¨emv
 e¨emv e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU _vK‡e
 Øvqe×Zv _vK‡e
 m`m¨ msL¨v 10 Rb ch©š—
 GKK ev `jxqfv‡e wewb‡qvM
 wewb‡qvM 50,000 UvKvi Dc‡i
 ‡mev`vbKvixi, evRv‡ii m‡½
ms‡hvM
 ewa©Z Av‡qi mxgv 70 UvKvi Dc‡i
G›UvicÖvB‡Ri ˆewkó¨ wba©vb‡Yi wbqvgKmgyn (gvB‡µv, ¯§j, wgwWqvg)
• Kgx©i msL¨v
• e¨emvq e¨eüZ gyjab
• jvf
• e¨e¯’vcbvi aib
10

11. • evRv‡ii mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM
G›UvicÖvB‡Ri wewfbœ K¨vUvMix I ˆewkó¨:
‰ewkó¨
gvB‡µv G›UvicÖvBR ¯§j G›UvicÖvBR
m`m¨ RwoZ msLv 1-5 Rb 5-10 Rb
wewb‡qvM (UvKv) 5,000-50,000 50,000-1,00000
gybvdv/e¨w³ (UvKv) 30-70 70-100
msMV‡bi aiY cvwievwiK e¨w³MZ, msMwVZ
gv‡K©U wjs‡KR AbvbyôvwbK AbvbyôvwbK, AvbyôvwbK
gvB‡µv GÛ ¯§j G›Uvi cÖvBR (evjv‡`k miKvi)
G›Uvi cÖvBR GK ai‡bi AM©vbvB‡Rkb †hLv‡b wbw`ó cwigvb UvKv wewb‡qvM K‡i ,
wbw`ó msL¨K kªwgK LvwU‡q wbw`ó e¨emvi gva¨‡g †µZvi Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv nq|UvKv
wewb‡qvM Ges kªwg‡Ki msL¨vi Dci wfwË K‡i G›Uvi cÖvBR ¸‡jv‡K 4 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq-
• K‡UR BÛªvmwóªR t cwievi wfwËK e¨emv |cwiev‡ii m`m¨ Drcv`b †_‡K wewµ
ch©vq RwoZ|cwiev‡ii m`m¨ Mb `xN© mgq a‡i e¨emvi mv‡_ RwoZ|
• ¯§j G›Uvi cÖvBR t G›Uvi cÖvB‡R 50 R‡bi Kg Kgx© i‡q‡Q Ges 10 †KvwU
UvKvi †ekx †hLv‡b wewb‡qvM n‡q‡Q|
• wgwWqvg G›Uvi cÖvBR t 50 R‡bi †ekx Kg©x i‡q‡Q| 20 †KvwU UvKvi †ekx
wewb‡qvM n‡q‡Q
• e„nr G›Uvi cÖvBR t 100 R‡bi †ekx Kg©x i‡q‡Q| Ges 30 †KvwU UvKvi †ekx
wewb‡qvM n‡q‡Q|
gvB‡µv GÛ ¯§j G›UvicÖvBR (cÖmvi)
GgGmB ej‡Z eySvq †Kvb GjvKvi ev m¤cÖ`v‡qi GK`j (10-20 Rb) †jvK‡K hviv GKB
e¨emvwqK cwiKíbv Ges bxwZgvjvi Av‡jv‡K GKB ai‡bi cY¨ Drcv`b I wecY‡b RwoZ _v‡K|
GKB ai‡bi e¨emvwqK cwiKíbv ej‡Z wK eySvq?
wecYbt Pvwn`v Abyhvqx GKB ai‡bi mieiv‡ni Dbœqb Ges evRv‡ii mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM|
(†hgb †cvwëª †¶‡Î GKwU `‡ji 30 Rb m`m¨ cÖ‡Z¨‡K ˆ`wbK 300wU wWg wewµi j¶¨ wb‡q
RbcÖwZ Kgc‡¶ 10wU K‡i wWg Drcv`b K‡i)
11

12. Drcv`bt GKB ai‡bi Drcv`b cwiKíbv Ges evRvi I †mevi Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi j‡¶¨ DcKiY
mieivnKvix, †mev cÖ`vbKvix‡`i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM (†hgb-cÖwk¶Y, DcKiY µq BZ¨vw`)|
e¨e¯’vcbvt GKwU e¨emvwqK e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU MVb Kiv (5-7 m`m¨ wewkó), hv
e¨emvqx, DcKiY mieivnKvix, †mev cÖ`vbKvix Ges A_©jMœxKvix cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni
mv‡_ e¨emv ev D‡`¨v‡Mi c‡¶ KvR K‡i|
A_©t GKwU A_©jMœxKvix cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© (†hgb-
cÖwZwU GgGmB-Gi Rb¨ 1,00000 UvKv) msMÖn K‡i Ges GKB ai‡bi cwi‡kva e¨e¯’v
AbymiY K‡i|
bxwZgvjvmg~n wK wK?
• gvwjKvbv: e¨emv D‡`¨v‡Mi GKK A_ev †hŠ_ gvwjKvbv (AvbyôvwbK `j)
• gybvdv fvMvfvwM: †hŠ_ gvwjKvbvi †¶‡Î m`m¨‡`i wewb‡qvM Ges wm×v‡š—i Ici
wfwË K‡i gybvdvi e›Ub nq
• LiP n«vm: GwU n‡”Q DcKiY, †mev I cwienb Lv‡Zi †hŠ_fv‡e µq Kivi gva¨‡g Drcv`b
Ges wecYb LiP n«vm Kiv| (†hgb-Mevw` cïi Lvevi µq, ¸YMZ gvbm¤úbœ Mvfx µq Ges
DcKiY mieivnKvixi KvQ †_‡K exR µq)
• m¤úK©: cvBKvi/e¨emvqxi, DcKiY mieivnKvix, †mev cÖ`vbKvix Ges A_©jMœxKvix
cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ Zv‡`i Pvwn`v (†hgb ¸YMZgvY, cwigvY) c~i‡Yi gva¨‡g mgvb mgvb
jv‡fi m¤úK©|
gvB‡µv G›UvicÖvBR †W‡fj‡ci D‡Ïk¨ t
1 gvB‡µv ¯§j G›UvicÖvBR c‡b¨i g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvMxZv m„wó ‡hgb- gyj¨
wba©vib,gyj¨ ms‡hvRb,c‡b¨i gvb Dbœqb I Drcv`b e„w× ,gybvdv e„w× , e„nr
evRv‡i wb‡qvM, †PBb †QvU Kiv|
2 Avq Ges gybvdv e„w×
3 gvB‡µv ¯§j G›UvicÖvB‡Ri DbœZ e¨e¯’vcbv
4 gvB‡µv ¯§j G›UvicÖvBR kw³kvjx Kiv Ges †PB‡bi Dci wbqš¿b Avbvqb,
ms‡hvwRZ gy‡j¨i Ask e„w×
5 c‡b¨i Drcv`b e„w× Ges e¨emvwqK Kvh©µg e„w×|
gvB‡µv G›UvicÖvBR †W‡fj‡ci Kvh©‡KŠkj
12

