1) 415 million adults worldwide have diabetes, with over half of cases in low and middle income countries being undiagnosed. Type 2 diabetes accounts for 87-91% of cases and is influenced by lifestyle and environmental factors.
2) Vision loss has significant negative impacts on people's lives, including reduced access to healthcare, loss of income and independence, increased reliance on caregivers, and psychological impacts like depression.
3) Regular eye screenings are important for managing diabetic retinopathy. Screenings should occur every 1-2 years for those with diabetes and involve examinations for visual acuity and retinal abnormalities. Detected retinopathy can be graded and referred for treatment if needed.
Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that affects the small blood vessels in the retina. It is a leading cause of blindness in developed countries. As diabetes rates rise globally, diabetic retinopathy cases are projected to increase substantially. Early stages may be asymptomatic, but later stages can cause vision loss or blindness if not treated. Annual dilated eye exams are important for early detection and treatment to prevent vision loss from this progressive disease.
Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that affects the small blood vessels in the retina. It is a leading cause of blindness in developed countries. Strict control of blood sugar and blood pressure as well as annual eye exams are important for preventing vision loss from diabetic retinopathy. The disease progresses through stages from mild nonproliferative retinopathy to more severe proliferative retinopathy. Laser treatment and anti-VEGF drugs can help treat more advanced stages to prevent blindness.
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy (DR), the leading cause of blindness among working-age adults. It provides guidelines for screening and grading DR based on findings during eye examinations. DR results from prolonged hyperglycemia and increases in severity over time. Regular screening can detect DR early and prevent vision loss through timely treatment. Examiners should grade DR based on lesions seen and refer patients accordingly, from annual follow-up for mild cases to urgent referral within a week for advanced proliferative DR or other high-risk findings. Strict glycemic control remains the primary approach for preventing and slowing the progression of DR.
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy, which is damage to the retina caused by diabetes. It can be non-proliferative or proliferative. Symptoms may include blurred or fluctuating vision. Diagnosis involves eye exams and imaging tests. Treatment options include laser surgery, injections of corticosteroids or anti-VEGF drugs, and vitrectomy surgery in severe cases. Nursing care focuses on managing risks, teaching patients how to care for their eyes, and reducing anxiety.
Over 112,000 people in Indiana have diabetic retinopathy, which is around 20% of diabetics in the state. About 60% of diabetics receive an annual eye exam, but each year between 12,000 to 24,000 new cases of blindness occur from diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is caused by changes in the blood vessels in the eye and can be detected and treated through annual dilated eye exams and procedures like laser surgery. Maintaining good control of blood sugar and receiving regular eye exams can help reduce the risk of vision loss from diabetic eye disease.
Mark Cahill, Global Vision National Diabetic Retinopathy Screening ProgrammeInvestnet
This document summarizes Ireland's National Diabetic Retinal Screening Programme. It discusses that diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness and annual screening can prevent blindness in 96% of cases. The programme screens over 145,000 people with diabetes annually using digital photographs of the retina that are graded by qualified reviewers. Those found to have signs of diabetic retinopathy or macular edema are referred to hospital treatment centers for further evaluation and care. The programme aims to screen 30% of the eligible population in its first year and 70% in the second year.
Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that affects the small blood vessels in the retina. It is a leading cause of blindness in developed countries. As diabetes rates rise globally, diabetic retinopathy cases are projected to increase substantially. Early stages may be asymptomatic, but later stages can cause vision loss or blindness if not treated. Annual dilated eye exams are important for early detection and treatment to prevent vision loss from this progressive disease.
Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that affects the small blood vessels in the retina. It is a leading cause of blindness in developed countries. Strict control of blood sugar and blood pressure as well as annual eye exams are important for preventing vision loss from diabetic retinopathy. The disease progresses through stages from mild nonproliferative retinopathy to more severe proliferative retinopathy. Laser treatment and anti-VEGF drugs can help treat more advanced stages to prevent blindness.
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy (DR), the leading cause of blindness among working-age adults. It provides guidelines for screening and grading DR based on findings during eye examinations. DR results from prolonged hyperglycemia and increases in severity over time. Regular screening can detect DR early and prevent vision loss through timely treatment. Examiners should grade DR based on lesions seen and refer patients accordingly, from annual follow-up for mild cases to urgent referral within a week for advanced proliferative DR or other high-risk findings. Strict glycemic control remains the primary approach for preventing and slowing the progression of DR.
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy, which is damage to the retina caused by diabetes. It can be non-proliferative or proliferative. Symptoms may include blurred or fluctuating vision. Diagnosis involves eye exams and imaging tests. Treatment options include laser surgery, injections of corticosteroids or anti-VEGF drugs, and vitrectomy surgery in severe cases. Nursing care focuses on managing risks, teaching patients how to care for their eyes, and reducing anxiety.
Over 112,000 people in Indiana have diabetic retinopathy, which is around 20% of diabetics in the state. About 60% of diabetics receive an annual eye exam, but each year between 12,000 to 24,000 new cases of blindness occur from diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is caused by changes in the blood vessels in the eye and can be detected and treated through annual dilated eye exams and procedures like laser surgery. Maintaining good control of blood sugar and receiving regular eye exams can help reduce the risk of vision loss from diabetic eye disease.
Mark Cahill, Global Vision National Diabetic Retinopathy Screening ProgrammeInvestnet
This document summarizes Ireland's National Diabetic Retinal Screening Programme. It discusses that diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness and annual screening can prevent blindness in 96% of cases. The programme screens over 145,000 people with diabetes annually using digital photographs of the retina that are graded by qualified reviewers. Those found to have signs of diabetic retinopathy or macular edema are referred to hospital treatment centers for further evaluation and care. The programme aims to screen 30% of the eligible population in its first year and 70% in the second year.
Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness that can develop in people with diabetes. It occurs when high blood sugar levels damage the blood vessels in the retina. Early stages may be asymptomatic, but later stages can cause vision loss. Risk factors include duration of diabetes and poor blood sugar control. Annual dilated eye exams and tight blood sugar management can prevent or delay vision loss from diabetic retinopathy. Treatment options depend on the stage but may include laser surgery or injections to stabilize severe vision loss.
Dr screening training for nurses 1-diabetic retinopathy screening programs,...Riyad Banayot
The document discusses diabetic retinopathy screening programs, principles, and processes. It describes the purpose of screening as detecting sight-threatening retinopathy early to improve treatment outcomes. An effective screening program involves call and recall procedures, digital photography, image grading, and managing patients according to screening results. Limitations include the risk of missed cases and false positives. The psychological impact on patients and importance of informed consent are also reviewed.
Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that affects the blood vessels in the retina. It has four stages from mild nonproliferative retinopathy to proliferative retinopathy. Symptoms include blurred vision and gradual vision loss. Tight control of blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol is important for prevention, as is not smoking and regular eye exams by an eye doctor skilled in treating diabetic retinopathy. Exams should be yearly or every 2-3 years depending on risk level.
This document discusses the indirect impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns on chronic ocular diseases. It found that lockdowns led to 134 (69.4%) glaucoma patients missing medications for over 2 weeks, visual acuity and IOP changes in glaucoma patients, and delays in treatment for age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and other conditions, potentially leading to increased blindness. Virtual clinics and artificial intelligence are proposed as potential solutions to help maintain care during future pandemics or lockdowns.
The document discusses diabetic retinopathy in India and globally. Some key points:
- Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness and its prevalence is increasing worldwide, including in India which has a large diabetic population.
- India is projected to have the largest number of diabetics in the world by 2030, increasing the burden of diabetic retinopathy.
- Screening efforts and awareness of retinopathy need to be increased in India to detect and treat cases early.
- Managing risk factors like blood sugar, blood pressure, and lipids through coordinated care between eye doctors and diabetic doctors can help prevent vision loss from retinopathy.
Rudra Narayan Chowdhury presented a document summarizing blindness and related national programs in India. The document defined blindness according to WHO criteria and discussed the magnitude of visual impairment worldwide and in India. It identified the major causes of blindness as cataract, glaucoma, and uncorrected refractive errors globally and cataract as the leading cause in India. The national program for control of blindness was launched in 1976 with the goal of reducing blindness prevalence, and Vision 2020 is a global initiative to reduce avoidable blindness by 2020.
Global Medical Cures™ | DIABETES & EYE DISEASE
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
285 milion people around the world are blind or visually impaired.
About 80% of these cases are avoidable.
Poorer population are more affected.
90% of these patients lives in developing countries.
Global Medical Cures™ | Diabetic Retinopathy
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
This document discusses ocular hypertension and glaucoma. It defines glaucoma as a group of diseases involving optic nerve damage. It notes that ocular hypertension affects 4-10% of people over 40, and lists risk factors for developing glaucoma such as central corneal thickness under 555 microns. The OHTS study found that treated patients had a 1% risk per year of developing glaucoma compared to 2% for untreated patients. For treatment decisions, risks and benefits are weighed based on factors like life expectancy and tolerance. Laser trabeculoplasty may help lower pressure for some. The case study describes an unreliable 55-year-old female with risk factors like family history and lower corneal thickness who is being
People with diabetes have an increased risk of eye complications from high blood glucose levels, including retinopathy, macular edema, and cataracts. These complications can lead to vision loss if left untreated, but regular eye exams and early treatment can prevent vision loss in 98% of cases. Early detection and treatment of complications is important to preserve vision, as treatment can usually prevent further deterioration even if vision loss has already occurred.
Global Medical Cures™ | DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Diabetes and eye care and the benefits of working together as a team to deliver this care. Presentation given at Midwestern University Arizona School of Optometry in 2015.
This document provides information on eye disorders, specifically cataracts and glaucoma. It defines cataracts as a lens opacity and discusses causes, types, symptoms, and treatment including medication and surgery. For glaucoma, it describes the condition as optic nerve damage related to intraocular pressure, lists types, discusses evaluation and treatment with medication, laser procedures, and nursing care post-surgery. The document aims to educate on these common age-related eye conditions.
REFRACTIVE ERROR AND LOW VISION AS PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUESMarion Kemboi
This document discusses refractive error as a major public health issue and cause of blindness and visual impairment globally. It notes that the WHO did not previously consider uncorrected refractive error an important cause, but studies showed it accounts for up to 25% of blindness and over 50% of visual impairment. Refractive error was added to the priority list of preventable blindness causes in 1999. The document outlines definitions and prevalence estimates of refractive error conditions. It emphasizes the need for affordable, accessible refractive services and discusses challenges and strategies to address uncorrected refractive error as a public health problem.
1. Approximately 285 million people worldwide have visual impairments, with 246 million having low vision and 39 million being blind.
2. The leading causes of blindness are cataract (62%), refractive error (19.7%), and glaucoma (5.8%).
3. In India, there are 7.8 million blind people and 45 million with low vision, accounting for 20% of the world's blind population.
4. The National Programme for Control of Blindness was launched in 1976 with the goal of reducing blindness prevalence from 1.4% to 0.3% by 2020 through strengthening eye care services, training human resources, and increasing public awareness.
Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that affects the small blood vessels in the retina. It is the leading cause of blindness in working age adults. Strict control of blood sugar and blood pressure can help prevent and slow the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Annual eye exams are important for early detection and treatment if needed to prevent vision loss. As diabetic retinopathy progresses, it is classified into mild, moderate, and severe non-proliferative stages and proliferative stage. Treatments include laser therapy and anti-VEGF injections to prevent further vision loss.
Incidence of Glaucoma & Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Diabetes Mellit...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Vision is a means of communication of man with the external world. The impact of visual loss due to various ocular morbidities has profound implications for the person affected and the society as a whole. Diabetes has become one of the world’s most important public health problems & WHO indicate that 19% of world’s diabetic population lives in India. Diabetes related microvascular complications cause visual disability even in younger age group individuals. Aim: To estimate the magnitude of Glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients in our institution. To create awareness about avoidable blindness in diabetic patients.To enlighten and thereby motivate the patient for further evaluation and follow up. Materials and methods: The study is a hospital- based , non- interventional, cross-sectional study. The ocular disorders are evaluated in 500 consecutive diabetic patients attending ophthalmology out patient department of Kanyakumari medical college hospital. Estimation of visual acuity, slit lamp examination, intraocular pressure, retinoscopy & fundus examination, visual field analysis , gonioscopy are done to detail the defective vision. Result analysis Data is analysed using SPSS. The common manifestations are cataract- 346 (69%), diabetic retinopathy- 94 patients (18.8%), glaucoma– 34 (6.8%). Patients with cataract are well managed by cataract extraction techniques. Prime importance is to create awareness and also diagnose the early changes of retinopathy and glaucoma.Treatment of glaucoma if instituted early will go a long way in preventing avoidable blindness Therefore periodic visual screening along with control of hyperglycemia and associated risk factors is needed to ensure good quality of vision.
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy (DR), a complication of diabetes that can lead to blindness. It defines DR and outlines its prevalence, risk factors, signs and symptoms, pathogenesis, grading scales, screening recommendations, treatment approaches, and criteria for referral. DR affects the small blood vessels in the retina and ranges from mild non-proliferative DR to more severe proliferative DR. Screening is crucial and treatment depends on the stage, with options like laser therapy and intraocular injections.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/RvdYsTzgQq8
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/ECILGWtgZko
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Congestive Heart failure is caused by low cardiac output and high sympathetic discharge. Diuretics reduce preload, ACE inhibitors lower afterload, beta blockers reduce sympathetic activity, and digitalis has inotropic effects. Newer medications target vasodilation and myosin activation to improve heart efficiency while lowering energy requirements. Combination therapy, following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status, is the most effective strategy to heart failure care.
Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness that can develop in people with diabetes. It occurs when high blood sugar levels damage the blood vessels in the retina. Early stages may be asymptomatic, but later stages can cause vision loss. Risk factors include duration of diabetes and poor blood sugar control. Annual dilated eye exams and tight blood sugar management can prevent or delay vision loss from diabetic retinopathy. Treatment options depend on the stage but may include laser surgery or injections to stabilize severe vision loss.
Dr screening training for nurses 1-diabetic retinopathy screening programs,...Riyad Banayot
The document discusses diabetic retinopathy screening programs, principles, and processes. It describes the purpose of screening as detecting sight-threatening retinopathy early to improve treatment outcomes. An effective screening program involves call and recall procedures, digital photography, image grading, and managing patients according to screening results. Limitations include the risk of missed cases and false positives. The psychological impact on patients and importance of informed consent are also reviewed.
Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that affects the blood vessels in the retina. It has four stages from mild nonproliferative retinopathy to proliferative retinopathy. Symptoms include blurred vision and gradual vision loss. Tight control of blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol is important for prevention, as is not smoking and regular eye exams by an eye doctor skilled in treating diabetic retinopathy. Exams should be yearly or every 2-3 years depending on risk level.
This document discusses the indirect impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns on chronic ocular diseases. It found that lockdowns led to 134 (69.4%) glaucoma patients missing medications for over 2 weeks, visual acuity and IOP changes in glaucoma patients, and delays in treatment for age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and other conditions, potentially leading to increased blindness. Virtual clinics and artificial intelligence are proposed as potential solutions to help maintain care during future pandemics or lockdowns.
The document discusses diabetic retinopathy in India and globally. Some key points:
- Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness and its prevalence is increasing worldwide, including in India which has a large diabetic population.
- India is projected to have the largest number of diabetics in the world by 2030, increasing the burden of diabetic retinopathy.
- Screening efforts and awareness of retinopathy need to be increased in India to detect and treat cases early.
- Managing risk factors like blood sugar, blood pressure, and lipids through coordinated care between eye doctors and diabetic doctors can help prevent vision loss from retinopathy.
Rudra Narayan Chowdhury presented a document summarizing blindness and related national programs in India. The document defined blindness according to WHO criteria and discussed the magnitude of visual impairment worldwide and in India. It identified the major causes of blindness as cataract, glaucoma, and uncorrected refractive errors globally and cataract as the leading cause in India. The national program for control of blindness was launched in 1976 with the goal of reducing blindness prevalence, and Vision 2020 is a global initiative to reduce avoidable blindness by 2020.
Global Medical Cures™ | DIABETES & EYE DISEASE
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
285 milion people around the world are blind or visually impaired.
About 80% of these cases are avoidable.
Poorer population are more affected.
90% of these patients lives in developing countries.
