Development of rural orissa

The Role of Agro Industries in the Development of Orissa

Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION

India is a country of villages whose total number is approximately
5.76 lakh. According to the 1981 Census, out of a total population 68.4
crores in the country, the rural population was 52.8 crores and the urban
population was 15.6 crores. The rural population therefore constitutes 77
percent of the total. The distribution of the population of a country among
the different occupations gives an indication of the stage of its economic
development. Occupation may be broadly divided into three categories,
viz, primary, secondary, and tertiary. The 'primary sector includes
activities like agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, fishery, mining and
the like. These are called primary because their products are essential for
human life.

Industries, large and small, come under the secondary sector.
Transport, communications, banking and finance, and other services are
placed under the tertiary sector.

Agriculture is the mainstay of Indian economy. About 64% of labour
force depends upon agriculture and it. Contributes approximately 26%of
gross domestic product. Agriculture contributes to 18 % of Indian exports.
The ninth five year plan gives emphasis on running the capabilities of
small peasants and promoting sustainable agricultural system for
promotion of agricultural production. Agriculture as the main occupation
of the people of Rural India. So, the Development of

S.C.S. (A) College, Puri Page 9

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is the nodal
organization of the DARE to develop agricultural technology input
material and the use to gain self-sufficiency.

Indian Agriculture is pegged, by nature’s vagaries, low level
productivity, vast disguised unemployment, poor techniques of
agricultural' production, etc. The significance of agriculture in India arises
from, the fact that the development in agriculture is an essential condition
for the development of rural economy and national economy as well.

AGRICULTURE AND ITS ORIGIN:

Agriculture as a planned, systematic approach to food acquisition
existed for at least 10,000 years. Evidence of the presence of wheat and
some legumes in the 6th millennium B.C., have been found in the Indus
valley. By 2500B.C.Rice was an important component of the staple diet in
Mohenjo-Daro near the Arabian Sea. By 3500 BCE Farming of Rice,
coconut trade and cotton growing and Textiles were quite advanced in the
valley.

With the growth of rapid Industrialization there had been
development in agricultural production. Green Revolution implies to
improve agricultural production within and maintaining a high level of
agricultural production over a long, period of time to improve
agricultural production.

Use of high yielding varieties of seeds, use of chemical fertilizers,
pesticides, use of improved technology, agricultural credit to farmers are
possible due to growth of Industrialization: Invest in agriculture in


irrigation facilities, tractors, ware houses etc. have been rising
continuously increasing the demand for industrial output and adding to
the nations capital stock.

AGRICULTURE IN INDIA:

India is an agricultural country. The backbone of Indian economy is
agriculture. India is one of the greatest growers of sugarcane, rice, cotton,
groundnuts, tea, jute, etc. India has her place in the production of these
materials. With the production of so many things, India is faced with
deficit in her food requirements. The methods of Indian Agriculture are
unscientific. So the need for agricultural improvement is imperative from
many points of view.

AGRICULTURE IN ORISSA:

Orissa contributes one-tenth of the rice production in India. Gram,
ragi, maize, are second ranking crops in different districts. Rice, oil seeds,
jute, coconut, turmeric are important crops in India, rice is also the most
dominant crop of Orissa and is concentrated in areas of Cuttack,
Sambalpur, Puri, Koraput. Oil seeds cultivation is concentrated in
Districts like Cuttack, Koraput, Kalahandi, Bolangir, Dhenkanal, etc. T like
Kerala, in Orissa coconut is primarily grown as a fruit crop. Oil seeds like
Sasameum, mustard, castor are the principal oil seeds grown in Orissa.

The unprogressive outlook of the Indian farmers is the greatest
hurdle III the way of, Improvement in agriculture. The barrier in adopting
the scientific methods of farming is the conservative, orthodox and


illiterate of the Indian Farmers. So there is a need for RURAL
INDUSTRIALIZATION.

RURAL INDUSTRIALISATION:

Rural industrialization refers to the setting up of a wide range of
agro-industries, light engineering Industries, and consumer goods
industries, organized on modern lines, in suitable rural growth centers for
fruitful utilization of local resources, natural and human. The rural
industries would form a part of the process of industrialization of the
country. But these industries are expected to realize certain objectives like
the following:

1) To provide maximum support to agriculture by way of supplying
its Inputs and industrial services;

2) The growth of agricultural production by providing a market

3) Manufacture a few selected articles for local consumption like soap
edible oils.

4) Provide facilities for processing of agricultural goods, supplying
spares for agricultural machinery and the likes;

5) Catering to towns and cities or even export markets in certain
selected goods manufactured by using local resources and skills;

6) Sub-contracting to urban enterprises

7) Tap local mineral or energy resources



REASONS FOR RURAL INDUSTRILISATION:

The necessity for rural industrialization arises out of the factors explained
below:

1. Industrialization of the rural areas becomes necessary for making
the anti-poverty programmes more effective and self-sustained. It is
the success of the anti-poverty programmes that "would make the
process of planned econ09mic development of the country more
meaningful. The anti-poverty programmes aim at approving the
conditions of living of nearly 37% of the total population from 1985
onwards.