13. gvB‡µv Gw›UªwcÖwbDi `j‡K gvB‡µv G›Uvi cÖvBR G DbœZ Kivi Rb¨ bgbxq cÖwµqvq
mn‡hvMxZv Kiv nq| cÖ_gZ: `j‡K Zv‡`i eZ©gvb e¨emv‡K hvPvB‡qi gva¨‡g GKwU
cwiKíbv ˆZix Ki‡Z ejv nq| wØZxqZ: H mg¯— `j¸wj‡K wbgœwjwLZ 4wU cÖavb †¶‡Î
mn‡hvMxZv Kiv nq; †hgb e¨emv e¨e¯’vcbv , D‡bv‡fkb , msMVb Ges cvUbvikxc AvPviY
K. e¨emv cyb: hvPvB Ges ev¯Íevqb cwiKíbv ˆZix t †h me `j wbw`©ó e¨emvi mv‡_
RwoZ Ges `‡ji g‡a¨ Gw›UªwcªwbDimxc g‡bvfve ˆZix n‡q‡Q, Zviv GKwU mnR Uz‡ji
gva¨‡g e¨emv cyb: hvPvB Ki‡e wewfbœ Dbœq‡bi †¶Î mbv³ Ki‡e Ges ev¯—evqb
cwiKíbv ˆZix Ki‡e| `‡ji †bUIqvK©I GKBfv‡e ev¯—evqb cwiKíbv ˆZix Ki‡e|
gvB‡µvw¯Œwbs c×wZ‡Z e¨emv wbe©vPb
¯’vb Kvj cv·f‡` e¨emvi aiY wfbœ wfbœ nq ZvB e¨emv ¶y`ª e¨emv wbe©vP‡bi †¶‡Î
e¨emvqx‡K AZ¨š— mZK©Zvi mv‡_ wm×vš— wb‡Z n‡e| G‡¶‡Î gvB‡µvw¯Œwbs c×wZ
e¨envi Kiv DËg| G c×wZ‡Z wewfbœ e¨emv we‡ePbv K‡i †mB e¨emvi †¶‡Î ¯’vbxqfv‡e
cªvß my‡hvM-myweav mg~n‡K c‡RwUf b¤^i I evav mg~n‡K FbvZ¡K b¤^i cª`vb K‡i
wefbœ e¨emvi Rb¨ Zyjbvg~jK †MªwWs Kiv nq| D”P b¤^i cªvß e¨emv mg~‡ni g‡a¨ e¨emv
wbe©vPb Kiv nq| Gfv‡e wbe©vwPZ e¨emvi †¶‡Î SyuwKi cwigvY A‡bK Kg _v‡K| wbæ
wjwLZ QK e¨envi K‡i e¨emv wbe©vPb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
gvB‡µvw¯Œwbs c×wZ e¨envi K‡i e¨emvi Kvh©µg wbe©vPb
µwg
K
bs
cªK‡í
i bvg
c‡RwUf g~j¨vqb wb‡`©kK (+)
‡b‡MwUf
g~j¨vqb
wb‡`©kK (-) ‡gv
U
†¯‹
vi
c‡b¨
i
Pvw
n`v
KvP
v
gv‡ji
cªvc¨
Zv
weZi‡
Yi
mywe
av
`¶
kªwg
K
cªvc¨
Zv
cªhyw³i
mnRjf¨Z
v
Avbyg
vwbK
jvf
cªwZ‡hv
wM‡`i
msL¨v
Sy
wK
1
Mvfx
cvjb
5 4 4 5 4 4 4 3 33
13

14. 2
grm¨
Pvl
5 4 4 5 4 4 2 2 30
3
gyw`
†`vK
vb
5 4 3 5 3 3 1 1 25
4
kewR
Pvl
5 4 4 5 5 4 2 2 31
5
cvLv
ˆZix
5 4 3 3 3 2 1 1 22
cª`Ë †¯‹vi (+)t 5- AwZ DËg, 4- AZ¨š— m‡š—vlRbK, 3-m‡š—vlRbK, 2-fvj, 1-Am‡š—
vlRbK
cª`Ë †¯‹vi (-)t 5- Lye †ekx, 4-‡ekx, 3- †gvUvgywU, 2-Kg, 1-Lye Kg|
L. gvB‡µv ¯§j G›Uvi cÖvBR‡K 4wU cÖavb †¶‡Î mn‡hvMxZv (e¨emv e¨e¯’vcbv ,
B‡bv‡fkb, msMVb,cvUbvikxc) t GB mg¯— `j BwZ g‡a¨B e¨emv e¨e¯’vcbv,
B‡bv‡fkb, msMVb, cvUbvikxc BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î wewfbœ Uzjm e¨envi Ki‡Q| GB mg¯— Uzjm
cyb© gyj¨vqb Dbœqb Ges wewbgq Kiv n‡e wewfbœ IqvK©kc, †Uªwbs Ges wfwR‡Ui
gva¨‡g|
†Uwej 3 t GgGmB- Gi mdj ev¯Íevq‡b cÖK‡íi mnvqZvi †ÿÎmg~n t
e¨emv cwiPvjbvi avc mnvqZvi †ÿÎ mg~n
e¨emvwqK e¨e¯’vcbv
• evRvi hvPvB G mn‡hvMxZv Kiv
• evRvi m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ ‡c‡Z G›UviwcÖwbDqvi‡`i
mnvqZv Kiv
• Drcv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î KvwiMix civgk© I cÖwk‡bi Rb¨
mswkøó `߇ii mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Kwi‡q †`Iqv
• e¨emvwqK cwiKíbv ˆZwi‡Z mnvqZv Kiv
msMVb
• MÖæc †K msMVb wnmv‡e AvZœcÖKv‡k mnvqZv
Kiv
B‡bv‡fkb
• bZzb cÖhyw³i AbymÜvb Kiv I m`m¨‡`i mv‡_ †m¸wji
14

15. cwiPq NUv‡bv
• `ÿZvi Dbœqb
cvU©bvikxc
• cÖvB‡fU I cvewjK †m±‡ii mv‡_ AvbyôvwbK m¤úK©
ˆZix‡Z mnvqZv Kiv
GgGmB ev¯Íevq‡bi avcmgyn t
mvaviYZ: `wi`ª Ges AwZ- `wi`ªiv e¨emv cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb ai‡Yi SuywK wb‡Z Pvq bv|
Zv‡`i m¤ú` I Ae¯’v Ggb †h, Zviv ÿwZ KvwU‡q DV‡Z h‡_ó mvg_©¨ bq| hw` Zviv e¨emvq
ÿwZi m¤§yLxb Z‡e Zv‡`I cuywRI nvwi‡q hvq| G‡Z Zv‡`i AvZœ- wbf©kxjZv nvwi‡q hvq|
Avevi `wi`ª Ges AwZ- `wi`ªiv KZ¸‡jv evwn¨K mnvqZvi (cÖK‡íi) Dci wbf©ikxj| hLb Zviv
evwn¨K mnvqZvq †Kvb cÖKí ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z wM‡q e¨_© nq, ZLb Zviv evB‡ii †jv‡Ki Dci
wek¦vm nvwi‡q †d‡j| myZivs `wi`ª Ges AwZ - `wi`ª‡`i GgGmB ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z wM‡q †ek
mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e|
GgGmB - Gi ev¯Íevqb mdj ev e¨_© nIqvi KviYmg~n AskMÖnYKvix‡`i mwVKfv‡e
ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ Zv‡`i†K e¨emv cwiPvjbvi avcmg~n m¤ú‡K© fvj fv‡e Rvb‡Z
n‡e|
e¨emv cwiPvjbvi avcmg~n t
GgGmB - Gi Dbœq‡b PviwU av‡c m¤úbœ nq| h_vt
 my‡hvM AbymÜvb
 e¨emvi cwiKíbv ˆZwi t Drcv`b, evRviRvZKiY, A_© I msMVb
 cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb t Drcv`b, evRviRvZKiY, A_© I msMVb
 g~j¨vqb
hLb GKwU GgGmB - †Z e¨emv cwiPvjbvi 04 wU avc m¤úbœ nq ZLb wbgœwjwLZ
wZbwU wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z nq -
• bZzb e¨emv ïiæ Kiv (A)
• eZ©gvb e¨emv Pvwj‡q hvIqv (B)
• Pjgvb e¨emv eÜ K‡i †`Iqv (C)
15

