This document provides an overview of the MME 4116 Product Design and Development course. It begins with an introduction to the course content, objectives, learning outcomes and Q&A section. It then provides biographical information about the lecturer, Dr. Mohd Radzi Haji Che Daud, including his areas of academic interest, office details and professional memberships. The document closes with concluding remarks.
There are four main ergonomic issues in industry related to weight limitation, posture, time, and metabolic energy. A recommended weight limit (RWL) equation is used to assess lifting tasks based on load weight and multiple factors like horizontal reach, frequency, and posture. Posture is important to avoid strain on the body and is assessed using the OWAS coding system which categorizes postures from normal to those requiring immediate correction. Software tools provide interfaces to calculate the RWL and analyze body posture.
The document discusses the product development process and related concepts. It describes the typical stages of the product development process as concept development, system-level design, detail design, testing and refinement, and production ramp-up. It also discusses factors for success, such as quality, cost, and time to market. Additionally, it covers product and technology life cycles, organizational structures for design and development, markets and marketing, and technological innovation.
This document discusses the problem definition and need identification steps in the product design and development process. It covers identifying customer needs through research methods like surveys and interviews. Customer requirements are compiled from this research and include factors like performance, cost and quality. Information on existing products is gathered through methods like product dissection, literature reviews and benchmarking competitor products. Engineering characteristics are then established to help write the product design specifications by describing the product through parameters, variables and constraints.
The document provides instructions for a classroom activity where students will work in teams to dress another student using old clothes from a bag. The clothes must be worn over the student's school uniform. Teams will then vote on the best fitting outfit. The activity aims to teach students that clothes need to fit individuals and about the terms "ergonomics" and "anthropometrics." Students will research the meanings of these terms and answer questions about how they relate to design.
This document discusses fluid mechanics concepts related to energy conversion. It covers bulk fluid properties like density and pressure. It introduces concepts like streamlines and stream tubes and uses the continuity equation. It derives Bernoulli's equation for steady, inviscid flow by applying conservation of energy. Bernoulli's equation relates pressure, elevation, and velocity along a streamline. Examples are provided to illustrate applying concepts like Bernoulli's equation and the Venturi effect. The objectives are to understand fluid properties, derive conservation equations, analyze viscous effects, and determine forces on immersed bodies.
This document provides an overview of a computer aided design engineering course. The course aims to align analytical and computational techniques to streamline the engineering design and manufacturing process. Key learning outcomes include using software like Mathcad and Creo for modeling, simulation and documentation. Design methodologies, CAD, rapid prototyping and team projects are covered. The course is graded based on assignments using the various software packages and a final team project.
Apologia - A Call for a Reformation of Christian Protestants Organizations.pdfJulio Banks
This document shows how to know whether an organization claiming to be IRS 501(C)(3) tax exempted nonprofit is being partisan by teaching that the republican party is the party of Jesus Christ violating the nonpartisan IRS requirement are false Christian organizations.
This document provides an overview of the MME 4116 Product Design and Development course. It begins with an introduction to the course content, objectives, learning outcomes and Q&A section. It then provides biographical information about the lecturer, Dr. Mohd Radzi Haji Che Daud, including his areas of academic interest, office details and professional memberships. The document closes with concluding remarks.
There are four main ergonomic issues in industry related to weight limitation, posture, time, and metabolic energy. A recommended weight limit (RWL) equation is used to assess lifting tasks based on load weight and multiple factors like horizontal reach, frequency, and posture. Posture is important to avoid strain on the body and is assessed using the OWAS coding system which categorizes postures from normal to those requiring immediate correction. Software tools provide interfaces to calculate the RWL and analyze body posture.
The document discusses the product development process and related concepts. It describes the typical stages of the product development process as concept development, system-level design, detail design, testing and refinement, and production ramp-up. It also discusses factors for success, such as quality, cost, and time to market. Additionally, it covers product and technology life cycles, organizational structures for design and development, markets and marketing, and technological innovation.
This document discusses the problem definition and need identification steps in the product design and development process. It covers identifying customer needs through research methods like surveys and interviews. Customer requirements are compiled from this research and include factors like performance, cost and quality. Information on existing products is gathered through methods like product dissection, literature reviews and benchmarking competitor products. Engineering characteristics are then established to help write the product design specifications by describing the product through parameters, variables and constraints.