2. One may approach the process of development on the basis of the
observed facts about economic activities in the rural and urban
areas.ral areas are found specializing in agriculture and industries
are generally found in urban areas. Therefore, it may be considered
reasonable to develop agriculture i9nrural areas and industries in
urban areas. But such a strategy of development suffers from two
shortcomings.

In the first place, it leads to uneven development, as agriculture has
a tendency to grow at a slower pace than industry. Secondly, as the
level of output per worker in the industrial sector is higher than in
agriculture, the gap in the income levels in the two sectors becomes
very large in course of time. In fact, it is this strategy of


development adopted in our country in the past that lies at the root
of the tragic contradictions in Indian planning.

3. Traditional agriculture is found' to be greatly dependent on the
industrial sector. The latter supplies some of the inputs of
agriculture and also provides the market for many kinds of
agricultural output. The wealth generate9 in rural areas, the food
grains grown there and the raw materials produced have gone into
urban areas where value added to them has been very great. But the
reverse flow of the value added to rural areas, either partly or
wholly, has not materialized. As a consequence, the relationship
between traditional agriculture and modern industry has become
exploitative. This should be stopped by a process of meaningful
rural industrialization, Agro-industrial centers and the
establishment of a large number of rural fabricating centers is likely
to put an end to this rural exploitation.

4. We have a huge mass of rural landless laborers who constitute over
one-third of the rural population. These people are helped only
when employment and wages rise in the agricultural sector. If such
opportunities don’t exist, they have to be provided with
employment avenues in sectors other than agriculture in the rural
areas. This gives an additional reason for rural industrialization.

With the growth and impact of Industrialization, there are many
large-scale, small scale industries and cottage industries have been
increasing on a large number to increase national income. Similarly
Agro-industries have contributed towards the gro.wth of rural


economy. These Agro industries are established in the rural areas as
well as urban areas for the improvement of agricultural
productivity.

AGRO-INDUSTRIES:

Agro-industries in a broad sense refer to those industries which use
agricultural raw materials for production and produce certain inputs that
farmers need for agricultural purposes.

The development of agro-industries in rural areas like food-
processing, dairy products, wood products, oil mills, rice mills should
form an important part of our future development strategy. These agro-
industries are based on the crops grown and output produced in the
agricultural e tor and should be located in rural areas close in rural areas
close to raw material sources. These industries are known to have strong
forward n backward Linkage effects.

The reasons for emphasizing agro-industries ill our future,
development energy may be explained.

1. There is very great scope for expansion of such industries like food,
tobacco, wood products and furniture, dairy products and paper. In
view of their high growth potentialities and forward and backward
linkage effects, development of such agro-based industries will
enable us to have faster growth of output, employment and
percapita income in a shorter period.


2. These industries are easier to set up and provide more Income and
employment per unit of capital investment. As such, they are very
much suitable for a country suffering from capital shortage.

3. Agro-industries produce consu.mer goods· whose demand
increases with the growth of employment and income. As a result,
these industries would help us to control the pressure of inflation.

4. These industries expand the demand for agricultural goods and raw
materials. This encourages agricultural production. Against the
background of increased demand, integrated development of
agriculture and industry would be possible.

5. Agro-industries will not only provide an incentive to farmers to
raise the productivity of agriculture but also help in modernization
of the rural e tor. There is the possibility of a change in attitudes and
greater enthusiasm to adopt improved methods of production.

6. One of the important shortcomings of our process of economic
development so far has been a high concentration of industrial
activity in a few cities and relative neglect of the rural areas. The
rural industrial sector has -remained relatively stagnant. The rural
areas have been insulted from the overall industrialization process
III the country. It is necessary to involve the rural masses in the
development process. This would be possible only through the
establishment of agro-industries in the rural areas.



TYPES OF AGRO-INDUSTRIES:

Agro- industries are mainly classified into four categories such as:

a. Agro-Produce processing unit’s viz., Rice mills, Flour mills, and oil
extracting units, sugar mills.

b. Agro-Produce manufacturing units viz, Bakery, Bread, and sugar.

c. Agro-Inputs manufacturing units viz, fertilizers and pesticides, etc.-

d. Agro-Service centers.

ROLE OF AGRO-INDUSTRIES IN DEVELOPMENT
OF A NATION:
Agro- industries play a vital role in the economic development of a
country. More particularly its role in the rural development is significant
because of the importance of agriculture in the rural economy. Agro-
industries help to improve the state income and lead to an equitable,
distribution, of the same among different sectors, and regions in the
economy. Furthermore, they help to promote decentralization of
development in the economy; these industries generate employment
opportunities on a large scale and contribute significantly the process of
self-sustained growth. The economic prosperity of a developing economy


depends on the forward and backward linkages of development process.
Agro-industries lead to the creation of these linkages on a large scale by
maximizing complementarities of agriculture and industry.