16. GgGmB mdj ev e¨_© nIqvi Dci cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix d¨v±img~n t
K) Avf¨šÍixb KviYmg~n t Avf¨šÍixb KviY n‡jv HMy‡jv †h¸‡jv D‡`¨v³vi wbqš¿bvaxb
i‡q‡Q †hgb- Ávb, `ÿZv, g‡bvfve Ges m¤ú`| hw` Gmg¯Í KviY e¨emvi mdj ev¯Íevq‡b
mnvqZv K‡i ZLb †m¸‡jv‡K Ò mej w`K ev abvZœK Avf¨šÍixb KviYÓ ejv nq| Avevi G¸‡jv
hLb e¨emvi mdj ev¯Íevq‡b evavi m„wó K‡i ZLb †m¸‡jv‡K Ò `ye©jZv ev FYvZœK
Avf¨šÍixb KviYÓ ejv nq|
L) evwn¨K KviYmg~n t evwn¨K KviY n‡jv HMy‡jv †h¸‡jv D‡`¨v³vi wbqš¿bvaxb bq
†hgb- evRvi e¨e¯’v/ Ae¯’v, KwgDwbwU m`m¨‡`i Avw_©K Ae¯’v, AvenvIqv BZ¨vw`| hw`
Gmg¯Í KviY e¨emvi mdj ev¯Íevq‡b mnvqZv K‡i ZLb †m¸‡jv‡K Ò my‡hvM ev abvZœK
evwn¨K KviYÓ ejv nq| Avevi G¸‡jv hLb e¨emvi mdj ev¯Íevq‡b evavi m„wó K‡i ZLb
†m¸‡jv‡K Ò evav ev FYvZœK evwn¨K KviYÓ ejv nq|
GgGmB mdj ev e¨_© nIqvi Dci cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix d¨v±img~n wePvi we‡kølY Kivi ci
wbgœwjwLZ wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e -
• evwn¨K KviY (evav) ¸‡jv‡K Gwo‡q Pj‡Z n‡e ev mgvav‡bi e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e
• evwn¨K KviY (my‡hvM) ¸‡jv‡K GgGmB-i mdj ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Kv‡R jvMv‡Z n‡e
• Avf¨šÍixb KviY (`ye©jZv) ¸‡jv‡K Dbœqb Ki‡Z n‡e
• Avf¨šÍixb KviY (mej w`K) ¸‡jv‡K GgGmB-i mdj ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ cuywR wnmv‡e
e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e
†Uwej 4 t GgGmB mdj ev e¨_© nIqvi Dci cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix d¨v±img~n t
e¨emv cwiPvjbvi
avc
Avf¨šÍixb KviYmg~n evwn¨K KviYmg~n
abvZœK (mej
w`K)
FYvZœK
(`ye©jZv)
abvZœK
(my‡hvM)
FYvZœK
(euvav)
e¨emvi cwiKíbv
ˆZwi
evRviRvZKiY
Drcv`b
16

17. A_©
msMVb
cwiKíbv
ev¯Íevqb
evRviRvZKiY
Drcv`b
A_©
msMVb
GgGmB ev¯Íevq‡b G›UviwcÖwbDqvi Gi Rb¨ KwZcq mvaviY `ye©jZv I evav t
e¨emv
cwiPvjbvi
avc
Avf¨šÍixb KviYmg~n evwn¨K KviYmg~n
abvZœK (mej
w`K)
FYvZœK (`ye©jZv) abvZœK
(my‡hvM)
FYvZœK
(euvav)
e¨emvi
cwiKíbv
ˆZwi
evRviRvZKi
Y
• evRv‡i wb‡q
wewµi Af¨vm
Av‡Q|
• e¨emvwq
m„wói
my‡hvM Av‡Q
evRvi m¤úwK©Z
Z_¨ bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y
evRv‡ii myweav
mg~n AbymÜvb
Kiv hvq bv
• KvQvKvwQ
evRvi Av‡Q
• GjvKvq
e¨emvwq
Av‡Q
evRvi
m¤úwK©Z
Z‡_¨i Afve
Drcv`b • Drcv`b Kivi
gvbwmKZv
Av‡Q
KvwiMix Áv‡bi
mxgve×Zv
• m¤ú` mnRjf¨ miKvix `ßi
†_‡K
cÖ‡qvRbxq
KvwiMix
civgk© cvIqv
hvq bv
17

18. A_© • wKQz †jv‡Ki
bM` A_©
Av‡Q
• cuywR ˆZixi
mvg_©¨ Av‡Q
A‡_©i Afve • FY
cÖ`vbKvix
ms¯’v Av‡Q
wewfbœ A_©
jMœxKvix
cÖwZôvb
†_‡K FY bv
cvIqv
msMVb • msMVb ˆZixi
gvbwmKZv
Av‡Q
• msMVb
cwiPvjbv Kivi
gZ m¤ú` I `ÿZv
Av‡Q
Avq- e¨‡qi wnmve-
wbKvk m¤ú‡K©
`ÿZv, `yi`k©xZvi
Afve, e¨emv
m¤ú‡K© Kg
m‡PZbZv BZ¨vw`
• GjvKvq
wewfbœ
ai‡Yi
msMVb
Av‡Q
wkÿv/ Áv‡bi
Afve
cwiKíbv
ev¯Íevqb
evRviRvZKi
Y
• evRv‡i wb‡q
`iKlvKwli
gva¨‡g wewµ
Ki‡Q
• m`m¨MY
e¨emvwqi
mv‡_ KvR
Ki‡Q
• evRvi
m¤úwK©Z Z‡_¨i
Afve
• mg‡SvZv Pzw³/
‡b‡Mvwk‡qkb
m¤úwK©Z `ÿZvi
Afve
• cwiewZ©Z
evRv‡i Lvc
LvIqv‡Z bv cviv
• KvQvKvwQ
evRvi Av‡Q
• GjvKvq
e¨emvwqi
mv‡_
m`m¨MY
†jb‡`b Ki‡Q
• evRvi `i
DVv bvgv
Kiv
• evRvi g~j¨
wbqš¿‡b
bv _vKv
• evRvi
m¤úwK©Z
Z‡_¨i Afve
Drcv`b • Drcv`b Kv‡R
RwoZ n‡q‡Q
Ges mdj fv‡e
Drcv`b Ki‡Q
• ¸bMZgv‡bi
DcKi‡Yi Afve
• Drcvw`Z cY¨
¸bMZgv‡bi bv
nIqv
• Drcv`b
m¤úwK©Z
Áv‡bi Afve
• m¤ú‡`i
myôz e¨envi
Ki‡Q
• KvwiMix
civg‡k©i
¯^íZv
• KvwiMix
welqK
cÖwkÿb bv
cvIqv
18