Global Medical Cures™ | Diabetic Retinopathy
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
This document discusses ocular hypertension and glaucoma. It defines glaucoma as a group of diseases involving optic nerve damage. It notes that ocular hypertension affects 4-10% of people over 40, and lists risk factors for developing glaucoma such as central corneal thickness under 555 microns. The OHTS study found that treated patients had a 1% risk per year of developing glaucoma compared to 2% for untreated patients. For treatment decisions, risks and benefits are weighed based on factors like life expectancy and tolerance. Laser trabeculoplasty may help lower pressure for some. The case study describes an unreliable 55-year-old female with risk factors like family history and lower corneal thickness who is being
People with diabetes have an increased risk of eye complications from high blood glucose levels, including retinopathy, macular edema, and cataracts. These complications can lead to vision loss if left untreated, but regular eye exams and early treatment can prevent vision loss in 98% of cases. Early detection and treatment of complications is important to preserve vision, as treatment can usually prevent further deterioration even if vision loss has already occurred.
Global Medical Cures™ | DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
Diabetes and eye care and the benefits of working together as a team to deliver this care. Presentation given at Midwestern University Arizona School of Optometry in 2015.
This document provides information on eye disorders, specifically cataracts and glaucoma. It defines cataracts as a lens opacity and discusses causes, types, symptoms, and treatment including medication and surgery. For glaucoma, it describes the condition as optic nerve damage related to intraocular pressure, lists types, discusses evaluation and treatment with medication, laser procedures, and nursing care post-surgery. The document aims to educate on these common age-related eye conditions.
REFRACTIVE ERROR AND LOW VISION AS PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUESMarion Kemboi
This document discusses refractive error as a major public health issue and cause of blindness and visual impairment globally. It notes that the WHO did not previously consider uncorrected refractive error an important cause, but studies showed it accounts for up to 25% of blindness and over 50% of visual impairment. Refractive error was added to the priority list of preventable blindness causes in 1999. The document outlines definitions and prevalence estimates of refractive error conditions. It emphasizes the need for affordable, accessible refractive services and discusses challenges and strategies to address uncorrected refractive error as a public health problem.
1. Approximately 285 million people worldwide have visual impairments, with 246 million having low vision and 39 million being blind.
2. The leading causes of blindness are cataract (62%), refractive error (19.7%), and glaucoma (5.8%).
3. In India, there are 7.8 million blind people and 45 million with low vision, accounting for 20% of the world's blind population.
4. The National Programme for Control of Blindness was launched in 1976 with the goal of reducing blindness prevalence from 1.4% to 0.3% by 2020 through strengthening eye care services, training human resources, and increasing public awareness.
Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that affects the small blood vessels in the retina. It is the leading cause of blindness in working age adults. Strict control of blood sugar and blood pressure can help prevent and slow the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Annual eye exams are important for early detection and treatment if needed to prevent vision loss. As diabetic retinopathy progresses, it is classified into mild, moderate, and severe non-proliferative stages and proliferative stage. Treatments include laser therapy and anti-VEGF injections to prevent further vision loss.
Incidence of Glaucoma & Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Diabetes Mellit...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Vision is a means of communication of man with the external world. The impact of visual loss due to various ocular morbidities has profound implications for the person affected and the society as a whole. Diabetes has become one of the world’s most important public health problems & WHO indicate that 19% of world’s diabetic population lives in India. Diabetes related microvascular complications cause visual disability even in younger age group individuals. Aim: To estimate the magnitude of Glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients in our institution. To create awareness about avoidable blindness in diabetic patients.To enlighten and thereby motivate the patient for further evaluation and follow up. Materials and methods: The study is a hospital- based , non- interventional, cross-sectional study. The ocular disorders are evaluated in 500 consecutive diabetic patients attending ophthalmology out patient department of Kanyakumari medical college hospital. Estimation of visual acuity, slit lamp examination, intraocular pressure, retinoscopy & fundus examination, visual field analysis , gonioscopy are done to detail the defective vision. Result analysis Data is analysed using SPSS. The common manifestations are cataract- 346 (69%), diabetic retinopathy- 94 patients (18.8%), glaucoma– 34 (6.8%). Patients with cataract are well managed by cataract extraction techniques. Prime importance is to create awareness and also diagnose the early changes of retinopathy and glaucoma.Treatment of glaucoma if instituted early will go a long way in preventing avoidable blindness Therefore periodic visual screening along with control of hyperglycemia and associated risk factors is needed to ensure good quality of vision.
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy (DR), a complication of diabetes that can lead to blindness. It defines DR and outlines its prevalence, risk factors, signs and symptoms, pathogenesis, grading scales, screening recommendations, treatment approaches, and criteria for referral. DR affects the small blood vessels in the retina and ranges from mild non-proliferative DR to more severe proliferative DR. Screening is crucial and treatment depends on the stage, with options like laser therapy and intraocular injections.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/RvdYsTzgQq8
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/ECILGWtgZko
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Congestive Heart failure is caused by low cardiac output and high sympathetic discharge. Diuretics reduce preload, ACE inhibitors lower afterload, beta blockers reduce sympathetic activity, and digitalis has inotropic effects. Newer medications target vasodilation and myosin activation to improve heart efficiency while lowering energy requirements. Combination therapy, following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status, is the most effective strategy to heart failure care.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
This presentation gives information on the pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes i.e. Eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling.
Pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes
Diabetes_Eye_Health_Guide.pptx
1.
2. Prevalence of Diabetes in Adults (20-79 years), 2015
415 million adults with diabetes worldwide, or 1 in 11 adults
3. • 35.8% of cases are undiagnosed in high-income countries,
50% in low / middle income countries.
• 87-91% of cases are type 2 diabetes
• Type 2 diabetes factors: Lifestyle, culture, industrialisation,
urbanisation, availability & affordability of processed foods,
genetics.
4.