As improvement in agricultural productivity depends largely on a
variety of inputs of Industrial origin including fertilizers, pesticides,
agricultural tools and implements. The role of agriculture in the
development of industry cannot be ignored.

Industries supply fertilizers, pesticides to the development of agriculture.
While agriculture intern supplies to the industries not only wage goods
but also raw materials.

ROLE OF AGRO-INDUSTRIES IN THE RURAL
ORISSA:
Orissa is endowed with vast agricultural resources that provide
wide scope for the development of agro-industries. Bhubaneswar, Puri,
Koraput, Sambalpur, Cuttack, etc. being agriculturally developed, offers
immense possibilities for the growth of agro-industries units which acts a
guide post to similarly situated districts and even to not so similarly
situated districts In respect of several parameters of agro-industrial
development.

AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES:

Amongst the agro-based industries, the jute mill at Dhanmandal in
Gajpur district is the most important. Raw jute is being supplied from the
jute growing belt or the Mahanadi-Brahmaili delta.



COTTON TEXTILE:

A textile mill was established at Chaudwar 111 1949 with a capacity
of .50,000 spindles and 864 looms. This mill is market based. It gets its
supplies or raw cotton from the cotton belt located in the Western
Peninsula. Six cotton spinning mills are also operating at Jharsuguda,
Bargarh, Khorda, Tistol, Athyarh, Tara and Govindapur mostly in the
cooperative sector. Other small weaving and spinning mills are operating
at Sambalpur, Baripada-

SERICULTURE:

Sericulture is an agro - based industry having very high potential in
rural Orissa. Sericulture is high employment oriented, requires low
investment and brings high return. It has a low gestation period, can help
earn a lot of being exchange can dis non -polluting. Orissa is second to
Bihar in the manufacture of Tassar with a production of about 10 tonnes
per annum. This variety of silk is mostly manufactured in old maturbhanj,
sundergarh. Kendhujhar, Sambalpur and Koraput district. The Tassar
worms thrive mostly on the shorea robusta (sal), Terminelia Arjuna and
Terminalia Tomentosa. All these tress are found in abundance in the
forestry of Orissa. Sericulture which stared in Orissa 1926 in Cuttack, Puri
and Ganjam districts gradually spread to-·sundergarh, phulabani and
Koraput districts. Mulberry silk is much less important compared to
Tassar and Eri in Orissa. Since1981, the Bivoltive Sericulture Development
project has been taken up by the state Government. It covers areas' in R.


Uuayagiri and Mohana blocks and in old Koraput, Ganjan, phulabani,
Kalahandi, Cuttack, Puri, Sambalpur and Kendujhar districts.

SUGAR MILLS:

A sugar mill was started in Orissa on the eve of the Second World
War, at Aska. All sugar factories are raw material oriented. The sugar
factory at Aska is the oldest in the state. At the end of the seventh plan,
three sugar factories were operational at Aska, Bargarh and Rayagada.
Two more factories are being set up at Nayagarh, in Nayagarh districts
and Badamba "'in Cuttack. Besides, some other Sugar mills were started at
Dharmagarh in old Kalahandi district, Haripur in Dhenkanal district,
abarangapur in Nabarangpur district, Deogaon in Balangir district and
nandapur in Kendujhar district.

RICE MILL:

Rice mill are an important agro-based industry in Orissa. They
cluster variably around the railheads of old Baleshwar, Cuttack and
Sambalpur districts. Besides, a large number of rice hullers are operating
in rural collecting centers all over Orissa.



Chapter-2
REVIEW OF- LITERATURE

The term of review of related literature basically constitutes two
words namely, review and literature. Ordinarily by review we mean to go
back or to have a detailed view about the progress 'made during the
previous period about any phenomena whereas .literature means the
knowledge of particular area. From there search point of view, review of
related literature refers to reviewing the already published materials and
to discover and integrate new information which has never been reported
and never considered. The task of reviewing the related literature is not so
easy as it requires expertise knowledge and creative ability as the
researcher has to synthesize the available knowledge of the field in a
unique way in order to provide the rationale for his study.

According to W.R.Borg is," The Review of related is the literature in
any field forms the foundation upon. Which all future work will be built?

If we fail t.9 build the foundation of knowledge provided by the
review of literature our work is likely to be shallowed and naive and will
often duplicate work that has already been done better by same are else."

Fundamentally, it has two phases. The first phase includes
identification all the relevant published materials in the problem area by
the help of which the investigator develops fundamental ideas on the
basis of which to develop his/her own study. The second phase of review
of related literature involves writing, the foundation of ideas into a section


of research report. This section proves to be very much essential for the
researcher as well as the reader. For the researcher it provides the
background of the study and for the reader it provides the summary of
the thinking and research necessary for them to understand the study.
The related literatures can be reviewed from' different sources like books
and text book materials, periodicals, journals, abstracts, encyclopedia,
handbooks, yearbooks guides, references on international sociology,
dissertations and press and newspapers.

