This document discusses depression, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. It notes that depression is caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Common symptoms include feelings of sadness, hopelessness, guilt, worthlessness, sleep and appetite changes, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of suicide. Treatment involves medication, psychotherapy, and sometimes electroconvulsive therapy. While depression is a common illness, it is treatable in most cases.

2. 3.
WORTHLESSNESS
HELPLESSNESS
ANXIETY
ISOLATION

4. .
THOUGHTS
BEHAVIOUR
FEELINGS
SENSE OF
WELL
BEING

5. ISOLATION
1.Life Events
• Bereavement
• Neglect
• Unequal parental treatment
• Childbirth
• Menopause
• Financial Difficulties
• Job Problems
• Medical diagnosis ( CANCER ,
HIV etc)
• Bullying
• Loss of love ones
• Natural disaster
• Relationship troubles
• Jealousy
• Separation
• Catastrophic injury
• Learned helplessness

6. 2.MEDICAL TREATMENTS
Certain medications are known to
cause depression or increase risk of
depression.
 Interferon therapy for hepatitis C
 Medicines for Blood Pressure
 Medicines for sleep
3.RESULT OF :
 INFECTIUS DISEASES
 NUTRITIONAL DFICIENCIES
 PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
BLOOD
PRESSURE

7. .
MAJOR
DEPRESSIVE
DISORDER
Severe symptoms that
interfere with your ability to
work, sleep, study, eat,
and enjoy life.
PERSISTENT
DEPRESSIVE
DISORDER
Depressed mood that
lasts for at least 2 years.

8. MAJOR DEPRESSIVE
DISORDER
Where a person has at least two weeks of
depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure
in nearly all activities.
SEASONAL
AFFECTIVE
DISORDER
When the course of
depression follows a
seasonal pattern.
BIPOLAR
DISORDER
Features one or more
episodes of abnormally
elevated mood ,cognition
and energy levels ,but may
also involve one or more
episodes of depression .
DYSTHYMIA
A state of chronic
depressed mood
PSYCHOTIC DEPRESSON
Severe depression plus some form of
psychosis, such as having disturbing
false beliefs or a break with reality
(delusions), or hearing or seeing
upsetting things that others cannot
hear or see (hallucinations).
POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
which is much more serious than the "baby blues" that
many women experience after giving birth, when hormonal
and physical changes and the new responsibility of caring
for a newborn can be overwhelming. It is estimated that 10
to 15 percent of women experience postpartum depression
after giving birth.

9.  The five stages are:
ANGER
DENIAL
DEPRESSION
BARGAINING
ACCEPTANCE It has been estimated
that two thirds of
people with depression
do not actively try to
receive treatment.
Depression, even the
most severe cases,
can be effectively
treated. The earlier
that treatment can
begin, the more
effective it is.

10. HOPELESSNESS OR
PESSIMISM
GUILT
LOSS OF INTEREST
IN ACTIVITIES ONCE
OLEASURABLE
WORTHLESSNES
S
FATIGUE AND
DECREASED
ENERGY
ISOMANIA
HELPLESSNESS
DIFFICULTY IN
CONCENTRATING
,REMEMBERING
&DECISION MAKING
RESTLESSNESS
THOUGHTS OF
SUICIDE
ACHES, CRAMPS
OR DIGESTIVE
PROBLEMS
OVEREATING OR
APETITE LOSS
PERSISTENT
ANXIETY

11. MEDICATION
PSYCOTHERAPY
ELECTROCONVULSIVE
THERAPY

12. MEDICATION SIDE EFFECTS
POPULAR
ANTIDEPRESSANTS
1.SSRIS – Serotonin reuptake
inhibitors
CELEXA –citalopram
Fluoxetine –Prozac
Sertraline –Zoloft etc
2.SNRIS-serotonin and
Norepinephire reuptake inhibitors
Venlafaxine (effexor)
Duloetine(cymbalta)
3.BUPROPION(Wellbutrin)
4.TRICYCLICS
5.MAOIS
Sexual problems
Headaches
Nausea
Jitters or insomnia
Sexual problems
Headaches
Nausea
Insomania
Dizziness
Drowsiness
Dry mouth
Weight gain
Increased blood pressure
Confusion
Hallucinations
Increased sweating
Muscle stiffness
Seizures
Change in blood pressure or
heart rhythm

13. IPT-Interpersonal therapy
IPT helps people understand and
work through troubled
relationships that may cause their
depression or make it worse.
For mild to moderate depression,
psychotherapy may be the best
option. However, for severe
depression or for certain people,
psychotherapy may not be enough
CBT-Cognitive behavioral
therapy
CBT helps people with depression
restructure negative thought
patterns. Doing so helps people
interpret their environment and
interactions with others in a
positive and realistic way. . It may
also help you recognize things
that may be contributing to the
depression and help you change
behaviors that may be making the
depression worse
Several types of psychotherapy—or "talk therapy"—can help people with depression.
Two main types of psychotherapies

14. Formerly known as "shock
therapy, before ECT begins, a
patient is put under brief
anesthesia and given a muscle
relaxant.
He or she sleeps through the
treatment and does not
consciously feel the electrical
impulses.
Within 1 hour after the treatment
session, which takes only a few
minutes, the patient is awake and
alert.