5. Impacts of Vision Loss on the Poor
• Less access to health support
services
• Loss of earning capacity
• Loss of dependence and dignity
• Need for greater social support
• Women and girls suffer most
6. Work:
going to work, continued
employment in current job
Daily necessities:
preparing meals, shopping,
recognizing faces
Fear of total blindness,
feeling isolated and
helpless, depression
Forced to rely on
caregivers, guilt
More difficult to
care for self,
increased risk of
injury due to falls
IMPACT OF
VISION LOSS
Mitchell J, Bradley C. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2006
Wysong A et al. Arch Ophthalmol 2009
Effects of Vision Loss on a Person
Work &
social
Integration
Physical
well-being
Psychological
well-being
Lost
independence
7. Health Related Quality of Life
Complication Mean
Mild stroke 0.70
Diabetic neuropathy 0.66
Angina 0.64
Diabetic nephropathy 0.64
Amputation 0.55
Diabetic retinopathy 0.53
Blindness 0.38
End-stage renal disease 0.35
Major stroke 0.31
Huang S et al. Diabetes Care 2007 0 = death, 1 = life in perfect health
8.
9. Diabetes Eye Health
• Produced by The Fred
Hollows Foundation and
the International Diabetes
Federation
• Co-written by a working
group of professionals
from the diabetes and
eye health sectors
• A practical Guide for
health professionals
10. Builds on Existing Diabetic Retinopathy Guidelines
• Existing DR Guidelines available
for eye health professionals
• Audience for the Guide
are those at the frontline caring
for people with diabetes
• Guide highlights right time and
right place for eye health interventions
provided by a range of healthcare professionals
11.
12. Timing of Eye Screening
Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes Gestational Diabetes
Initial Five years
after diagnosis
of diabetes
As soon as possible
after diagnosis
of diabetes
As soon as possible
after diagnosis
of diabetes
Ongoing Every one
to two years
Every one
to two years
If diabetes resolves
after pregnancy,
no further
screening needed
13. Screening and photo grading services, Indonesia. Photo: Dwi Ananta, HKI. CC BY-NC 2.0 CEHJ
Eye Examination
• Ideally all people with
diabetes should have at
least an initial
comprehensive eye
examination by an eye care
professional
• If this is not possible, then
eye screening should be
performed consisting of
visual acuity test and
retinal examination
15. Normal retina Diabetic retinopathy
Macula
Fovea
Optic
Disc
Retinal
Arterioles
Central
Retinal Vein
Central
Retinal Artery
Retinal
Venules
Macula
Aneurysm
Hard
Exudates
Hard
Exudates
Haemorrhages
Abnormal
growth of
blood
vessels
“Cotton wool”
spots
Venous
beading
Haemorrhages “Cotton wool”
spots
Optic Disc
Normal retina Severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
with severe diabetic macular edema
Source: Singapore Eye Research Institute
16. Grading of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR)
No apparent DR No abnormalities
Mild non-proliferative DR • Microaneurysms only
Moderate non-proliferative DR • More than just microaneurysms,
less than severe non-proliferative DR
• No signs of proliferative DR
Severe non-proliferative DR Any:
• Intraretinal haemorrhages
• Venous beading
• Intra-retinal microvascular abnormalities
Proliferative DR Any:
• Intraretinal haemorrhages
• Venous beading
• Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities
One or more:
• Neovascularisation
• Vitreous/pre-retinal haemorrhage
17. Examination of the eye. Mozambique. Photo: Riccardo Gangale/Sightsavers. CC BY-NC 2.0 CEHJ
Referral Criteria
No problems detected
= REGULAR SCREENING
DR detected
= REFERRAL
18. Ophthalmic Assessment of Diabetic Eye Disease
• Record of medical history
• Assessment of visual acuity
• Slit-lamp biomicroscopy
• Measurement of intraocular pressure
• Gonioscopy (in certain cases)
• Fundus examination
19. Treatment Options
• Laser photocoagulation
• Intravitreal anti VEGF
• Intravitreal steroids
• Vitrectomy
Ophthalmic staff preparing to see patients, Ethiopia. Photo: Lance Bellers/Sight Savers. CC BY-NC 2.0 CEHJ
20. Post Treatment Support
• Discuss clinical findings using patient’s own
retinal images
• Communicate eye exam results to other
health professionals
• Provide education and support on controlling
blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipid levels
21. Managing Diabetes
• Social support
• Nutritional support
• Medication
• Medical examinations and
treatment
22. Managing Diabetes to Manage Eye Health
• Communicate need for ongoing eye screening
• Encourage lifestyle modification
• Develop individual plans
• Provide support for ongoing self-management
• Ensure regular contact with health professionals
• Ensure access to education programmes,
including education on eye health
The world is facing an unprecedented epidemic of diabetes. The IDF estimates that in 2015, there are 415 million adults with diabetes worldwide, or 1 in 11 adults, which is a world prevalence of 8.8% of the world’s population who are living with diabetes.
North America and the Caribbean is the region with the highest prevalence rate of diabetes with 11.5% or 44 million people estimated to have diabetes. This is followed by the Middle East and North Africa region which has a prevalence rate of 10.7%, or 35 million people with diabetes. Next is the South East Asia region with 9.1% and 78 million people with diabetes. Western Pacific is the region with highest number of people living with diabetes (153 million), however its prevalence is 8.8%, the same as the prevalence of the World. South and Central America has 9.6% or 30 million people with diabetes. Europe has 58 million people or 7.3% with diabetes. Africa is the region with the lowest prevalence of diabetes at 3.8%, or 14 million people.
By 2040, it is projected that there will be 642 million people, or 1 in 10 adults, with diabetes. The biggest increase is projected to occur in the Middle East and Africa region, where it is expected that the number of people with diabetes will more than double from 35.4 million in 2015, to 72.1 million in 2040.