IMPORTANCE OF RELATED RESEARCH
STUDIES:

The importance of review of related literature can In no way be
undermined in any research activity because it solves a number of
purposes like firstly it provides theories, ideas, explanations or hypothesis
which may prove useful in the formation of new problem.

Secondly, it indicates whether the evidence already available solves
the problem adequately without requiring further investigation. Thirdly it
provides sources for formulating relevant hypothesis. Fourthly, it
recommends method, procedure, sources of data and statistical
techniques appropriate to the solution of problems. Fifthly it helps to have
comparative data and findings necessary in the interpretation and
discussion of results. Sixthly it helps to discover important variables to
determine the meanings, relevance of the study and relationship with this
and its deviation from the available study.


Further, Review of Related literature helps the researcher to assess
the work done in past and to put the hypothesis to be examined in the
research report in the proper context.

It is very important for any research activity because they are of the
early steps in planning a research work is to review research done
previously in the particular area of interest. 1t is also very essential on the
part of the investigator to be upto date in his information about the
literature related to his own problem already done by others. It enables
the investigator to avoid unnecessary replication of the previous study. It
helps the researcher by providing specific information required to
interpret the definitions, assumptions, limitations and hypothesis of
research.

A careful and detailed study of related research studies provides
clues concerning the research approach, method, ·instrumentation and
data analysis to the investigator.

Review of related research studies:

1. "Agro-Industries through mutual development of agriculture and
industry has a complementary character, growth of one being a ~
recondition and cause of the other (Misra and Misra: 1988)

2. Agro- industries are those industries which use agricultural raw
materials for production and produce certain inputs that farmers
need for agricultural purposes.' '(Kurukshetra, July 2001)


3. Agro-industries are widely used simply as a convenient
portmanteak of agriculture and industry, referring to the range of
activities and disciplines encompassed by modern food production.
(encyclopaedia)

4. Agro-industries are related to the production or provision of
materials needed by both agriculture and indus.try: (Encarta
dictionary)

5. Agro-industries have the large scale production, processing and·
packaging of food using modern equipment and methods
(Dictionary)

6. The amount appears to be small, yet it indicates the linkage the agro
industries seek to establish In the agriculture for growth. (Venkaiah:
1992)

7. In the scheme of agro-industries development more emphasis be
given for the establishment of agro-input manufacturing industrial
units. (Sharma: 1992)

8. Agro-industries have a great impact on rural economy and
development of agro-industries is the advancement of rural
economy." (Venkaiah, v.1987)

9. "Agro- industries expand the demand for agricultural goods and
raw materials. This encourages agricultural production. Against the
background of increased demand, integrated development of


agriculture and industry would be possible. This would create the
background for large- scale industrial development."

10."One of the important shortcomings of our process of economic
development so far has been a high concentration of industrial
activity in a few cities and relative neglect of the rural areas. The
rural industrial sector has remained relatively stagnant. The rural
areas have been insulted from the overall industrialization process
in the country. Hence a majority of the population living in the rural
areas have not been touched by the process of modernization. It is
necessary to involve the rural masses in the development process.
This would be possible only through the establishment of agro-
Industries in the rural areas. ( K. M. Patnaik,19,86)



Chapter-3
METHODOLOGY

Methodology is the procedure of research techniques. It is the logic
of scientific investigation. It is not a research model employed in a
particular project but is a technique which entails theoretical principles as
well as a framework that provides guidelines about how research is done
in the context of a particular paradigram. It translates the principles of a
paradiagram into research language and shows how the society can be
explained and studied.

Literally methodology means the science of methods. It contains the
standards and principles employed to guide the choice, structure, process
and use of methods, as directed by the underlying paradiagram.
Methodology in sociology includes-

1. The analysis of the basic assumption of science in general and
sociology in particular.

2. The process of theory construction.

3. The interrelationship of theory and research.

4. The procedures of empirical investigation.

Thus, methodology IS not concerned with building knowledge but
deals with the procedures. Conceptual, logical and research-by which
knowledge is built. Methodology is determined not by the research model


but rather by the principles of research entitled in the paradiagram. The
methodology may either be qualitative or quantitative.

According to George.L.Lundberg" scientific method consists of systematic
observation, classification, and 'interpretation of data. The main difference
between our day- to- day generalization and conclusion usually
recognized as scientific method lies in the degree of formality;
rigorousness, verifiability and general validity of the latter.” Methodology
involves the formulation and application of research design. So,
methodology plays an important role in research undertakings.

