This document summarizes the development of education in India. It discusses early efforts by the British like establishing madrassas and Sanskrit colleges. It then covers the need for modern education due to missionaries, social reforms, and staffing the British administration. Key events include the 1813 Charter Act funding education, the 1835 Macaulay Minute favoring English education, and the 1854 Wood's Despatch establishing a system of primary, secondary, and university education using both English and local languages. Subsequent committees and commissions addressed issues like educational access, curriculum, and vocational training.

1. Development of Education
• Earlier Efforts of British :
– Calcutta Madrassa – Warren Hastings ( 1781)
– Sanskrit College in Benaras – Jonathan Duncan
– Fort William College set up by Wellesley
• Need for Modern Education
– Enthusiasm of Christian Missionaries to Promote Christanity
– Enlightened Indians thought that Western Education Could remove social evils
in our Society
– Regular supply of qualified Indians to British Administration at lower levels
• Charter Act of 1813 Sanctioned 1 lakh rupees annually for the Promotion of
Education in India
• Orientalist Anglicist Debate
• Lord Macaulay’s Minute (1835)
– Favoured the viewpoint of the Anglicists
– Teaching of Western Sciences and Literature through Medium of English
– Mass Education to be neglected
– Indians in blood and Colour but English in tastes, Opinions and Intellect
– Downward Filtration Theory

2. Continued…
• Woods Despatch (1854) : Magna Carta of English Education in India
– Downward Filtration theory to be given up
– Focus on Mass primary Education
– Vernacular Primary Schools , Anglo Vernacular High Schools and College at
District Level and Universities at Bombay, Madras and Calcutta
– English as Medium of Instruction for Higher studies and Vernaculars at School
level
– Stressed on Female and Vocational Education
• Agriculture Research Institute at Pusa (Bihar) and Engineering Institute at Roorkee
started
• Hunter Education Commission (1882- 83)
– Transfer of Control of Primary Education to district and muncipal Boards
– Secondary Education : 2 Divisions
• Literary – Leading to University
• Vocational – Leading to Employment

3. Continued…
• Rayleigh Commission (1904) on Universities
• Saddler University Commission (1919)
– School Course for 12 years
• Hartog Committee (1929)
– Emphasis on Primary Education
– Only Deserving students should go to University
– Average Students to be diverted to Vocational Courses after Class VIII
• Wardha Scheme of Education ( Zakir Hussain Committee in 1937)
– Learning through Activity
– Inclusion of basic handicraft in the Syllabus
– Teaching to be in Hindi upto Class VIII
– Free and Compulsory Primary Education
• Sergeant Plan of Education (1944)