19. A_© • wb‡R‡`i bM`
A_© e¨emvq
e¨envi Ki‡Q
• mevB wg‡j
cuywR ˆZix
Ki‡Q
• ‡Kvb Z_¨ wjwc
e× bv _vKv
• jvf- ÿwZi wnmve
bv _vKv
• cvwievwiK LiP
ev Ab¨ cÖK‡íi
mv‡_ GK‡Î
wnmve ivLv
• FY
cÖ`vbKvix
ms¯’vi
Kv‡Q hv‡”Q
• ev‡RU
cÖYqb
m¤úwK©Z
cÖwkÿ‡bi
Afve
• Avw_©K
e¨e¯’vcbv
welqK
cÖwkÿ‡bi
Afve
msMVb • msMVb ˆZix
K‡i‡Q Ges
GKmv‡_ KvR
Ki‡Q
• msMVb
cwiPvjbvi Rb¨
m¤ú` I `ÿZv
e¨envi Ki‡Q
• Drcv`bKvix‡`i
g‡a¨ GKZvi Afve
• GjvKvq
wewfbœ
ai‡Yi
msMV‡bi
mv‡_
†hvMv‡hvM
Ki‡Q
mvsMvVwbK
¯^xK…wZ
†bB
GgGmB - †Z gwnjv‡`i Kg AšÍf©yw³i KviY t
• MZvbyMwZK wPšÍv aviv Ges A‡b¨i Dci wbf©ikxjZvi ms¯‹…wZ
• wkÿv, KvwiMix Ávb Ges e¨emvwqK `ÿZvi ¯^íZv
• gwnjv‡`i A‡bK mgq †Q‡j †g‡q‡`i cwiPh©v wb‡q e¨¯Í _vK‡Z nq
• cvwievwiK Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K †hgb- ivbœv- evbœvmn msmv‡ii Ab¨vb¨ KvR
• A‡_©i Afve
• mvsMvVwbKfv‡e kw³kvjx bq
GgGmB- †Z gwnjv‡`i Kg AšÍf©yw³ nIqvi KviY, BbwW‡Kkb (Indication) Ges
djvdj wbgœiƒc t
KviY BbwW‡Kkb
(Indication)
djvdj
19

20. A‡b¨i Dci
wbf©ikxjZvi ms¯‹…
wZ
• ¯^í/ Kg AvZœ
gh©v`v
• SuywK MÖn‡b fq
cvq
• cwievi Ges KwgDwbwUi Dbœq‡b
AskMÖnY Kg
• cvwievwiK Ges mvgvwRK ch©v‡q
wm×všÍ MÖn‡b f’wgKv Kg/ _v‡K bv
MZvbyMwZK wPšÍv
aviv
¯^í †gqv`x wPšÍv
†PZbv
• bZzb †Kvb a¨vb- aviYv MÖnY Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv
†Q‡j †g‡qi
msL¨vwaK¨
• gv I wkïi ¯^v¯’¨ Lvivc
• †Q‡j †g‡q‡`i Lye
†evSv g‡b nq
• Drcv`bg~jK KvR Kivi gZ mgq Kg
• ¯^vfvweK Rxeb hvÎv wbgœgv‡bi
• †Q‡j †g‡qiv Lye fvj nq bv
KvwiMix Áv†bi Afve/
¯^íZv
Drcv`bkxjZv Kg • `wi`ª Ae¯’vq _v‡K
• m¤ú‡`i mبenvi nq bv
e¨emvwqK `ÿZv Kg Avq m„wói my‡hvM Kg • cvwievwiK Avq †ivRMv‡i m¤ú„³Zv
Kg
• e¨emv cwiPvjbvi AwfÁZv Kg nq
wkÿvi Afve/ ¯^íZv m„RbkxjZvi Afve • `„wó fw½ msKxY© nq
A‡_©i Afve Avq m„wói my‡hvM Kg • cvwievwiK Avq †ivRMv‡i m¤ú„³Zv
Kg
mvsMvVwbKfv‡e
kw³kvjx bq
¯’vbxq m¤ú‡`
cÖ‡ekvwaKvi Kg ev
_v‡Kbv
• miKvix-†emiKvix mvnv‡h¨i Dci
wbf©ikxj n‡q c‡o
gwnjv‡`i Rb¨ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Ec‡hvMx ÿz`ª e¨emv wbe©vPb:
e¨emv my‡hvMmgyn euvavmgyn wbevPb (n¨uv/bv)
gvQ Pvl
nuvm-gyiMx cvjb
QvMj cvjb
mewR Drcv`b
gyw` †`vKvb
KuvPv gv‡ji
e¨emv
20

21. wbevwPZ ÿz`ª e¨emvi my‡hvM, euvav I euvavmgyn wbim‡bi Dcvq
wbeuvwPZ ÿz`ª
e¨emv
my‡hvMmgyn euvavmgyn euvavmgyn
wbim‡bi Dcvq
wbevwPZ e¨emvi c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v I mieivn:
Pvwn`vi we‡kølY:
wbeuvw
PZ
e¨emvi
cY¨
LyPiv
†µZvi
msL¨v
LyPiv
†µZvi
µ‡qi
cwigvb
(†KwR)
cvBKvi
x †µZvi
msL¨v
cvBKvi
x †µZvi
µ‡qi
cwigvb
(†KwR)
Ab¨vb¨
†µZvi
msL¨v
Ab¨vb¨
†µZvi
µ‡qi
cwigvb
(†KwR)
†gvU
Pvwn`v
mieiv‡ni we‡kølY:
wbeuvwPZ e¨emvi cY¨ Drcv`bKvixi msL¨v Drcv`‡bi cwigvb
evRvi Dbœq‡b †mev`vbKvix e¨w³ / cÖwZôv‡bi fzwgKv:
Drm ‡mev`vbKvix
e¨w³ /
cÖwZôv‡bi
my‡hvMmgyn
‡mev`vbKvix e¨w³ /
cÖwZôv‡bi
euvavmgyn
‡mev`vbKvix e¨w³ /
cÖwZôv‡bi euvavmgyn
wbim‡bi Dcvq
Pvwn
`v
mieiv
n
21

22. gvB‡µv ¯§j G›Uvi cÖvBR cwiKíbv ˆZixi cÖwµqv
e¨emvi cwiKíbv
j‡¶¨ ‡cŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ KvR Kivi c~‡e© †h wjwLZ wm×všÍ †bIqv nq Zv‡K cwiKíbv e‡j| hw`
e¨mmvi Rb¨ †m cwiKíbv Kiv nq Zv‡K e¨emvi cwiKíbv e‡j|
• fwel¨‡Z Kx Ki‡Z n‡e?
• ‡K Ki‡e?
• Kxfv‡e Ki‡e?
• KLb ev KZ mgq a‡i Ki‡e?
• Zv Ki‡Z Kx Kx DcKiY, A_© I †mevi cª‡qvRb n‡e?
• Zv †Kv_v †_‡K Kxfv‡e msMªn Ki‡Z n‡e?
GB mg¯Í wKQy AvMvg wVK K‡i †djv‡KB cwiKíbv e‡j|
cwiKíbvi D‡`¨k¨
• D‡Ïk¨ AR©b (gybvdv jvf I m”QjZv AR©b) Kivi Rb¨
|
• e
• ¨
• emv‡qi mg„w× I I m¤úªmviY Kivi Rb¨|
• e¨q I AcPq n«vm Kivi Rb¨|
• DcKiYvw` I A‡_©i Kvh©Ki e¨envi wbwPZr Kivi Rb¨|
• `¶Zv AR©b Kivi Rb¨|
• mKj KvR mwVK mg‡q m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨|
• mnKgx©‡`i mwVK mg‡q mwVK wb‡`©kbv †`qvi Rb¨|
• my‡hvM e¨envi I eva¨ AwZµ‡g mnvqZv cvIqvi Rb¨|
• e¨emv‡qi KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q wK n‡Z cv‡i, bv cv‡i Zv AMvg Rvb‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
cwiKíbvi Dcv`vb
• c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v wba©viY
• cªwZ‡hvwM‡`i mv‡_ Zyjbv|
• Drcv`‡bi cwigvY
• weµq GjvKv
22