It has been clearly pointed out by some sociologists that every
researcher has to follow certain methods systematically while and doing
and type of study or research following the principles the present
researcher has also followed some systematic principles. These are' as
follows:-

1. OBJECTIVES:

a. To study the role of agro-industries in Rural Orissa.

b. To study the socio-economic life of the workers of agro-industries.

c. To study the living conditions of the workers,

2. RESEARCH DESIGN:

Research Design is a preliminary step in every research activity.
Designing provides a picture for the whole research project before starting
the work. In brief, it is a blue print of proposed Research problem and it


includes an outline of what the researcher proposes to do. The purpose of
research may broadly grouped into four categories.

i. Explorative or formulative

ii. Descriptive

iii. Diagnostic

iv. experimental

Exploratory or formulate studies are those which aim at gaining
familiarizes with a phenomena or which Insights into the phenomena or
studies which deal with formulation of a more· precise Research problem.
The study which accurately portray the characteristics of a particular
situation or groups or individuals are descriptive studies, Diagnostic
studies determine the frequency with which something occurs with
something else, Experimental studies can aim at testing the hypothesis of
a casual relationship between variables.

Generally experimental and diagnostic are not used by the
researcher as it difficult to bring data by these methods, So the researcher
has used exploratory and descriptive method in this research. The
researcher has explored the condition of agro-industries workers. Then
includes the description of these people, their.. age, sex composition,
education and caste wise distribution, etc. The researcher has explained
also the socio-economic status, various problems of the workers,

3. UNIVERSE OF STUDY:


The total number of items or objects and the respondents which are
to be covered, known as universe of study. So it is desirable that the
universe should be manageable, taking into consideration available in the
or deals with 500 workers of a Rice Mill, baliguali, Puri-2

4. SAMPLING:

Sampling plays an important role in the selection of universe when a 11
group' .is selected as the representative of whole mass is called sampling
method. In this study the researcher has taken 20 respondents for study
from Baliguali Rice Mill.

5. TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES:

Data collection is of course very important but these are different
tools of data collection which need not only careful consideration but also
proper attention and planning.. The different technologies of data
collection; these are observation, questionnaire, interview schedule, etc.
The researcher has used interview schedules in their study as the main
technique. The term interview schedule is usually applied to a set of
questions, which are asked and filled in by the investigator in a face-to-
face contact with the respondent. The schedule used by the researcher
consists of a total of 25 questions having two sections. The first section
with the personal identification of the respondent having 11 questions
and the second consists of a total of 14 questions which reflects the
condition of Agro-Industrial worker.



6. VARIABLES TAKEN IN THIS RESEARCH:

Variables play a significant role in classifying the complex data.
Variables in this study have been conceptualized as those bring about
variations in the attitude, outlook and mentality of the attitude, outlook
and mentality of the respondents. Variables are of two types

1. Independent Variable

2. Dependent variable

The independent variables are those, which can be used
independently. The researcher has taken caste, age, religion., occupation,
etc as any force can change independent variables.

But dependent variables are those which are used with the help of
independent variables such as the life or the social background of the
slum dwellers

7. ANALYSIS OF DATA:

Research findings very much depend on the analyzing of data.
Analysis of data sums up the findings and answers questions for which
research was conducted. While analyzing some important points like
coding the categories, tabulation, use of statistical methods, etc. should be
taken into consideration. In this Research, the researcher has arranged the
data - he respondent on the basis of there. age, sex, occupation, education,
monthly income, level of development among the slum dwellers. As this
research contains in numerical form various measurements like


percentage, frequency distributions etc. have been used by the researcher
to compute the data for the sake of comparison.

8. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY:

It was very interesting to conduct the study on the Agro-industries,
on the part of the researcher. But to achieve something, you have to
struggle, so inspite of many obstacles the researcher was determined to
complete the research and to collect data from the agro-industrial
workers. As 20 workers are taken for study as a sample, so the
information is limited.

9. RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY:

This study takes note of the economic and living condition of the
workers of the Rice Mill, Baliguali, Puri-2. Though there are various types
of agro-industry in Orissa. But we study this Rice Mill, one type of agro-
industry and this study helps the researcher to study the workers’ living
condition, their problems and their economic condition.



Chapter- 4
SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE

In order to understand the very essence of the agro-industrial
workers, e has to study their socio-economic conditions in details. It is a
very crucial aspect in understanding their problems and needs. The
essential factors which give about the standard of living of the agro-
industrial workers ate like their age, sex, marital status, educational
status, monthly income, their spending.

In this Research project, the respondents/ agro- industrial workers
are of different age, sex. These should be analyzed in forms of their age
structure, sex-structure religion, caste, marital status, level of education,
size of household.

4.1 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON
THE BASIS OF AGE.