Reference:
IDF Atlas 7th Edition, 2015
http://healthintelligence.drupalgardens.com/content/prevalence-diabetes-world-2013
Prevalence of diabetes is increasing globally, however, low and middle income countries shoulder the greatest burden of disease, where 75% of people with diabetes live. 46.5% of adults with diabetes are undiagnosed and that number is higher is developing countries. Many low and middle income countries are experiencing an epidemiological transition that is characterised by a rapid increase in chronic disease such as diabetes, outnumbering prevalence of communicable diseases such as AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. Health systems struggle to adapt as rapidly as the chronic disease burden grows. IDF estimates that in 2015, 5 million people died from causes associated with having diabetes. That is more than all the deaths from malaria, tuberculosis and HIV combined.
Type 2 diabetes accounts for over 90% of all cases of diabetes. The increase in type 2 diabetes in low and middle income countries is associated with changes in lifestyle, culture, industrialisation, urbanisation, an increase in the availability and affordability of processed foods, increasing obesity, physical inactivity and genetic factors associated with some indigenous populations.
Diabetes will increasingly impact those people living in economically developing countries as it imposes high human, social and economic costs. In future, the most significant growth in diabetes prevalence will occur in low and middle income countries. This poses a significant risk for the health systems and economies of these countries as they will carry the majority of the disease burden for treating diabetes and its complications. This has the potential to cripple health budgets and already overwhelmed health systems.
Diabetes is a major threat to global development, however, it has remained largely as a sleeper issue for public health and development, particularly in developing countries. This is why The Fred Hollows Foundation and the IDF have come together to tackle one of the serious complications of diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, with a focus of DR in low and middle income countries.
Reference:
IDF Atlas 7th Edition, 2015
As diabetes becomes more prevalent so do associated complications such as diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy can cause irreversible vision loss. Of the 415 million people worldwide with diabetes in 2015, over one third will develop some form of diabetic retinopathy in their lifetime and a third of those will have impaired vision as a result. More than 93 million people currently suffer some sort of eye damage from diabetes. While advanced DR can lead to blindness, the early stages are entirely asymptomatic.
DR is currently the leading cause of vision loss in working-age adults. This has significant social and economic impacts for low and middle income countries as the impacts of blindness are greatest felt by the poor, their families and communities.
33% of those with diabetes will develop DR.
33% of those with DR will have impaired vision.
DR is the leading cause of vision loss in working-age adults.
This has significant impacts for low and middle income countries.
Reference:
IDF Atlas 7th Edition, 2015
IDF Atlas 6th Edition, 2013
In low and middle income countries, poor health and health-related expenses can be a catalyst for lifelong impoverishment. When health care is needed but delayed or not obtained, it may result in worse health outcomes and increased health care costs. People in low and middle income countries face a greater threat from complications than those in wealthier countries as they do not have access to adequate health support services.
Blindness caused by diabetes can cause a devastating financial and social burden of eye disease on the poor, including a loss of earning capacity for those who become blind. As I previously mentioned, DR is currently the leading cause of vision loss in working-age adults, meaning people experience DR in the prime of their wage earning years. There are few government social services in low and middle income countries to support those unable to work due to blindness, therefore options of supplementing income are limited. This has flow on affects for the families of those who become blind as they are forced to survive on reduced income, whilst providing additional support to a blind family member.
And we all know that women and girls suffer the most from all the problems I just highlighted. They are the most vulnerable group taking the toll of all the hardships. It is true that you are more likely to be blind if you are uneducated or female. This is reflected in statistics on women and blindness globally. 60% of the worlds 32 million blind people are women. 90% of those blind women are living in poverty. Girls with visual impairment are less likely to attend school than boys and the burden of caring for a blind relative, as with most disabilities, almost inevitably falls on women…often young women who sacrifice schooling in order to provide that care.
Not only blindness, but any degree of moderate to severe visual loss due to any cause, affects the quality of life of people in a multitude of ways; including their psychological and physical well-being, their work and social integration and independence.
Blindness robs people of their independence and dignity and increases the need for greater social support and often this is in countries and localities where few options for specialised support for people with blindness exist.
In addition, blindness is perceived as one of the most feared complications of diabetes.
Reference:
Mitchell J, Bradley C. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2006
Wysong A et al. Arch Ophthalmol 2009
A study in 2007 was designed to understand, how people with diabetes weigh the quality of life associated with complications and treatments. Interviews with a multiethnic sample of 701 adults with diabetes were conducted. A 0–1 utility score scale was used, where 0 represents death, and 1 represents life in perfect health. Participants were asked to quantify what they think their quality of life would be in a perfect health state, compared to a health state affected by different complications and treatments associated with diabetes. The lower the score (closer to ‘0’) respondents gave, represents the perception of a lower quality of life.
Patients were given a description of a hypothetical health state, for example, life with diabetic retinopathy, and asked to consider life in that state. Patients were asked to give their preference for 10 years in the health state of interest and a shorter period of time in perfect health. For example 6 years of life in perfect health = 10 years with an amputation, therefore the utility score was 0.6.
On average, patients rated the quality of life with complications, especially end-stage complications, as very low. For example, health states following a major stroke, 0.31 and end-stage renal disease, 0.35, were perceived as a low quality life as they received low scores towards 0. Following this was blindness, with a score of 0.38, making it the health state with the perceived third lowest quality of life of diabetes complications. Patients rated complications of angina, diabetic neuropathy, and mild kidney disease similarly, while ratings for diabetic retinopathy were equivalent to amputation ratings. This indicates that blindness and diabetic retinopathy have an enormous impact upon people’s perception of their quality of life, particularly blindness.