23. • weµq g~‡j¨ wba©viY
• Drcv`b cwiKíbv (Drcv`b c×wZ wK n‡e, wK cwigvY Drcv`b n‡e, Drcv`b ¶gZv wK
iKg, c‡b¨i gvb wK iKg, cª‡qvRbxq DcKiY cªvc¨Zv I gy‡j¨i wnmve Ges Ab¨vb¨ LiP)|
• msMVb I e¨e¯’vcbv cwiKíbv (e¨emv‡qi aiY, cªwk¶Y, jxR I †iKW© msi¶Y)|
• Avw_©K cwiKíbv (Drcv`b c~e© e¨q, Lvgvi e¨e¯’vcbv mswkó e¨q Ges Drcv`b
cieZx© e¨q hvi g‡a¨ cb¨ msMªn, msi¶Y, cwienb, U¨v·/‡Uvj BZ¨vw` _vK‡e|
we¯—vwiZ e¨emvwqK cwiKíbvwU e¨emv m¤cÖmvi‡Yi Dcvq m¤úwK©Z GKwU cwi®‹vi
wPÎ Zz‡j a‡i| cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i MÖæc GwU wewfbœ Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi
mv‡_ †kqvi K‡i| GB e¨emvwqK cwiKíbvwU Ab¨vb¨ ms¯’vi Kv‡Q mivmwi MÖnY‡hvM¨
n‡Z cv‡i A_ev Z_¨mg~n Gme ms¯’vi cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i Zv‡`i †cÖvdvBj Dbœq‡b Ae`vb
ivL‡Z cv‡i| e¨emvwqK cwiKíbv PviwU cwiKíbvi mgwó| †m¸‡jv n‡jv-
• wecYb cwiKíbv
• Drcv`b cwiKíbv
• mvsMVwbK cwiKíbv
• Avw_©K cwiKíbv|
e¨emv cwiKíbvi †gvU PviwU ch©vq hvnv wb‡¤œ msw¶ß AvKv‡i Zy‡j aiv nj:
1. wecbb cwiKíbv
wecYb cwiKíbvq Drcvw`Z wbw`©ó c‡Y¨i cwigvY Ges g~j¨ cÖwZdwjZ nq hv
Drcv`bKvixiv †Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ (we‡kl K‡i 1 eQ‡ii g‡a¨) wewµ Ki‡Z Pvq|
wecYb cwiKíbvi cÖavb 4wU Dcv`vb n‡”Q cY¨, ¯’vb, †cÖv‡gvkb Ges g~j¨| wecbb
wel‡q †h mKj cwiKíbv Kiv DwPZ Zv wb‡æ †`Iqv nj
Kvh©µg cwigvY/m
sL¨v
ev¯—
evqbKvix
KLb ‡KŠk
j
Kvh©µ‡gi
AvbygvwbK e¨q
c‡b¨i Pvwn`v wbiycb
c‡b¨i mieivn wbi“cb
c‡b¨i evRvi wbi“cb
c‡b¨i Drcv`‡bi cwigvb
wbi“cb
cªwZ‡hvwM‡`i Z_¨
23

24. msMªn
c‡b¨i ¸bMZ gvb wbqš¿Y
(AvKvi, AvK„wZ, is,
†gvoK BZ¨vw`
‡µZv I †fv³vi wefvRb
evRvi j¶¨ wba©viY
weµq g~j¨ wba©viY
weµq c~e©vfvm
wba©viY
cªmvi †KŠkj wba©viY
2. Drcv`b cwiKíbvt
Drcv`b cwiKíbvq Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ LiPmg~n cÖwZdwjZ nq| Drcv`b cwiKíbvi
cÖavb 6wU Dcv`vb n‡”Q-c×wZ, KvPvgvj, gvbyl, †gwkb, A_© Ges mgq| Drcv`b wel‡q
†h mKj cwiKíbv Kiv DwPZ Zv wb‡¤œ †`Iqv nj
Kvh©µg ‡K KLb ‡KŠkj Kvh©µ‡gi
AvbygvwbK e¨q
gšÍe
¨
cb¨ wbe©vPb
Drcv`‡bi cwigvY
wba©viY
cª‡qvRbxq A_©
mieivn
Lvgvi/AeKvVv‡gv
msMªn
Drcv`b c×wZ
wba©viY
cª‡qvRbxq DcKiY
msMªn
cª‡qvRbxq kªwgK
24

25. wb‡qvM
Drcv`b
cb¨ msMªn, evQvB
cb¨ cwienb
cb¨ cªwµqvRvZKiY
cb¨ msi¶Y
3. e¨e¯’vcbv cwiKívbt
mvsMVwbK Ges e¨e¯’vcbv cwiKíbvwU mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv Ges `vwqZ¡‡K wb‡`©k
K‡i| e¨e¯’vcbv †h mKj cwiKívb Kiv DwPZ Zv wb‡æ †`Iqv nj
Kvh©µg ev¯—
evqbKvix
KLb Kvh©µ‡gi
AvbygvwbK e¨q
Rwi‡ci gva¨‡g wewfbœ ai‡bi
e¨emv msµvš— Z_¨ msMªn
e¨emvi aiY-GKK gvwjKvbv, †hŠ_
gvwjKvbv, †Kv¤úvbx
mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv-gvwjK,
mycvifvBRvi, kªwgK, cªf„wZ
AeKvVv‡gv/Rwg msMªn
DcKiY/KvPvgvj msMªn
D‡`¨v³vi AwfÁZv
we`¨yr/cvwb/cªf„wZ ms‡hvM
cªwk¶Y
`¶ kªwgK msMªn
4. A_©vqb cwiKíbv
25

26. Avw_©K cwiKíbvq e¨vemv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wewb‡qvM Ges Ab¨vb¨ Drm †_‡K
wK cwigvY A_© `iKvi Zv cÖwZdwjZ nq| A_©vqb wel‡q †h mKj cwiKívb Kiv Dw`Z Zv
wb‡æ †`Iqv nj
Kvh©µg Kvh©µ‡gi AvbygvwbK
e¨q
A‡_©i Drm gš—e¨
e¨e¯’vcbv e¨q
cªKí e¨q
wecbb e¨q
cwienb I hvZvqvZ
e¨q
Avc¨vqb e¨q
¯’vqx g~jab
PjwZ gyjab
F‡Yb my`
Ab¨vb¨ e¨q
AvMvg I bvex dmj Drcv`b cwiKíbv
AvMvg I bvex Pvlvev‡`i dmj
cªvq me ai‡bi dm‡ji AvMvg g~j¨ AwaK _v‡K †hgb- mxg, dyjKwc, g~jv, evavKwc BZ¨vw`|
†Kvb †Kvb dm‡ji bvex g~j¨I AwaK _v‡K †hgb-U‡g‡U| wb`„ó mg‡q Avevi †Kvb †Kvb
gyj¨I AwaK _v‡K †hgb-‡ivRvi mgq klv, e¸b, †Qvjv| ZvB H mg‡q Pvl Ki‡Z cvi‡j AwaK jv‡fi
m¤¢vebv _v‡K| hw`I H mg‡q Pvlvev‡`i SywKI †ekx _v‡K| SywK †gvKve‡jvq AvMvg cª¯
—ywZ wb‡q Pvl K‡i A‡b‡K AwaK gybvdv Ki‡Q|
AvMvg I bvex dmj Drcv`‡bi g~j welq
• evRv‡i c‡b¨i D”P g~‡j¨i mwVK mgq m¤ú‡K© Ávb
• AvMvg Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ Aby‡gvw`Z RvZ mg~n †Pbv
• AvMvg Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ Aby‡gvw`Z RvZ mg~‡ni Drcv`b Kjv‡KŠkj Rvbv
26