AGE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)
25-35 5 25
35-45 6 30
45-55 7 35
Above 55 3 15
Total 20 100


The above table 5.1 represents the frequency distribution of the
respondents on the basis of age-structure. This table shows that 5 out of 20
respondents(25%) falls within the age group of 25-35 years,6(30%) of the
total respondents fall in the age group of 35-45 years, 7(35%) of the total
respondents belong to the 45-55 age group. Thus majority of the
respondents comes under 45-55 years age group who are middle-aged.

4.2 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON THE
BASIS OF SEX.

SEX RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE (%)
Male 17 85
Female 3 15
Total 20 100

The above table shows that the frequency distribution of the respondent
on the basis of sex composition. 17(85%) of the total respondents are ale
and 3(15%) falls in the female category, So majority of the respondents
belongs to male category,

4.3 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION ON THE BASIS OF EDUCATION

LEVEL OF EDUCATION RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE (%)
No education 4 20
Primary school 11 55
Upto primary school 5 25
Total 20 100
On the basis of, we found that 4(20%) falls in the no education
category of the educational status. 11(55%) complete the primary
education and others 5(25%) up to primary level.


4.4 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION ON THE BASIS OF THEIR
MARTIAL STATUS.

MARITAL STATUS RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE (%)
Married 19 95
Un Married - -
Divorced 1 5
Widowed 0 0
Total 20 100

This table reveals that out of 20 respondents 19(95%)are married, no
one unmarried, l (5%) is divorced and no one is widowed categories from
this research, the researcher knows that majority of married persons work
in the rice mill.

4.5 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION ON THE BASIS OF THEIR SIZE OF
THE FAMILY

SIZE OF THE FAMILY RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)
Nuclear 5 20
Joint 15 75
Total 20 100


This table shows that out of 20 respondents 5(20%) belong to the
nuclear families and 15(75%) belong to the joint families.

4.6 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION ON THE BASIS OF CASTE

CASTE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)
Brahim 7 35
Kshatriya 11 55
Vaishya 1 5
Shudra 1 5
Total 20 100

Table shows that the caste affiliation of the industrial workers of Baliguali
Rice Mill. Castes have been classified into four categories like Brahmin,
Kshatriya, Vaishya and Sudra. It ·was observed that out of 20 respondents
7(35%)belong to Brahmin caste. 11(55%) of the total respondents are
Kshatriya, 1 (5%) of the total respondents are sudra. So majority of the
workers belong to Kshatriya caste.

4.7 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION ON THE BASIS OF RELIGION

RELIGION RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)
Hinduism 20 100
Islam 0 0
Christianity 0 0
Sikhism 0 0
Total 20 100
Table 5.7 shows that out of 20 respondents all the 20( 100%) belong to the
Hindu religion. So mostly the rice-mill workers come from the Hindu
religion in Puri.

4.8 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION ON THE BASIS OF LAND
OWNERSHIP OF THE RESPONDENTS.


LAND IN DECIMAL RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1-2 2 10
2-3 18 90
3-4 0 0
Total 20 100

The above 5.8 shows the out of 20 respondent 2(10%) have their own and
in between 1-2 decimal & the rest 18(90%) have their land from 2-3
decimal. No one has 3-4 decimal of land.

4.9 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION ON THE BASIS OF MONTHLY
INCOME OF THE RESPONDENTS:

MONTHLY INCOME RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Rs. 1000-1500 2 10
Rs. 1500-2000 - -
Rs. 2000-2500 18 90
Total 20 100

The above table shows that the out of 20 respondents 2( 10%) earn
Rs.1000-1500per month and the rest 18(90%) earn Rs. 2000-2500. No one
earn Rs.1500 -2000.

AN OVERVIEW:

From the socio-economic profile, the researcher came to know that
the largest percentage of the workers of the Rice mill belong to the middle
age group ('35 to 45).The male workers work more than the female
workers in the Rice lY1ili. Only the married persons work in the Rice Mill
and in terms of family background a large number of workers come from


joint families. In terms of religious background most of the Hindu work in
the Rice Mill. Many of the workers belong to the Kshyatriya caste. Most of
the workers have the 2-3 decimal land of their own. Most of the workers
earn Rs.2000-2500 per month.



Chapter-5
WORKING CONDITION

5.1 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON THE BASIS OF THEIR
SKILLNESS.

ANSWER RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Yes 18 90
No 2 10
Total 20 100

The above table shows the skillness of the workers of the Rice Mill.
It indicates that out of 20 respondents 18(90%) respondents are skilled in
their work, but the rest 2(10%) are freshers. In this research the researcher
found that on majority of workers are skilled in their work.

5.2 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON THE BASIS OF THE
TYPE OF WORKING CLASS THEY BELONG

Seasonal 2 10
Permanent 18 90
Total 20 100

The above table shows the working status of the workers. It
indicates that out of 20 respondents 18(90%) respondents are permanent
workers and 2(10%) are seasonal workers. In this research the researcher
found that on majority of the workers are permanent workers.

5.3 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON THE BASIS OF THEIR
WORKING HOUR.