Reference: Huang S et al. Diabetes Care 2007, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2288662/
The worldwide rise of diabetes, and its complications, means there is an increasing need for health professionals to consider the possibility of diabetic eye disease even before the symptoms begin to show.
diabetic retinopathy may be asymptomatic until an advanced stage and then it is often too late for effective treatment, therefore it is imperative to support people in managing their diabetes and to have regular eye examinations.
People with diabetes need to be supported to play an active role in managing their diabetes. By improving their blood glucose and blood pressure control a person with diabetes can slow down the progression of diabetic retinopathy.
Most people with diabetic retinopathy do not have to go blind, however for early detection and treatment to be successful, regular screening for diabetic retinopathy must be integrated into their diabetes care, where timely detection, management and referral of diabetic retinopathy are facilitated.
The Fred Hollows Foundation in partnership with the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), has put together a publication called, Diabetes Eye Health: A Guide for Health Professionals.
The Guide is co-written by a working group of experts from the diabetes and eye health care sectors.
Diabetes Eye Health: A Guide for Health Professionals is the first document of its kind on diabetes eye health written for health practitioners at the front line of diabetes management. The purpose of the Guide is to highlight the rising prevalence of diabetic-related eye disease, particularly diabetic retinopathy, and outline the actions they can take to address it. By providing information about eye disease as a potential complication of diabetes, the Guide aims to encourage and facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of diabetic eye disease, in particular diabetic retinopathy, as well as to improve care for people with diabetes through encouraging integration and cooperation across the health system.
This is a ‘Guide’ rather than ‘clinical guidelines’, offering practical evidence based advice to health care professionals on how include eye health in their ongoing management of people with diabetes.
The primary audience for the Guide is the broad suite of health professionals and care givers who care for people with diabetes, including primary health practitioners, general practitioners, endocrinologists, ophthalmologists and other eye care practitioners, nurses, diabetes educators and first contact health providers. Different health professionals play an important role in managing diabetes, screening for eye conditions and supporting patients to manage their own health conditions. Management of diabetes and diabetic eye care requires integration across the health care system.
Eye care practitioners including ophthalmologists and optometrists, have a role in identifying eye disease and managing people with diabetic retinopathy. In addition, Health professionals at the point of diabetes care provide an important opportunity to help to identify diabetes-related eye disease. Many people with diabetes, and health professionals who care for them, are not aware of the critical need to undergo regular eye screening. These screening examinations should be done annually or at least every two years. Therefore these health professionals, in many instances primary health practitioners may have the best opportunity to identify those at risk and provide or facilitate regular screening. They can also initiate discussion of patient concerns, particularly a common fear of permanent loss of vision.
Low resource settings, such as developing countries, generally have more limited resources comparative to more developed countries. In particular, access to more specialised eye health expertise may be limited. Therefore it is important to consider how to make best use of these resources or alternatives. Even in developed countries, rural areas may be underserviced by specialists, therefore rethinking how different healthcare professionals can be utilised in areas with different resource settings is essential.
The following slides provide a broad overview of the Key Messages of the Guide
It is important that all people with diabetes are routinely screened for diabetic retinopathy in order to prevent progression and development of diabetes-related loss of vision.
Regular eye examinations are the only way to determine the extent of diabetic retinopathy: the patient may not yet be experiencing any vision loss as the early stages of retinopathy are asymptomatic.
This table outlines the timings of when people with diabetes should have regular eye examinations. Essentially, people with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes should have regular eye screenings every one to two years.
Duration of diabetes is a major risk factor associated with the development of diabetic retinopathy.
Ideally screening methods should be identical in different resource settings and the same sequence should be followed in both low-resource and resource-rich settings. As a minimum, managing eye health in people with diabetes should include:
Medical history
Comprehensive eye examination which includes:
A visual acuity test
A retinal examination adequate for diabetic retinopathy classification which would generally involve each retina being closely inspected for signs of diabetic eye disease using one of the following methods (which is detailed on the next slide).
These retinal photos show the differences between a normal retina, and a retina with severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy with severe diabetic macular edema.
Approximately one third of people with diabetes will have diabetic retinopathy and approximately one third of those will have a form of diabetic retinopathy that threatens their vision and requires treatment. These photos demonstrate that timely referral is crucial to ensure early intervention.
Not shown:
Microaneurysms, new blood vessels, intraretinal microvascular abnormalities, vitreous haemorrhage
The stages of diabetic retinopathy are classified in this table using the International Classification of DR Scale.
The retinal examination will indicate the most appropriate course of management.
If no eye problems are detected then regular visual acuity testing and retinal examination are recommended. If necessary, additional ophthalmological investigations are recommended if there is uncertainty regarding the diagnosis or difficulty conducting an eye screening.
If diabetic retinopathy has been detected, referral to an ophthalmologist for timely treatment is required.
Once the person with diabetes has been referred to a specialist, they should undergo a complete ophthalmic examination including:
A record of medical history
An assessment of visual acuity
Slit-lamp biomicroscopy
Measurement of intraocular pressures
A gonioscopy (when neovascularisation of the iris is seen or in eyes with glaucoma suspect)
A fundus examination to assess diabetic retinopathy and DME using: slit-lamp biomicroscopy with dilated pupils or mydriatic retinal photography or non-mydriatic retinal photography with dilated pupil
Additionally, fluorescein angiography can be used to investigate unexplained decreased vision, identify capillary leakage, and as a guide for treating DME but is not needed to diagnose diabetic retinopathy or DME. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is the most sensitive method to identify the sites and severity of DME and to follow-up.
Timely treatment with laser photocoagulation and/or the use of anti VEGF treatments (intravitreal administration of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors) or steroid treatments can prevent vision loss, stabilise vision, and in some cases even improve vision if performed early, particularly for DME.