27. • Drcv`b Kjv‡KŠkj Abyhvqx mwVK mg‡q mwVKfv‡e Pvlvev` Kiv
• mwVKfv‡e msMªn I msMªn‡Ëvi e¨e¯’vcbv
• SywK †gvKv‡ejvq AvMvg cª¯‘wZ MªnY
g¨vwUª·-1
‡gŠmyg m¤¢ve¨ D”P g~‡j¨i AvMvg
dmj
m¤¢ve¨ D”P g~‡j¨i bvex dmj
iwe ev kxZ †gŠmyg
Lwic ev el©v †gŠmyg
g¨vwUª·-2 D”P g~‡j¨i AvMvg/bvex dmj ------------------ Pvl †gŠmyg c~e© Kg©cwiKíbv
Kvh©µg
Rvbyqvix
‡deª“qvix
gvP©
Gwcªj
‡g
Ryb
RyjvB
AvMó
‡m‡Þ¤^i
A‡±vei
b‡f¤^i
wW‡m¤^i
gšÍe¨
dmj I RvZ wbe©vPb
Rwg wbe©vPb
gyjab msMªn
exR msMªn
mvi msMªn
cªhyw³ m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf
wewfbœ †mev`vbKvix
cªwZôv‡bi mwnZ m¤úK©
¯’vcb
G›UvicªvBR ev‡RU ˆZix
g¨vwUª· -3 D”P g~‡j¨i AvMvg/bvex dmj---------------------- Drcv`bKvjxb Kg©cwiKíbv
Kvh©µg
Rvbyqvix
‡deª“qvix
gvP©
Gwcªj
‡g
Ryb
RyjvB
AvMó
‡m‡Þ¤^i
A‡±vei
b‡f¤^i
wW‡m¤^i
gšÍe¨
Rwg ˆZix
27

28. Pviv †ivcb ev exR ecb
mvi cª‡qvM
‡mP cª`vb
Avš—tcwiPh©v (AvMvQv
`gb, gvwU AvjMv, gvjwPs,
gvPv, cª“wbs BZ¨vw`)
‡ivM e¨e¯’vcbv
†cvKv e¨e¯’vcbv
dmj msMªn
g¨vwUª·-4 D”P g~‡j¨i AvMvg/bvex dmj------------------ msMªn cieZx© Kg©cwiKíbv
Kvh©µg
Rvbyqvix
‡deª“qvix
gvP©
Gwcªj
‡g
Ryb
RyjvB
AvMó
‡m‡Þ¤^i
A‡±vei
b‡f¤^i
wW‡m¤^i
gš—e¨
‡MªwWs
Cwienb
cªwµqvRvZKiY
msi¶Y
EvRviRvZKiY
G›Uvi cÖvBR ev‡RU Ges G›Uvi cÖvBR ev‡RU cÖ¯‘ZKiY
G›UvicÖvBR ev‡RU Ges Gi Dcv`vbt
ev‡RU n‡PQ †Kvb KvR Kivi c~‡e© †Kvb Lv‡Z wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ wK cwigvb A_© LiP
n‡e Zvi GKwU A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv| Avi e¨emvi Rb¨ hw` †m ev‡RU ˆZwi Kiv nq Z‡e
Zv‡K G›UvicÖvBR ev‡RU e‡j|ÿz`ª K…l‡Ki K…wl Lvgvi Zvi G›UvicÖvBR| cÖ‡Z¨K
G›UvicÖvBR cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wbw`©ó wKQz LvZ Ges DcLvZ Av‡Q, G‡`i‡K G›UvicÖvBR
ev‡RU Gi Dcv`vb ejv ‡h‡Z cv‡i|
K…wl Lvgv‡ii G›UvicÖvBR ev‡R‡Ui Dcv`vb t
28

29. • DcKiY eve` LiP-exR, mvi, KxUbvkK, euvk, BZ¨vw`|
• †gvU cÖKí e¨q
• †gvU wewb‡qvM
• ‡gvU Drcv`b LiP
• wecYb LiP
• cÖkvmwbK LiP
• kªwgK eve` LiP-Pvl, †mP, gvjwPs, †eov, guvPv, mvi I KxUbvkK cÖ‡qvM,
wbovbx, QvUvBKiY, dmj msMÖn, evQvB, †MÖwWs, c¨vwKs |
• cwienY LiP
• g~ja‡bi my`
• Lvgv‡ii wjR g~j¨
• evRv‡ii LvRbv
• Drcvw`Z cY¨ n‡Z Avq
• cÖK…Z Avq
G›Uvi cÖvBR ev‡RU cÖ¯‘ZKiY:
wb‡¤œ GKwU K…wl Lvgv‡ii G›Uvi cÖvBR ev‡RU ˆZixi bgybv †`Iqv nj|
e¨q / Li‡Pi wnmve
e¨‡qi
LvZ
e¨‡qi Dc LvZ cwigvb GKK g~j¨ ‡gvU LiP gšÍe¨Í
DcKiY
e¨q
exR
‡mP
‡Mvei
Bdwiqv
wU Gm wc
Gg wc
wRcmvg
‡eviY
`¯Ív
KxUbvkK
‡gvU DcKiY
e¨q
29

30. kÖwg
K e¨q
gv`v ˆZix‡Z
kªwgK
AvšÍ:cwiPh©vi
Rb¨ kÖwgK
gvPv ˆZix (euvk,
`wo, Zvi, KvV
BZ¨vw`)
gvPv ˆZixi Rb¨
kÖwgK
dmj msMÖ‡ni
LiP
‡gvU kÖwgK
e¨q
cwienb
e¨q
DcKiY cwienb
dmj cwienb
Ab¨vb¨
‡gvU cwienb
e¨q
wecYb
e¨q
cÖPvi
evRv‡ii LvRbv
Ab¨vb¨
‡gvU wecYb e¨q
e¨e¯’vc
bv /
cÖkvm
wbK
LiP
Rwg wjR
Rwg Pvl
Z_¨ msMÖ‡n ågb
e¨q
Avc¨vqb eve` LiP
‡gvevBj wej
cÖwkÿY
‡gvU
e¨e¯’vcbv /
cÖkvmwbK
LiP
30

31. wewea
e¨q
F‡Yi my`
wewea 1
wewea 2
me©‡gvU e¨q
Av‡qi wnmve
Avq msMÖn ZvwiL cwigvb GKK
g~j¨
‡gvU Avq gšÍe¨
g~j Avq
DcRvZ ev
Ab¨vb¨
Avq
me©‡gvU
Avq
jvf-¶wZ we‡kølY
weµ‡qi cwigvY(‡KwR)t
weµq g~j¨ (UvKv)t
‡gvU e¨q = Drcv`b e¨q + e¨e¯’vcbv e¨q + wecbb e¨q+ cwienb LiP + F‡Yi my`+AePq
(¯’vqx g~ja‡bi 10%)
jvf= †gvU weµq g~j¨-‡gvU e¨q
Z_¨ msiÿY (†iKW© wKwcs)t
†iKW© wKwcs ej‡Z eySvq ‡Kvb KvR ïiæi cÖ_g †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq DcvË ev
Z_¨ msMÖn I msiÿY Kiv hv fwel¨‡Z wewfbœ Kv‡R †hgb- †gvU weµq, †gvU LiP, jvf- ÿwZ
wnmve BZ¨vw` †ei Ki‡Z e¨envi Kiv hvq| myZivs e¨emvi †ÿ‡Î †iKW© wKwcs ej‡Z eySvq
31

