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頸部腫瘤の鑑別
国立病院機構西埼玉中央病院
初期研修医(耳鼻科選択研修) 渋谷卓生
耳鼻咽喉科・頭頸部外科 溝上大輔
頸部腫瘤をきたす主な疾患 原因別
 感染症によるリンパ節腫脹
HIV,単核球症,中咽頭感染症,原発性細菌性リンパ節炎,結核
 腫瘍
局所性の原発癌
リンパ節転移(遠隔部位,局所,領域の原発巣からの)
 先天性
鰓裂嚢胞,類皮嚢胞、甲状舌管嚢胞
頸部腫瘤をきたす疾患 部位別
1.松浦一登: 頭頸部腫瘤の診察と診断法. 日本耳鼻科, 115-664.2012
頸部腫瘤をきたす主な疾患 年齢別
1.松浦一登: 頭頸部腫瘤の診察と診断法. 日本耳鼻科, 115-664.2012
診察ポイント
 ①問診
 ②視診
 ③触診
問診のポイント
 「年齢」
小児では炎症性・先天性,成人の場合は腫瘍性疾患も念頭に置く
 「部位」
局在,有痛であるか否か
 「期間」
「炎症7日,腫瘍7ヶ月,先天性奇形7年」(Skandalakisの7の法則)1)
 「既往歴」
飲酒または喫煙,不適合な歯科装置などの癌の危険因子の有無
1.松浦一登: 頭頸部腫瘤の診察と診断法. 日本耳鼻科, 115-664.2012
視診
 原因疾患が頭頸部領域に存
在することが多い
 口腔,咽頭,喉頭の徹底的
な診察が重要である
視診のポイント
 鼻腔,上咽頭〜下咽頭,喉頭,
頸部食道は耳鼻科用ファイ
バーを用いた診察が望ましい.
 非耳鼻科医の診察では口腔内
(舌,軟口蓋、扁桃)の診察
を中心に行う.
視診の手順
 舌の観察
口を大きく開け舌を出してもらい舌背を観察する.
舌圧子を用いて舌縁を観察する
 軟口蓋,扁桃の観察
「アー」と発声してもらうなどの方法で十分な視野を確保する
舌癌の例
白苔の付着した扁桃腺
触診の手順
①後頸三角部
②側頸部:第1指と第2・3・4指で挟む
③頸動脈三角部: 舌骨傍のチェック
④顎下三角部: 口腔底に指を入れ双手診
⑤舌根部
1.松浦一登: 頭頸部腫瘤の診察と診断法. 日本耳鼻科, 115-664.2012
⑤
触診のポイント
 腫瘤の大きさ,硬さ,表面の状態(凹凸)
 位置,可動性,周囲との癒着の状況
 圧痛の有無
悪性を示唆する事項3)
 硬く,固着した腫瘤
 高齢患者
 中咽頭病変の存在
 持続性の嗄声また嚥下困難の既往
3. 頸部腫瘤.MSDマニュアル.4月 2020年 (7月18日 2020年, at https://www.msdmanuals.com/ja-jp/プ
ロフェッショナル/16-耳鼻咽喉疾患/鼻および咽頭の症状を有する患者へのアプローチ/頸部腫瘤)
https://www.gastrointestinalatlas.com/english/Virchow_Node.html
検査
 超音波検査
 CT/MRI
 穿刺吸引細胞診
 組織診断
超音波検査
 存在診断能に優れる(“触診の延長”)
 嚢胞性/充実性 血流の有無
 甲状腺,耳下腺,顎下線などの実質臓器内
の腫瘤は検出しやすい
超音波検査
正常リンパ節
http://hospitalist-gim.blogspot.com/2014/05/blog-post_6966.html
https://www.nagasaki-clinic.com/salivary_gland/
CT/MRI
 CT
空間分解能(小さいものの認識能)と時間分解能(短時間での撮像能)
血管構造の同定や病変コントラスト向上のためには造影CT
 MRI
組織分解能に優れる(正常組織と病変の識別能)
造影CTが行えない患者に対して特に有用
細胞診・組織診断
 腫瘍の良性悪性などを診断するには細胞診が有効.