15. Women have higher
rate of major
depression than men.
Women have greater
proportion of somatic
symptoms, such as
appetite,sleep disturbances
and fatigue accompanied by
pain , anxiety than men .
The difference is attributed to
men choosing more effective
methods resulting in the higher
rate of success.
Instances of suicide in
men is much greater
than in women.

16. A Sudden switch from being very happy to
being very calm or appearing to be happy•
Always talking or thinking about death•
Clinical depression (deep sadness, loss of
interest, trouble sleeping, and eating) that
gets worse•
Having a death wish, tempting fate by
taking risks that could lead to death, like
driving thru red lights•
Losing interests in things that one used to
care about• Making comments about being
hopeless, helpless, and worthless•
Saying things like “it would be better if I
wasn’t here” or “I want out”• Talking about
suicide (kills ones self)•
Visiting or calling people one cares about

17. .
HOW TO HELP YOUR
FRIEND
HOW TO HELP
YOURSELF
• Offer emotional support,
understanding, patience, and
encouragement.
• Talk to him listen carefully.
• Never ignore comments about
suicide, and report them to your loved
one's therapist or doctor.
• Invite your loved one out for walks,
outings and other activities. Keep
trying if he or she declines, but don't
push him or her to take on too much
too soon.
• Provide assistance in getting to the
doctor's appointments.
• Remind your loved one that with time
and treatment, the depression will lift.
 Do not wait too long to get
evaluated or treated. There is
research showing the longer
one waits, the greater the
impairment can be down the
road.
 Try to see a professional as
soon as possible.
 Try to be active and exercise.
 Try to spend time with other
people and confide in a
trusted friend or relative. Try
not to isolate yourself, and let
others help you.

18. FACTS ON
DEPRESSION
Exercise is the easiest and least expensive cure for depression. Just walking 30 minutes a
day will help you and sometimes completely alleviate your symptoms. For this very
reason, many therapists take walks with clients instead of doing "couch time.“
Alcohol is a depressant. So are marijuana and a host of other recreational or street drugs.
Self-medication is not going to get you better and will surely make you worse over time.
Remember that all medications, including anti-depressants, have side effects
Depression is a common mental disorder.
Globally, more than 350 million people of all ages suffer from depression.
The World Health Organization estimates that depression will be the 2nd highest medical
cause of disability by the year 2030, 2nd only to HIV/AIDS.

20. According to WHO, Overweightand obesity
are defined as abnormal or excessive fat
accumulation that may impair health.

21.  Thefundamental cause of obesity and overweight is an energyimbalance
between calories consumed and calories expended.
• Globally, therehasbeen:
• An increased intake of energy-dense foods that
arehigh in fat; and
• An increase in physical inactivity dueto the
increasingly sedentary nature of many forms of
work, changing modes of transportation, and
increasing urbanization.

23.  Most body fat is located between the skinand muscle. Therearealso significant amounts inthe bone
marrow andmesenteries and aroundthe eyes, heart, kidneys,and spinal cord.
 Ourbody tends to deposit fat according to our individual genetic code. In other words, hereditary
characteristics dictate areas in yourbody that accumulatefat.

24. •If you are a typical female youwill accumulate fat predominantly below the waist inthe gluteofemoral region (lower
abdomen, buttocks, hips and thighs).
•Thetypical male tendency is to accumulate fat predominantlyabove the waist aroundthe midriff and lose it there last.
It is generallyaccepted that menshould haveless than 18%total body fat and women less than 23%and that anexcess is not
particularly hazardous to health until levels reach35% and 40%total body fat respectively.

25. Type I – distribution overweightis“harmonious”
TypeII – called gynoid obesity,wherefat isdistributed moreon thelower
body (hips, pelvis).This type of obesityis the most unsightly but associated
withlowerhealthrisks;
Type III –calledvisceralobesity, inwhichfat accumulates mostly in internal
organs such as abdominal viscera.This type of obesityis lessvisible, but the
risksinvolved arethebiggest.
TypeIV –known asandroid obesity, wherefat is deposited on theupper
body. This type of obesityis generallyspecificto menand has quite serious
consequenceson health.