32. †gvU †jb-‡`‡bi mgq KZ UvKv A‡b¨i KvQ †_‡K MÖnb Kiv n‡jv Ges GKB fv‡e Ab¨‡K KZ
UvKv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv Zv wjwc e× K‡i ivLv|
Z_¨ msiÿ‡Yi ¸iæZ¡t
K…wlmn me ai‡Yi e¨emv cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î Z_¨ msiÿY LyeB ¸iæZ¡ c~Y©| GUv GKUv
e¨emv‡K mdjfv‡e cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z wb¤œ wjwLZfv‡e mnvqZv K‡i _v‡Kt
 A‡_©i AcPq †iv‡a mnvqZv K‡i
 e¨emv wKfv‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q Zv Ab¨‡K †`Lv‡Z mnvqZv K‡i †hgb- e¨vsK
 e¨emv cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î mgm¨vmg~n †`Lv‡Z mnvqZv K‡i (hw`I †`ix‡Z)
 fwel¨Z cwiKíbv Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i BZ¨vw`|
Kvh©µ‡gi weeiYxt
ïiæi ZvwiL Kvh©µg mgvwßi ZvwiL gšÍe¨
Avq- e¨‡qi weeiYxt
ZvwiL weeiY Avq e¨q e¨vj¨vÝ
e¨emv Dbœqb †mev (wewWGm) t e¨emv Dbœqb †mev n‡jv cÖvB‡fU †m±‡ii mv‡_
†Kvb †mev/G›UvicÖvB‡Ri g‡a¨ ¯’vqx ms‡hvM hv‡Z K‡i H †mev/G›UvicÖvB‡Ri
DbœwZ AMÖwMZ nq Ges Bnvi d‡j ‡mev evRv‡i cÖ‡ekvwaKvi I cÖwZ‡hvMxZvq
m¶gZv wbwðZ nq|
• e¨emvi †mev n‡jv e¨emvqx‡`i †mev`v‡bi GKwU e„nËi cwimi hv Zv‡`i e¨emv
cwiPvjbv I e„wׇZ mnvqZv K‡i|
• ‡Kvb GKwU c‡Y¨i Drcv`b †_‡K †fv³v ch©šÍ †cŠuQv‡Z †h mKj †mev cÖ‡qvRb
nq ZvnvB e¨emvi †mev|
32

33. e¨emvq †mev cÖ`v‡bi cš’v wK?
e¨emvwqK †mev cÖ`vb cš’v n‡jv Kg©m~Px mÂvj‡bi gva¨‡g †mevcÖ`vbKvix‡`i kw³kvjx
Kiv hv‡`i Øviv f¨vjy †PBb wbqvgKMY (G¨v±i) mnvqZv cvq| mnvqZvcÖ`vbKvix ms¯’v f¨vjy
†PBb G±i‡`i mivmwi mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i bv| Z‡e †mev cÖ`v‡bi cwi‡ek m„wó‡Z mnvqZv
K‡i| e¨emvi †mev cÖ`v‡bi cš’vmgyn wbgœiƒct
e¨emvq †mev cÖ`vb cš’v t
 evuavmg~n `~ixKi‡Y Kvh©Kix mgvavb wbwðZ Kiv
 evRvi ¶wZMÖ¯’ Kiv‡K cvk KvwU‡q Pjv
 ‡mev cÖ`vbKvix‡`i gva¨‡g AvDUwiP ev †mevi †ÿÎ e„w× Kiv
 ‡emiKvix Lv‡Z †Kv_vq †mev mg~n Av‡Q Zv Ly‡R †ei Kiv
e¨emvq †mevi aiY/cÖKvi t
wd cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g ‡mev t
GB †mev mvaviYZ GKK fv‡e †mevi g~j¨ cwi‡kva mv‡c‡¶ †mev cÖ`vb Kiv‡KB eySvq
†hgb- †cÖmwµckb cÖ`vb K‡i wd Av`vq Kiv|
 GUv ¶zz`ª I gvSvix e¨emvqx‡`i Rb¨ ïaygvÎ evRviwfwËK †mevmg~n
 ‡mevcÖ`vbKvix I MÖnYKvix‡`i g‡a¨ GB †mev evwbwR¨K wfwˇZ Av`vb cÖ`vb
n‡q _v‡K|
 ‡mevcÖ`vbKvixMY n‡jb †emiKvix ch©v‡qi e¨emvqx|
Gg‡e‡WW †mev t
GB †mev mvaviYZ cb¨ mv‡_ Ab¨ †Kvb Dc‡`k gyjK ‡mev GK‡Î cÖ`vb Kiv‡K eySvq|
†hgb- mvi, KxUbvkK, civg©k BZ¨vw` cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g GK‡Î †mev g~j¨ Av`vq Kiv|
 GB †mev f¨vjy †PBb G±i‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨vb¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K|
 GB ai‡bi Av`vb cÖ`vb n‡q _v‡K m¤§vbx e¨wZ‡i‡K A_ev weKífv‡e g~j DcKi‡bi
mv‡_ wKQy m¤§vbx m¤ú„³ _v‡K|
fZ©ywKhy³ †mev /miKvix †mev t
GB †mev mvaviY miKvix fv‡e RbM‡bi g‡a¨ webv g~‡j¨ mieivn Kiv nq †hgb- K…wl
m¤cÖmviY Awa`ßi n‡Z K…lK‡`i †mev cÖ`vb|
• wd Gi †¶‡Î fZy©wK †`qv nq
33

34. • ‡mev cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î miKvi A_ev Ab¨ ms¯’v fZ©ywK w`‡q _v‡K
e¨emv †mev cÖvw߇Z euvavmgyn I m¤¢ve¨ mgvavbmgyn t
DcKiY (BbcyU) ch©v‡q evuav mg~n t
evuavmg~n -
 Ach©vß KvwiMwi `¶Zv
 DcKiY `v‡gi AwaK e¨eavb
 K…lK I DcKiY mieivnKvix‡`i g‡a¨ m¤úK© fvj bv _vKv
 gvwU cix¶vi ‡¶‡Î `¶Zvi Afve
m¤¢ve¨ e¨emvq †mev -
 DcKiY mieivnKvix‡`i Rb¨ KvwiMwi cÖwk¶Y
 Ki n«vm Kivi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hvM
 DcKiY mieivnKvix‡`i mv‡_ K…l‡Ki mym¤úK© M‡o †Zvjv
 gvwU cix¶vi DcKiY mieivn Ges cix¶vKvix‡` cÖwk¶Y
Drcv`b ch©v‡q evuavmg~n t
evuavmg~n -
 cY¨ Drcv`‡b K…m‡Ki `¶Zvi Afve
 DcKi‡Yi AwaK g~j¨
 FY cvIqvi ‡¶‡Î AwfMg¨Zv Kg
 Ach©vß KvwiMwi mnvqZv
 DcKiY (BbcyU) I Drcvw`Z cY¨ wewµ‡Z (AvDUcyU) gv‡K©U e¨emvqx‡`i g‡a¨
Lvivc m¤úK©
m¤¢ve¨ e¨emvq †mev t
 KvwiMwi Ges m¤cÖmvib †mev
 µq ¶gZvi g‡a¨ DcKi‡Yi mieivn
 FY cvIqvi †¶‡Î mnvqZv
 K…lK‡`i cÖwk¶Y, miKvix I †emiKvix cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ †hvMm~Î ¯’vcb
 DcKiY(BbcyU) I Drcvw`Z cY¨ wewµ‡Z (AvDUcyU gv‡K©U wbqwgK(G¨v±i)‡`i
g‡a¨ †hvMm~Î ¯’vcb
Drcvw`Z cY¨ wewµ (AvDUcyU) ch©v‡q evuav mg~n t
evuavmg~n -
34