最終診断には組織診断が必要
 頸部腫瘤の細胞診では穿刺吸引細胞診(FNAC: fine
needle aspiration cytology)が広く行われている
 悪性リンパ腫などの一部の腫瘍は細胞診のみでは診
断できないため疑う場合は組織診断を行う
【参考】細胞診・針生検・生検の違い
生検
https://breast-imaging.mri-mri.com/wp/乳腺腫瘤に対しての細胞診と針生検/
http://www.ycu-oms.jp/sentinel.html
症例提示1:35歳 女性
【主訴】左顎下部腫脹
【現病歴】
2021年1月16日に左顎下部腫脹で近医を受診し頸
部MRIで左顎下腺腫瘍と診断され手術目的に3月
18日当院を紹介受診した.
【所見】硬、やや可動性不良
症例提示1:35歳 女性
DWI
T2強調
T1強調
【MRI】
症例提示1:35歳 女性
【細胞診】軽度細胞異型のある腺細胞多数 classⅢ
【術式】左顎下腺摘出術
【組織診断】腺様嚢胞癌
症例提示2:26歳 女性
【主訴】発熱,喉の痛み,倦怠感
【現病歴】
10日前より発熱,咽頭痛と全身倦怠感が続くため前医を受
診した.トランスアミナーゼ上昇,末梢血の異形リンパ球
増加,頸部リンパ節腫脹を伴う扁桃炎があり伝染性単核球
症と診断された.発熱が続き経口摂取も難しくなったため
入院加療目的に当院を紹介受診した.
症例提示2:26歳 女性
【身体所見】頸部複数のリンパ節腫脹、扁桃に白苔付着・滲出液
【検査所見】
AST162 ALT249
抗VCA IgM 20(>10) 抗VCA IgG 320(>10)
抗EBNA 10未満
【診断】伝染性単核球症
症例提示2:26歳 女性
【参考】伝染性単核球症の所見
症例提示3:79歳 女性
【主訴】左顎下部腫脹
【現病歴】
半年程前から左顎下部腫瘤を自覚.前医のCTで左顎下腺周囲の
3cmを超えるリンパ節および1cm程度のリンパ節が複数あり,
穿刺吸引細胞診ではclassⅢの軽度異型リンパ球,IL-2Rは正常範
囲だが,悪性リンパ腫を否定できないため組織採取目的に入院
した.
【所見】左顎下部に弾性硬,可動性のある腫瘤
症例提示3:79歳 女性
【CT】
症例提示3:79歳 女性
T2強調 T1強調 T1 造影
症例提示3:79歳 女性
DWI ADC
症例提示3:79歳 女性
【穿刺吸引細胞診】小型リンパ球主体 class Ⅲ
【術式】選択的頸部リンパ節郭清術
【組織診断 HE染色】
HE 40倍
HE 2倍
【組織診断 免疫染色】
CD5
CD20 bcl6
CD10
CD21 cyclinD1
症例提示3: 79歳 女性
【診断】濾胞性リンパ腫
総括
 鑑別を意識した問診,視診,触診を行う
 成人例では悪性腫瘍の存在を念頭におく
 検査特性を意識した画像検査を行う
 必要に応じ穿刺吸引細胞診,確定診断には組織診断を行う
参考文献
 1.松浦一登: 頭頸部腫瘤の診察と診断法. 日本耳鼻科, 115-664.2012
 2.星川広史: 頸部腫瘤の診断と治療. 日本耳鼻科 121, 1361-1365.2018
 3. 頸部腫瘤.MSDマニュアル.4月 2020年 (7月18日 2020年, at
https://www.msdmanuals.com/ja-jp/プロフェッショナル/16-耳鼻咽喉疾患/鼻および咽
頭の症状を有する患者へのアプローチ/頸部腫瘤)

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Different diagnosis of cervical nodule or lymph node