The document provides instructions for a classroom activity where students will work in teams to dress another student using old clothes from a bag. The clothes must be worn over the student's school uniform. Teams will then vote on the best fitting outfit. The activity aims to teach students that clothes need to fit individuals and about the terms "ergonomics" and "anthropometrics." Students will research the meanings of these terms and answer questions about how they relate to design.
This document discusses fluid mechanics concepts related to energy conversion. It covers bulk fluid properties like density and pressure. It introduces concepts like streamlines and stream tubes and uses the continuity equation. It derives Bernoulli's equation for steady, inviscid flow by applying conservation of energy. Bernoulli's equation relates pressure, elevation, and velocity along a streamline. Examples are provided to illustrate applying concepts like Bernoulli's equation and the Venturi effect. The objectives are to understand fluid properties, derive conservation equations, analyze viscous effects, and determine forces on immersed bodies.
This document provides an overview of a computer aided design engineering course. The course aims to align analytical and computational techniques to streamline the engineering design and manufacturing process. Key learning outcomes include using software like Mathcad and Creo for modeling, simulation and documentation. Design methodologies, CAD, rapid prototyping and team projects are covered. The course is graded based on assignments using the various software packages and a final team project.
Apologia - A Call for a Reformation of Christian Protestants Organizations.pdfJulio Banks
This document shows how to know whether an organization claiming to be IRS 501(C)(3) tax exempted nonprofit is being partisan by teaching that the republican party is the party of Jesus Christ violating the nonpartisan IRS requirement are false Christian organizations.
The treatment of large structural systems may be simplified by dividing the system into
smaller systems called components. The components are related through the
displacement, and force conditions at their junction points. Each component is represented
by mode shapes (or functions).
The document describes an algorithm to determine the common or synchronization period (Tc) of two independent asynchronous events with periods of ta and tb. The algorithm involves 4 steps: 1) Determine the maximum (t2) and minimum (t1) periods. 2) Calculate the difference in periods (Δt). 3) Determine the number of t2 periods in Δt (N2). 4) The synchronization period is Tc = N2 * t1. Two examples applying the algorithm are also provided.
This document provides guidance for Christians on how to effectively share the gospel with Muslims. It emphasizes unfolding God's word sequentially to show his panoramic rescue plan fulfilled in Jesus. Key points include: discussing eternity planted in the human heart and God's power to save as common ground; using Old Testament stories and quotes like Ecclesiastes 3:11-12 that resonate with Muslims; and following Jesus' gracious example in John 4 of conversing in a seasoned, question-answering way that led villagers to acknowledge him as Savior. The goal is engaging Muslims through meaningful conversation that traces the Bible's rescue themes.
Math cad prime the relationship between the cubit, meter, pi and the golden...Julio Banks
It has been reported that the ancient Egyptians knew pi, the golden ration (phi) and the meter. This paper summarizes the relationship of pi, and phi via the cubit.
Transcript for abraham_lincoln_thanksgiving_proclamation_1863Julio Banks
Lincoln's 1863 Thanksgiving Proclamation designated the last Thursday of November as a national day of Thanksgiving. It recognized the blessings of abundant harvests despite the ravages of the ongoing Civil War. Lincoln acknowledged that peace had been maintained with other nations and order and law had prevailed across most of the country, except for battlefields, where advancing Union armies had reduced areas of conflict. He attributed the nation's continued prosperity and population growth, despite wartime losses, to God's gracious gifts and providence. Lincoln called on citizens to offer gratitude and also humble prayers for healing of the nation and restoration of peace.
Thanksgiving and lincolns calls to prayerJulio Banks
1) Abraham Lincoln issued proclamations for national days of fasting, prayer, and thanksgiving during the Civil War, recognizing America's dependence on God for blessings and calling the nation to humble itself before God.
2) Lincoln prayed for victory at Gettysburg and vowed to stand for God if given victory, which may have turned the tide of the war.
3) After the war ended, Lincoln gathered his cabinet to thank God on their knees that the war was over, setting an example for the nation to acknowledge God's role in their blessings and salvation.