35.  evRv‡i cÖ‡ekvwaKvi Kg
 evRvi Z‡_¨i Afve
 wbw`ó †µZv evQvB Kivi ‡¶‡Î K…l‡Ki Amvg_©Zv
 evRviRvZKiY cÖwZôv‡bi Afve
 c‡Y¨i mieivn I cwigvb wel‡q Z‡_¨i Avfve
 msMÖ‡nvËi e¨e¯’vcbv welqK Áv‡bi Afve
 msiÿY myweav bvB
m¤¢ve¨ e¨emvq †mev -
 evRv‡i cÖ‡ekvwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv
 evRvi Z‡_¨i mnRjf¨Zv Ges Drcv`K‡K evRvi Z_¨ msMÖ‡n Af¨vm Kiv‡bv
 ‡µZv mbv³KiY Gi Rb¨ cÖwk¶Y
 evRviRvZKiY cÖwZôvb ‰Zix
 Drcv`b welqK Z_¨ mnRjf¨KiY
 evRviRvZKiY c×wZi Dci e¨emvqx‡`i cÖwk¶Y
 msMÖ‡nvËi e¨e¯’vcbv welqK cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb
 msiÿY myweav m„wó Kiv
e¨emvq m¤¢ve¨ †mev cÖ`vbKvix t
 DcKiY mieivnKvix
 K…l‡Ki cb¨ †µZv
 ga¨¯’ZvKvix/ e¨emvqx
 ißvbxKviK
 cwienYKvix
 mwgwZ
 cÖwk¶Y `vbKvix cÖwZôvb
 miKvix `ßi
 evRviRvZKiY `j
 K…wl cY¨ cÖwµqvRvZKvix
we‡kl ai‡bi †mevmg~n t
 cÖwk¶Y
 KvwiMix †mevmg~n
35

36.  evRvi m¤úwK©Z Z_¨mg~n
 A_© msµvšÍ
 ¸YMZgvbm¤úbœ c‡Y¨i cÖ‡ekvwaKvi
 cwienb myweavmg~n
evRvi Dbœqb
evRvi t KZ¸‡jv wel‡qi mgš^‡h †hLv‡b †µZv Ges we‡µZvi gv‡S †mev A_ev cb¨ Av`vb
cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g mieivn I †hvMv‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU Avš—t m¤ú‡K©i m„wó nq|
evRvi Dbœqb t GwU GKwU Pjgvb cÖwµqv †mLv‡b Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU
Kvh©Ki Avš—t m¤ú©K m„wó n‡e
evRvi Dbœq‡bi avc mg~n t
avc-01 t
• GK/GKvwaK e¨emv/wKQz e¨emv
• bZzb cb¨
• cÖ_g Ae¯’vq Kg msL¨K MÖnbKvix
• jvf RbK bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
avc-02 t
• Kvógvi e„w× cv‡e|
• Ab¨ dv‡g©i/e¨emvi mshyw³ n‡e
• c‡Y¨i eûgywLZv Ges ¸bMZ gv‡bi g‡a¨ AwaKvi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv ïi“ n‡e|
avc-03 t
• g~‡j¨i Dci cÖwZ‡hvwMZv n‡e
• AwaK mieivn n‡e Ges `vg K‡g n‡e|
• Kg `vg/g~‡j¨ AwaK Pvwn`v n‡e
• wKQz d©vg/e¨emv S‡o hv‡e|
avc-04 t
• A_©‰bwZK ØvicÖv‡š— Aewkó d©vg/e¨emv wU‡K _vK‡e|
• g~j¨ùxwZ †ekx/K‡g †h‡Z cv‡i|
36

37. • mvwe©K Ae¯’vq SzwK †gvKvwejv m¤úbœ d©vg/e¨emv wU‡K _vK‡e
evRvi Dbœqb Kjv‡KŠkj m¤úwKZ welq t
• D‡Ïk¨ t AwaK evRvi Aš—f~w³ I Kvh©Kix n‡e
• AeKvVv‡gvMZ Ae¯’v t evRvi Dbœq‡b evav I my‡hvM wPwýZ n‡e|
• Kv‡Ri w`K wb‡`kbv t mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Dcvq Ges ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ MvBW jvBb
‰Zix Kiv|
evRvi Dbœqb Kjv‡KŠk‡bi bxwZmg~n t
• mywbw`ó D‡Ïk¨ Ges Gi avivevwnKZv _vK‡e|
• ¯’vbxq cÖvwZóvwbK cUf~wgKv m¤ú©‡K ¯^”Q avibv _vK‡Z n‡e
• evRv‡ii cwi‡ekMZ Ae¯’vq g‡a¨ wewfbœ G±i‡`i f~wgKv m‡š—vlRbK n‡e
• evwn‡ii cwi‡ekMZ Ae¯’v Aek¨B ¯’vqxkxjZv n‡e
• ¯’vbxq g~j¨‡eva I m¤ú‡`i mv‡_ evRv‡ii mgvavb mg~n mwVK I ev¯—e m¤§Z n‡Z
n‡e|
• D‡Ï‡k¨i mv‡_ mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †KŠkj mg~n bZzbZ¡ bgbxq n‡e|
evRvi MwZkxjZv t
evRv‡i cwZeZ©‡bi cÖavb Dcv`vb mg~n t
Af¨šÍwib Dcv`vb:
• evRv‡ii Pvwn`v
• †fv³vi c”Q›`bxqZv
• KvixMwi cwieZ©b
• wewfbœ ai‡bi DcKi‡bi jvfvsk
• SzwK
• mshyw³i evav
• eo Lvgvi/e¨emvi AvPvi AvPiY
• DcKib mieivn
• ißvbx KviK‡`i g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv
37

38. • FZz/mgq
• wewfbœ ch©v‡q jv‡fi ¯—i
• GmGgB AskMÖnb I e„wÏi Rb¨ my‡hvM mg~n
• GmGgB wµwUK¨vj evavmg~n AwZµg K‡i myweavRbK my‡hvM mg~n MÖnb|
evwn¨K Dcv`vb t
• mn‡hvMxZv g~jK KvR mg~n (Z_¨, KvwiMwi, c‡Y¨i Dbœqb, `¶Zv)
• AeKvVv‡gvMZ Ae¯’v
• wbqg Kvbyb, g~j¨‡eva, gvb`Û, AvBb BZ¨vw`|
evRvi Dbœq‡b wewfbœ G±i‡`i f~wgKv t
 cÖvB‡fU †m±i/e¨w³ gvwjKvbvaxb cÖwZôvb t
• cb¨ Dbœqb
• Z_¨ mieivn
• `¶Zv Dbœqb BZ¨vw`|
 e¨emvq †bUIqvK© t
• Dc‡`k
• †hvMv‡hvM
• `¶Zv (AvbyôvwbK/AAvbyôvwbK)
 miKvix/miKvi t
• wbqgKvbyb
• gvb`Û/gvbwbqš¿b
• M‡elYv
• mgš^‡q
 e¨emv e¨e¯’vcbv msMVb (weGgI)t
• G¨vW‡fv‡Kwm
• Z_¨
• gvb`Û
 AjvfRbK cÖwZôvb (GbwRI, wek¦we`¨vjq, wk¶vcÖwZôvb)t
• FY
38

39. • `¶Zv DbœqYv
• M‡elbv|
39