26. Childhood obesityis associatedwith a
higher chance ofobesity,premature
deathand disabilityin adulthood.But
in additiontoincreasedfuturerisks,
obesechildrenexperiencebreathing
difficulties,increasedriskoffractures,
hypertension, earlymarkers of
cardiovascular disease,insulin
resistanceand psychological effects.

27.  RaisedBMI isa major riskfactorfornon-communicablediseasessuch
as:
 cardiovascular diseases (mainly heart disease and stroke), ;
 diabetes;
 musculoskeletal disorders (especially osteoarthritis -a highly disabling
degenerative disease of the joints);
 some cancers (endometrial, breast, and colon).
• Therisk for these non-communicable diseases
increases,with an increasein BMI.

28. CHUBBY Dangers
 The fat developed around the mid sections- the
abdominal fat or visceral fat is not just the fat
outside of the abdominal fat but the inside of the
abdominal wall.
 It is very different from the fat in arms, hips and
thighs that visceral fat is not sedentary but very
metabolically active and releases large amounts
of toxic substances which increases the blood
pressure by blocking the arteries.
 The abdominal fat increases Platelet aggravation
inhibitor, Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis
Factor-alpha and decreases adiponectin. When
there is not enough of it in the body it stimulates
to storing more of the belly fat.
 The imbalance in the above molecules cause
resistance to insulin and altered cardiometabolic
risk profile – causing atherosclerosis.

29.  .
For long term
weight loss one
needs to expend
approximately
4000 calories to
lose one pound of
fat.
42 million children
under the age of 5
were overweight
or obese in 2013.
Most of the
world's population
live in countries
where overweight
and obesity kills
more people than
underweight.
39% of adults
aged 18 years
and over were
overweight in
2014, and 13%
were obese.
In 2014, more
than 1.9 billion
adults, 18 years
and older, were
overweight. Of
these over 600
million were
obese
Worldwide obesity
has more than
doubled since
1980.

30. Research over the past two decades
has shown that depression and heart
disease are common companions
and, what is worse, each can lead to
the other.
Studies have shown that the two tend
to feed off each other in a vicious, self-
destructive circle.

31. DIPRESSION TO HEART
DISEASE
 Researchers in Montreal, Canada
found that heart patients who
were depressed were 4 times as
likely to die in the next 6 months
as those who were not
depressed.
 Depression may make it harder to
take the medications needed and
to carry out the treatment for
heart disease.
 Depression also may result in
chronically elevated levels of
stress hormones, such as
cortisol and adrenaline, and the
activation of the sympathetic
nervous system (part of the "fight
or flight" response), which can
have deleterious effects on the
heart.
HEART DISEASE TO
DEPRESSION
 The first studies of heart disease and
depression found that people with heart
disease were more likely to suffer from
depression than otherwise healthy
people. While about 1 in 20 American
adults experience major depression in a
given year, the number goes to about 1
in 3 for people who have suffered a
heart attack can impact much more than
a person’s heart.
 It can affect many other aspects of a
person’s life, including:
Attitude and mood
Sense of certainty about the future
Confidence about one’s ability to fulfill the
roles of a productive employee, mother,
father, daughter, or son
Feelings of guilt about previous habits that
might have increased the person’s heart
attack risk
Embarrassment and self-doubt over
diminished physical capabilities

32. Obesity causes depression. Studies have shown that obese people are about 25 percent
more likely to experience a mood disorder like depression compared with those who are not obese.
Obesity can cause poor self-image, low self-esteem, and social isolation, all known contributors to
depression. Those who are obese can also find themselves ostracized, stereotyped, and
discriminated against. The extra weight carried around by obese people can result in chronic joint
pain as well as serious diseases like diabetes and hypertension, all of which have been linked to
depression.
Depression causes obesity. A study of adolescents in Cincinnati found that teenagers with
symptoms of depression were more likely to become obese within the next year. The study also
found that kids who were borderline obese and depressed became substantially obese over the
following year. People experiencing depression are more likely to overeat or make poor food
choices, avoid exercising, and become more sedentary. Researchers have found that depressed
people with decreased levels of the hormone serotonin also have a tendency toward obesity —
they tend to eat in an attempt to self-medicate and restore their serotonin levels to normal.

33. PRESENTATION BY :
RIA SHARMA & NAMRATA .S
SHAHEED RAJGURU COLLEGE OF
APPLIED SCIENCE FOR WOMEN (DU)
Always laugh when you can .
It is a cheap medicine