Jannaf 10 1986 paper by julio c. banks, et. al.-ballistic performance of lpg ...Julio Banks
This paper is the result of the response of LPG (Liquid Propellant Gun) to high-temperate simulated-desert condition using ANSYS FEA (Finite Element Analysis) and Mica Heating Banks.
web site: http://www.joycenter.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Mans-Search-for-Meaning-Viktor-Frankl.pdf
A case can be made that since the main basis of "The Theory" of evolution is the "Self-preservation principle". That is, how could the propagation of the a specie be enhanced by the demeaning action of a group against its constituents and even self-against-self. The only explanation is that humas were created and not a result of a random sett of actions causing consciousness arriving from non-conscious matter. Life comes from life, and intelligence (DNA), comes from intelligence. This book can be contrasted with: The Lucifer Effect Understanding How Good People Turn Evil by Philip Zimbardo' and also with the Bible for a view of The Meaning of Life from ancient to contemporary writings for balance understanding of the physical (Psyche) to the metaphysical (Spiritual). We can view the human condition as the effect of gravity of interacting physical objects and human interaction as the response to spiritual influence (angels and demons).
The document discusses the concept of "shadow-self", which refers to humans projecting negative aspects of themselves onto others. It argues that true love and self-acceptance are the answers to overcoming this tendency. It provides several biblical passages about love and discusses how Jesus taught about being free from condemnation. The document concludes that psychological projection arises from psychological dissonance, and that finding one's "true self" through love and embracing uniqueness can lead to enlightenment.
The first step required to defeating an enemy is by first thoroughly defining it. A physician runs tests of their patients to determine the type of pathogen ailing such patients. Similarly, we must be clear that A Muslim Terrorist is indeed a Fundamentalist and not a Radical Terrorist since the method of striking terror is explicitly and clearly defined in the Qur'an. Christianity is the only religion that needs not attack any other religion such as the Islam religion since God is the author and finisher of our faith and also commands the Christians to allow God to avenge Himself for our attacks even from Islamic Terrorist. A Christian is commanded to live at peace with all humans and when such a peaceful coexistence is not achieved then we must simply stay away from such toxic humans.
The primary test for a true religion is that "The Judeo-Christian God does not need nor require that mere mortal human beings to defend Him".
NASA-TM-X-74335 --U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1976Julio Banks
NASA-TM-X-74335 --U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1976. This information is useful for airframes (e.g., missiles and aircrafts) aero-thermos analysis and design.
Mathcad P-elements linear versus nonlinear stress 2014-t6Julio Banks
This work couples the classical ESED (Equivalent Strain Energy Density) Method; aka, Glinka. The most expedient method of solving a structural problem using FEA (Finite Element Analysis). There would be occasions when stress concentrations would be calculated due to interior corners, holes, sudden change of geometry (aka stress raisers). Although some software would allow regions in the vicinity of such stress risers to be defined by nonlinear material models such as "Elastic Perfectly-plastic", "Bilinear (Elastic and linear plastic), or the fundamental Ramberg-Osgood metal strain-stress models. Once the Linear-elastic FEA solution is obtained one can readily determine that Pseduo nonlinear strain, the corresponding stress and the implicit stress-intensification factor, Kt. It should be noted that once the analyst-designer is ready for final analysis, it would be most prudent to create a FEA model in which the regions of high concentration of stress to be modeled with local nonlinear models of the metal using St. Vennants' Principle of load-and-resistance distance from area of interest. The P-method is an excellent FEA element that can "find the actual nonlinear stress" by the simple iterative increase of the order of the polynomial representing the stress fields within every P-element. It should be noted that this research was facilitated by the use of the P-element FEA software called StressCheck which is 100% P-element solution which I am quite pleased to have had the opportunity of utilizing for this research.
Apologia - The martyrs killed for clarifying the bibleJulio Banks
I know all the things you do, that you are neither hot nor cold. I wish that you were one or the other! 16But since you are like lukewarm water, neither hot nor cold, I will spit you out of my mouth!” - Revelation 3:15-16
“A man who does not have something for which he is willing to die is not fit to live.” - Martin Luther King Jr.
Apologia - Always be prepared to give a reason for the hope that is within yo...Julio Banks
1) Christians should be humble, compassionate, and unified in their love for one another, even in the face of suffering for doing good.
2) When suffering, Christians should bless those who harm them and not repay evil with evil.
3) The passage encourages Christians to always be prepared to explain the hope they have in Jesus Christ when asked, but to do so gently and respectfully.