In more advanced cases of diabetic retinopathy like with associated vitreous haemorrhage and other , vitrectomy may need to be performed. This is a surgical procedure to remove the blood filled vitreous and/or tractions in the back of the eye. A vitrectomy is performed under either local or general anaesthesia by a specialist ophthalmologist.
Following treatment there are several issues that need to be discussed with the person and their carers to ensure they understand the need for ongoing monitoring of their eye condition. These include:
Discuss clinical findings and implications, using a visual reference such as their own retinal images or photos. Use the images to reinforce the importance of both continued exams and of caring for their general health.
Communicate eye exam results to the other health professionals who are involved in the person’s care.
Continue to provide education and support on in controlling blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipid levels
Emphasise that treatment for diabetic eye disease is more effective with timely intervention and therefore the need for regular eye examinations
Refer for counselling, rehabilitation, or social services if available and appropriate.
Managing diabetes goes a long way to managing diabetic retinopathy. People whose diabetes is not well controlled are more likely to develop complications of the disease including retinopathy.
Diabetes management includes controlling blood pressure, blood glucose and lipid levels and this can be achieved by encouraging a healthy lifestyles and medication as required. Improved control can slow the progression of eye disease, especially when initiated soon after the diabetes is diagnosed.
Management of diabetes to reduce the risk of visual impairment, can be through four key strategies: social support, nutritional support, medication, and medical examinations and treatment—including a combination of all of these:
Social support
Peer-to-peer - Peer-to-peer group care sessions are found to improve health behaviour, quality of life and improve metabolic control.
Family support - Adding a family-based psychosocial support (where available), such as weekly meal planning, may help to improve diabetes management, especially for people with poorly controlled diabetes. Even among low-income households in low-resource settings, involving the family in meal planning can improve self-management of diabetes.
Healthy eating support
Good nutrition - Healthy eating and an improved understanding of the relationship between food and blood glucose levels can lead to improved metabolic control in people with diabetes.
Metabolic control - Overall improved glycaemic control can slow the progression of diabetic retinopathy, especially when initiated soon after the diagnosis of diabetes.
Medication
Medication such as anti-hypertensive and/or lipid-lowering drugs should be used to treat hypertension and dyslipidaemia, and when combined with lifestyle change, may slow the progression of diabetic retinopathy.
Medical examination and support
Early detection and regular check-ups - Diabetic retinopathy can permanently damage the retina and lead to blindness; however vision loss can be prevented by timely diagnosis of the early stages of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Therefore regular eye examinations are essential
Timely treatment - Timely treatment can prevent vision loss and even stabilise and improve vision for many people. The decision to undergo treatment should be made jointly by both the person with diabetes and the health professional.
Strategies used by health professionals to support people with diabetes include:
Clearly communicate to the person with diabetes the need for ongoing eye screening over their lifetime
Encourage lifestyle modification; give individually tailored diabetes-specific advice about physical activity and nutrition
Develop individual plans that suit each person’s needs and are appropriate to resources available
Provide support for ongoing self-management
Ensure regular contact with health professionals and supportive peers
Ensure access to education programmes, including education on eye health.
Achieving and maintaining health-protective changes in behaviour can be difficult. There are many obstacles to living a healthy lifestyle, especially in low resource settings where it is often difficult to access healthy food, clean drinking water and affordable medications. Strategies which are found to be effective are socially and culturally appropriate structured interventions such as supportive group education sessions, increased physical activity, healthful dietary habits, and improved understanding of the relationship between food and blood glucose levels, which can enhance metabolic control.
With the rapidly growing number of people developing diabetic retinopathy, the Guide is highly relevant for all health professionals caring for people with diabetes.
The Guide is available for download on the IDF website – www.idf.org.
A Spanish language version of the Guide was launched January and is now also available on the same website.
Future versions of the Guide translated into French, Mandarin, Arabic and Russian will be released on the website in the coming months.
Managing diabetes goes a long way to managing diabetic retinopathy. People whose diabetes is not well controlled are more likely to develop complications of the disease including retinopathy.
Diabetes management includes controlling blood pressure, blood glucose and lipid levels and this can be achieved by encouraging a healthy lifestyles and medication as required. Improved control can slow the progression of eye disease, especially when initiated soon after the diabetes is diagnosed.
Management of diabetes to reduce the risk of visual impairment, can be through four key strategies: social support, nutritional support, medication, and medical examinations and treatment—including a combination of all of these:
Social support
Peer-to-peer - Peer-to-peer group care sessions are found to improve health behaviour, quality of life and improve metabolic control.
Family support - Adding a family-based psychosocial support (where available), such as weekly meal planning, may help to improve diabetes management, especially for people with poorly controlled diabetes. Even among low-income households in low-resource settings, involving the family in meal planning can improve self-management of diabetes.
Healthy eating support
Good nutrition - Healthy eating and an improved understanding of the relationship between food and blood glucose levels can lead to improved metabolic control in people with diabetes.
Metabolic control - Overall improved glycaemic control can slow the progression of diabetic retinopathy, especially when initiated soon after the diagnosis of diabetes.
Medication
Medication such as anti-hypertensive and/or lipid-lowering drugs should be used to treat hypertension and dyslipidaemia, and when combined with lifestyle change, may slow the progression of diabetic retinopathy.
Medical examination and support
Early detection and regular check-ups - Diabetic retinopathy can permanently damage the retina and lead to blindness; however vision loss can be prevented by timely diagnosis of the early stages of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Therefore regular eye examinations are essential
Timely treatment - Timely treatment can prevent vision loss and even stabilise and improve vision for many people. The decision to undergo treatment should be made jointly by both the person with diabetes and the health professional.