The above table shows the working hour of the workers. It indicates
that out of 20 respondents 2( 10% ) respondents work for 4-6 hours and
3(15%) respondents work for 6-8 hours. 15(75%) work for upto 8 hours. In
this research the researcher found that on majority of the workers work
for upto 8 hours.

5.4 DISTIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON THE BASIS OF THEIR
WORKING EXPERIENCE:

1-2 years 2 10
2-4 years 8 40
4-6 years 10 50
Upto 6 years - -
Total 20 100

The above table shows the working experience of the workers. It
indicates that out of 20 respondents 2( 10%) respondents work for 1-2
years and 8(40%) respondents work for 2-4 years. 10 (50%) work for 4-6
years. In this research the researcher found that on majority of the
workers work for 4-6 years. No respondents work for up to 6 years.

OVER TIME WORK:

ANSWER REPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Yes 18 90
No 2 10
Total 20 100



The above table shows the overtime work of the workers. It indicates
that out of 20 respondents 18(90%) respondents work for over time while
2(10%) respondents don't work for over time.

5.6 DISTIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON THE BASIS OF THE
BONUS THEY GET FOR OVER-TIME WORK

ANSWER REPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Yes 18 90
No 2 10
Total 20 100

The above table shows that out of 20 respondents 18(90%) get bonus
for working overtime and 2(10%) respondents don't get any bonus as they
don't work over-time.

5.7 DISTIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ON THE BASIS OF THE TYPE
OF EQUIPMENTS THEY USE

Modern 20 100
Old - -
Total 20 100

The above table shows that out of 20 respondents that means all
respondents use modern equipments. No one use old equipments.



PERSONAL STATUS:

RESIDENCE.

Hut 9 45
Ajbested 9 45
Pakka 2 10
Total 20 100

The above table shows that out of 20 respondents 9 (45 %)
respondents live in hut. 9(45%) live in ajbested houses and 2(10%) live in
pakka houses.

NUMBER OF CHILDREN

1 to 2 2 10
2 to 4 8 40
Upto 4 10 50
Total 20 100

The above table shows that out of 20 respondents that means 2(10%)
respondents have 1 to 2 children and 9(45%) have 2 to 4 children and
9(45%) have upto 4 children.


EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF THEIR CHILDREN

Yes 20 100
No - -
Total 20 100

The above table shows that out of 20 respondents that means all the
20 workers send their children to school.

UNION THEY HAVE:
Yes 18 90
No 2 10
Total 20 100
The above table shows that out of the 20 respondents 18(90%) respondents
have their own union and 2(10%) respondents have not any union.

VIEW ABOUT THE ROLE OF AGRO- INDUSTRIES

Yes 20 100
No - -
Total 20 100


The above table shows that out of the 20 respondents all the respondents
said that agro-industries play a greater role in giving employment
opportunities to the unemployed one.

SATISFACTION WITH THE JOB.
Yes 20 100
No - -
Total 20 100

The above table shows that out of the 20 respondents all the respondents
said that they are all satisfied with their job.



AN OVERVIEW:

From the working condition and personal status of the workers of
the Baliguali Rice Mill, the researcher came to know that:

i. Most of the workers that is 18(90%) are skilled.

ii. Most of the workers 18(90%) are permanent workers.

iii. Majority of the workers i.e., 15(75%), work for upto 8 hours.

iv. Majority of the workers i.e., 10(50%) work for 4-6 years.

v. Majority of the workers 18(90%) work for over time

vi. 18(90%) get bonus for working over-time

vii. All the respondents i.e., 20(100%) use modern equipments

viii. Majority of the workers 9(45%) respondents live in hut.

ix. 10(50%) have 2-4 children

x. All the respondents send their children to school.

xi. 18(90%) have their union

xii. All the respondents i.e., 20(100%) agree that agro-industries play a
greater role in giving employment opportunities to the unemployed
one

xiii. All the respondents i.e., 20(100%) said that they are all satisfied with
their job.



Chapter-6
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The present Research study entitled the Role of Agro-Industries in
Development of Rural Orissa" is an attempt to explore the role of agro
industries in Puri. This project report consists of 6 chapters including this
chapter. The first chapter deals with "What is Agro-industry".

The second chapter is the Review of Literature. The third chapter
methodology consists of description of the procedure adopted, tools and
techniques of data collection, objectives of the study, and description of
the universe and field experience.

The main objective of the preceding chapter was to explore the Role
of Agro-industries. These objectives are

1. Objectives:

a. To study the role of agro-industries in Rural Orissa.

b. To study the socio-economic life of the workers of agro-industries.

c. To study the living conditions of the workers

Against the background of the binding the socio- economic nature
of the Agro-industries in the Puri, can be described as follows.