Spontaneous creation of the universe ex nihil by maya lincoln and avi wasserJulio Banks
Questions regarding the formation of the Universe and ‘what was there ’ before it came to existence have
been of great interest to mankind at all times. Several suggestions have been presented during the ages –
mostly assuming a preliminary state prior to creation. Nevertheless, theories that require initial conditions
are not considered complete, since they lack an explanation of what created such conditions. We therefore
propose the ‘Creatio Ex Nihilo ’ (CEN) theory, aimed at describing the origin of the Universe from ‘nothing ’ in
information terms. The suggested framework does not require amendments to the laws of physics: but rather
provides a new scenario to the Universe initiation process, and from that point merges with state-of-the-art
cosmological models. The paper is aimed at providing a first step towards a more complete model of the
Universe creation – proving that creation Ex Nihilo is feasible. Further adjustments, elaborations, formalisms
and experiments are required to formulate and support the theory.
The “necessary observer” that quantum mechanics require is described in the b...Julio Banks
This essay is intended to share the vies of the author of his Judeo-Christian belief and the physical validation of such believes based upon the theories of Quantum Mechanics.
A fund way to remember how to "fix our manifested creation" by means of observation is as follows: "Keep an eye on the ball", "Do not drop the ball"
Advances in fatigue and fracture mechanics by grzegorz (greg) glinkaJulio Banks
Professor Grzegorz (Greg) Glinka has made substantial contributions to the field of stress concentration evaluation using linear FEA results using the ESED (Equivalent Striain Energy Density). ESED aka Glinka methods allows the determination of strain-stress state at a point of local concentration by equating the strain energy from the linear FEA area in the material strain-stress curve to that of the actual strain-stress of the material using a models such as Ramberg-Osgood. The ESED method is more accurate than the Neuber requiring the equating of SED (Strain Energy Densities) of linear FEA results that Stress is proportional to strain even when the FEA predicts a stress greater than the ultimate strength of the material. One easy method of remember when to use ESED versus Neuber is that ESED, more accurate, should be use on the stress analysis of rocket structures and Neuber delegated to aerospace engines and components.
How to know which god one must serve - A Christian Apolgist EssayJulio Banks
The attached essay is best descrived by the following two (2) quteos:
“True humility is not thinking less of yourself;
it is thinking of yourself less " - C. S. Lewis
“We must develop and maintain the capacity to forgive.
He who is devoid of the power to forgive is devoid of the
power to love. There is some good in the worst of us and
some evil in the best of us. When we discover this, we are
less prone to hate our enemies.” - Martin Luther King, Jr.
The treatment of large structural systems may be simplified by dividing the system into
smaller systems called components. The components are related through the
displacement, and force conditions at their junction points. Each component is represented
by mode shapes (or functions).
The document describes an algorithm to determine the common or synchronization period (Tc) of two independent asynchronous events with periods of ta and tb. The algorithm involves 4 steps: 1) Determine the maximum (t2) and minimum (t1) periods. 2) Calculate the difference in periods (Δt). 3) Determine the number of t2 periods in Δt (N2). 4) The synchronization period is Tc = N2 * t1. Two examples applying the algorithm are also provided.
This document provides guidance for Christians on how to effectively share the gospel with Muslims. It emphasizes unfolding God's word sequentially to show his panoramic rescue plan fulfilled in Jesus. Key points include: discussing eternity planted in the human heart and God's power to save as common ground; using Old Testament stories and quotes like Ecclesiastes 3:11-12 that resonate with Muslims; and following Jesus' gracious example in John 4 of conversing in a seasoned, question-answering way that led villagers to acknowledge him as Savior. The goal is engaging Muslims through meaningful conversation that traces the Bible's rescue themes.
Math cad prime the relationship between the cubit, meter, pi and the golden...Julio Banks
It has been reported that the ancient Egyptians knew pi, the golden ration (phi) and the meter. This paper summarizes the relationship of pi, and phi via the cubit.
Transcript for abraham_lincoln_thanksgiving_proclamation_1863Julio Banks
Lincoln's 1863 Thanksgiving Proclamation designated the last Thursday of November as a national day of Thanksgiving. It recognized the blessings of abundant harvests despite the ravages of the ongoing Civil War. Lincoln acknowledged that peace had been maintained with other nations and order and law had prevailed across most of the country, except for battlefields, where advancing Union armies had reduced areas of conflict. He attributed the nation's continued prosperity and population growth, despite wartime losses, to God's gracious gifts and providence. Lincoln called on citizens to offer gratitude and also humble prayers for healing of the nation and restoration of peace.
Thanksgiving and lincolns calls to prayerJulio Banks
1) Abraham Lincoln issued proclamations for national days of fasting, prayer, and thanksgiving during the Civil War, recognizing America's dependence on God for blessings and calling the nation to humble itself before God.
2) Lincoln prayed for victory at Gettysburg and vowed to stand for God if given victory, which may have turned the tide of the war.
3) After the war ended, Lincoln gathered his cabinet to thank God on their knees that the war was over, setting an example for the nation to acknowledge God's role in their blessings and salvation.
Jannaf 10 1986 paper by julio c. banks, et. al.-ballistic performance of lpg ...Julio Banks
This paper is the result of the response of LPG (Liquid Propellant Gun) to high-temperate simulated-desert condition using ANSYS FEA (Finite Element Analysis) and Mica Heating Banks.
web site: http://www.joycenter.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Mans-Search-for-Meaning-Viktor-Frankl.pdf
A case can be made that since the main basis of "The Theory" of evolution is the "Self-preservation principle". That is, how could the propagation of the a specie be enhanced by the demeaning action of a group against its constituents and even self-against-self. The only explanation is that humas were created and not a result of a random sett of actions causing consciousness arriving from non-conscious matter. Life comes from life, and intelligence (DNA), comes from intelligence. This book can be contrasted with: The Lucifer Effect Understanding How Good People Turn Evil by Philip Zimbardo' and also with the Bible for a view of The Meaning of Life from ancient to contemporary writings for balance understanding of the physical (Psyche) to the metaphysical (Spiritual). We can view the human condition as the effect of gravity of interacting physical objects and human interaction as the response to spiritual influence (angels and demons).
The document discusses the concept of "shadow-self", which refers to humans projecting negative aspects of themselves onto others. It argues that true love and self-acceptance are the answers to overcoming this tendency. It provides several biblical passages about love and discusses how Jesus taught about being free from condemnation. The document concludes that psychological projection arises from psychological dissonance, and that finding one's "true self" through love and embracing uniqueness can lead to enlightenment.
The first step required to defeating an enemy is by first thoroughly defining it. A physician runs tests of their patients to determine the type of pathogen ailing such patients. Similarly, we must be clear that A Muslim Terrorist is indeed a Fundamentalist and not a Radical Terrorist since the method of striking terror is explicitly and clearly defined in the Qur'an. Christianity is the only religion that needs not attack any other religion such as the Islam religion since God is the author and finisher of our faith and also commands the Christians to allow God to avenge Himself for our attacks even from Islamic Terrorist. A Christian is commanded to live at peace with all humans and when such a peaceful coexistence is not achieved then we must simply stay away from such toxic humans.
The primary test for a true religion is that "The Judeo-Christian God does not need nor require that mere mortal human beings to defend Him".
NASA-TM-X-74335 --U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1976Julio Banks
NASA-TM-X-74335 --U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1976. This information is useful for airframes (e.g., missiles and aircrafts) aero-thermos analysis and design.
Mathcad P-elements linear versus nonlinear stress 2014-t6Julio Banks
This work couples the classical ESED (Equivalent Strain Energy Density) Method; aka, Glinka. The most expedient method of solving a structural problem using FEA (Finite Element Analysis). There would be occasions when stress concentrations would be calculated due to interior corners, holes, sudden change of geometry (aka stress raisers). Although some software would allow regions in the vicinity of such stress risers to be defined by nonlinear material models such as "Elastic Perfectly-plastic", "Bilinear (Elastic and linear plastic), or the fundamental Ramberg-Osgood metal strain-stress models. Once the Linear-elastic FEA solution is obtained one can readily determine that Pseduo nonlinear strain, the corresponding stress and the implicit stress-intensification factor, Kt. It should be noted that once the analyst-designer is ready for final analysis, it would be most prudent to create a FEA model in which the regions of high concentration of stress to be modeled with local nonlinear models of the metal using St. Vennants' Principle of load-and-resistance distance from area of interest. The P-method is an excellent FEA element that can "find the actual nonlinear stress" by the simple iterative increase of the order of the polynomial representing the stress fields within every P-element. It should be noted that this research was facilitated by the use of the P-element FEA software called StressCheck which is 100% P-element solution which I am quite pleased to have had the opportunity of utilizing for this research.