In our study 20 respondents are taken as sample of the universe.


i. Majority of the workers that is 7(35%) are between the age group of
45-55 years.

ii. The maximum number of respondents that is 11 (55%) belong to
Kshatriya caste.

iii. Most of the workers that is 19(95%) live in joint families are get
married

iv. Most of the workers that is 15(75%) live in joint families.

v. Most of the workers that is 18(90%) earn Rs. 2000-2500 per month.

vi. Most of the workers that is 18(90%) have 2-3 decimal land.

The fifth chapter deals with the fact that:
i. Majority of the workers that is 18(90%) are skilled.

ii. Majority of the workers that is 18(90%) are permanent.

iii. Majority of the workers that is 15(75%) work for up to 8 hours.

iv. Majority of the workers i.e., 10(50%) work for 4-6 years.

v. Majority of the workers i.e., 18 (90%) work bonus for over-time.

vi. All the 20 respondents use modern equipments.

vii. Majority of the workers i.e., 9(45%) respondents live in hut.

viii. Majority of the workers 10(50%) have up to 4 children

ix. All the 20 respondents send their children to school.

x. Majority of the workers 18 (90%) have their own union.


xi. All the workers i.e., 20 respondents opine that agro- industries play
a greater role in giving employment opportunities to the employed
one.

xii. All the workers that is 20 workers opine that they are all satisfied
with their job.

In response to the present piece of research work, the researcher is
going to conceive some of the basic postulates regarding the living
condition, educational status of the children of the workers, while the
researcher put the prepared questions.

Most of the workers are co-operative in providing the answers but a
little bit of troubles have to be taken by the researcher because she has to
fail to meet them even if they have given the time schedule.

Simply they are giving answer that is much burden upon us for
attaining other answers. However, may be the difficulties in their cases,
but the researcher by taking such hazardous moments has collected all the
desired data by which she has completed- the thesis by analyzing and
tabulating the data from the respondents.



Bibliography

1. Patnaik, K.M., Rural Industrialization, Cuttack, Kitab Mahal
Publication House Pvt. Ltd. 1986.

2. Misra Band S.N., Misra, Rural Industrilization, Cuttack, Vidyapuri
Publication, 1988.

3. Sharma, Somnath, Socio-economic study of Agro-industries, New
Delhi, Mital Publication Pvt. Ltd., 1992.

4. Venkaiah. V., Impact of Agro-industries on Rural Economy, Bombay,
Himalaya Publication House Ltd., 1992.

5. Chopra Suresh, “Role of Agro-Industries in Rural Orissa”, The
Kurukshetra, New Delhi, July 2001, p. 15

6. “Agro-Industries”, Encyclopaedia Britanica, 14th Edition.

7. “Macmillian”, Encarta Dictionary.

Websites:

www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com

******



PROJECT

THE ROLE OF AGRO- INDUSTRIES IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL ORISSA (A STUDY ON THE
WORKERS OF BALIGUALI RICE MILL, PURI-2)
This project contains two parts i.e. PART- A and PART- B containing 9
and 13 questions respectively which were asked to he workers of that rice
mill.

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE
PART-A
SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE
SL. NO DATE
1. Age

i. 25-35

ii. 35-45

iii. 45-55

iv. Above 55

2. Sex

i. Male

ii. Female

3. Qualification


i. No education ii. Primary school iii. Upto primary school
4. Marital status

i. Married ii. Unmarried iii. Divorced iv. Widowed
5. Size of family
i. Nuclear ii. Joint
6. Caste

i. Brahmin ii. Kshyatriya iii. Vaisya iv. Sudra
7. Religion

i. Hinduism ii. Islam iii. Christianity iv. Sikhism
8. Land ownership.

i. 1-2 decimal ii. 2-3 decimal iii. 3-4 decimal
9. Income

i. Rs. 1000-1500/- ii. Rs. 1500-2000/- iii. Rs. 2000-2500

PART-B

WORKING CONDITION:

1. Are you skilled?

i. Yes ii. No
2. To which working class do you belong?

i. Seasonal ii. Permanent
3. How many hours do you work in Mill?

i. 4-6 hours ii. 6-8 hours iii. Upto 8 hours
4. What is your working experience?

i. 4-6 years ii. 2-4 years iii. 4-6 years iv. Upto 6 years
5. Do you work for overtime in rice Mill?


i. Yes ii. No
6. Do you get bonus for working overtime?

i. Yes ii. No

7. What type of equipments do you use?

i. Modern ii. Old

8. To which type of residence do you belong?

i. Hut ii. Ajbested iii. Pakka
9. How many children do you have?

i. 1-2 ii. 2-4 iii. Upto 4
10.Do you send your children to school?

i. Yes ii. No
11.Do have your own union?

i. Yes ii. No
12.Do you think that agro-industries play a greater role?

i. Yes ii. No
13.Are you satisfied with their job?

i. Yes ii. No

*******


Development of rural orissa

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Development of rural orissa

Similar to Development of rural orissa (20)

Development of rural orissa