Apologia - The martyrs killed for clarifying the bibleJulio Banks
I know all the things you do, that you are neither hot nor cold. I wish that you were one or the other! 16But since you are like lukewarm water, neither hot nor cold, I will spit you out of my mouth!” - Revelation 3:15-16
“A man who does not have something for which he is willing to die is not fit to live.” - Martin Luther King Jr.
Apologia - Always be prepared to give a reason for the hope that is within yo...Julio Banks
1) Christians should be humble, compassionate, and unified in their love for one another, even in the face of suffering for doing good.
2) When suffering, Christians should bless those who harm them and not repay evil with evil.
3) The passage encourages Christians to always be prepared to explain the hope they have in Jesus Christ when asked, but to do so gently and respectfully.
Spontaneous creation of the universe ex nihil by maya lincoln and avi wasserJulio Banks
Questions regarding the formation of the Universe and ‘what was there ’ before it came to existence have
been of great interest to mankind at all times. Several suggestions have been presented during the ages –
mostly assuming a preliminary state prior to creation. Nevertheless, theories that require initial conditions
are not considered complete, since they lack an explanation of what created such conditions. We therefore
propose the ‘Creatio Ex Nihilo ’ (CEN) theory, aimed at describing the origin of the Universe from ‘nothing ’ in
information terms. The suggested framework does not require amendments to the laws of physics: but rather
provides a new scenario to the Universe initiation process, and from that point merges with state-of-the-art
cosmological models. The paper is aimed at providing a first step towards a more complete model of the
Universe creation – proving that creation Ex Nihilo is feasible. Further adjustments, elaborations, formalisms
and experiments are required to formulate and support the theory.
The “necessary observer” that quantum mechanics require is described in the b...Julio Banks
This essay is intended to share the vies of the author of his Judeo-Christian belief and the physical validation of such believes based upon the theories of Quantum Mechanics.
A fund way to remember how to "fix our manifested creation" by means of observation is as follows: "Keep an eye on the ball", "Do not drop the ball"
Advances in fatigue and fracture mechanics by grzegorz (greg) glinkaJulio Banks
Professor Grzegorz (Greg) Glinka has made substantial contributions to the field of stress concentration evaluation using linear FEA results using the ESED (Equivalent Striain Energy Density). ESED aka Glinka methods allows the determination of strain-stress state at a point of local concentration by equating the strain energy from the linear FEA area in the material strain-stress curve to that of the actual strain-stress of the material using a models such as Ramberg-Osgood. The ESED method is more accurate than the Neuber requiring the equating of SED (Strain Energy Densities) of linear FEA results that Stress is proportional to strain even when the FEA predicts a stress greater than the ultimate strength of the material. One easy method of remember when to use ESED versus Neuber is that ESED, more accurate, should be use on the stress analysis of rocket structures and Neuber delegated to aerospace engines and components.
How to know which god one must serve - A Christian Apolgist EssayJulio Banks
The attached essay is best descrived by the following two (2) quteos:
“True humility is not thinking less of yourself;
it is thinking of yourself less " - C. S. Lewis
“We must develop and maintain the capacity to forgive.
He who is devoid of the power to forgive is devoid of the
power to love. There is some good in the worst of us and
some evil in the best of us. When we discover this, we are
less prone to hate our enemies.” - Martin Luther King, Jr.
International Upcycling Research Network advisory board meeting 4Kyungeun Sung
Slides used for the International Upcycling Research Network advisory board 4 (last one). The project is based at De Montfort University in Leicester, UK, and funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council.
RPWORLD offers custom injection molding service to help customers develop products ramping up from prototypeing to end-use production. We can deliver your on-demand parts in as fast as 7 days.
Design depends on the viewpoint of the individual who defines the problem
1. Design intent depends on who is defining the problem
FIGURE 1.4: Note how the design depends on the viewpoint of the individual who
defines the problem.
Reference
“Engineering Design” 4th
Edition by George E. Dieter and Linda C. Schmidt. ISBN 978-0-
07-283703-2, Page 11, Figure 1.4.