DEMOCRACY

Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
DEMOCRACY- 209
UNIT - I

• Introduction
• Meaning & Definitions
• Nature Of Democracy
• Basic Principles Of Democracy
• Kinds Of Democracy
• Merits Of Democracy
• Demerits Of democracy
CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
• The term “Democracy” first appeared in ancient Greek
politics and philosophical thought in the city-state of
Athens.
• Democracy is a system of running organizations,
businesses, and groups in which each member is entitled to
vote and take part in decisions.
•Democracy is the form of government in which citizens
vote directly in or elect representatives to form a
governing body,sometimes called “rule of the majority”

MEANING & DEFINITION
• Democracy is a system of government in which
people choose their rulers by voting for them
in elections.
• A democracy is a country in which the people
choose their government by voting for it.
• According to Hall,
“ Democracy is that form of political organization in
which public opinion has control. ”

• According to Sir John Seeley,
“Democracy is the government in which
everyone has a share.”
• According to Prof. Maclver,
“Democracy is not the way of governing
whether by way of majority or otherwise,
but primarily a way of determining who
shall govern and to what ends.”

NATURE OF DEMOCRACY
• Democracy is an institutional arrangement which
ensures free participation of the people.
•Freedom of choice is the fundamental principle of
democracy.
•The government is responsible and accountable to
the people.
• There is an independent judiciary.
•The government guarantees and protects the rights
of the people.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DEMOCRACY
• Democracy is based on the spirit of tolerance.
• It believes in persuasion rather than coercion.
• Democracy upload the dignity of each individual .
• It is rule of majority where minority enjoy equal
rights.
• It is based on the principle of consent and
consensus.
• Democracy aims at the welfare of the emtire
society.

KINDS OF DEMOCRACY
DEMOCRACY IS OF TWO KINDS
INDIRECTDIRECT

DIRECT DEMOCRACY
• In direct democracy, all citizens participate in
policy making.
• The citizens rule directly and not throw
representatives in a direct democracy.
• The tools of direct democracy are referendum ,
intiate and recall.

INDIRECT DEMOCRACY
• Indirect democracy is also called
representative democracy.
• It is representative form of government in
which the ultimate sovereign power is
vested in the people.
• Indirect form of democracy is prevalent in
most part of the world.

MERITS OF DEMOCRACY
• Democracy nurtures political maturity.
• Democracy teaches honesty,discipline,spirit
of tolerance and reverence for law.
• Democracy teaches the people the art of
government.
• Democracy is the only system in which
there is peaceful and orderly change of
government.

DE-MERITS OF DEMOCRACY
• Democracy is the rule of majority where
the interest of minority are ignore.
• Democracy as the form of government
involves discussions,consultation,consensus
and criticism.
• Democracy relise on the masses who can
be inconsistent, flickle- minded, passionate
and ungrateful.

NATIONAL POWER
UNIT - II

• Introduction
• Introduction to Elements
• Geography
• Natural Resources
• Raw Materials
• Population
• Technology
CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
• Power is the key concept of International Politics.
• It is necessary for securing the values & interests
that states seek to preserve & promote.
• National Power is the ability of a nation to shift the
probability of outcome in its own favor.
• It is the ability or capability to secure the goals and
objectives of national interests.
• National power is the currency of International
Politics.

• Even in a single social discipline, power is defined
in several ways.
• Some Social scientists define it as the use of
force, whereas many other explain it as the
capacity to secure desired goals through the use
of force/threat of use of force or even influence.
• According to Morgenthau,
“the power of man and as a man’s control over the
minds and actions of other men. ”

• According to R.H. Tawney,
“Power is the capacity of an individual or group in
the manner which he desires.”
• According to F.H. Hartman,
“Power is the strength or capacity that a sovereign
state can use to achieve its national interests”.
• According to Padelford & Lincoln,
“National power is that combination of power and
capability of a state which the state uses for
fulfilling its national interests & goals.”

ELEMENTS
Introduction to Elements
ELEMENTS
INTANGIBLETANGIBLE
GEOGRAPHY
NATRAL RESOURCES
Raw Material
POPULATION
TECHNOLOGY
IDEOLOGY
MORALE
LEADERSHIP
PERSONALITY
DIPLOMACY
Qualitative
Quantitative

Geography
• It is the most stable, permanent & natural elements of national
power.
• According to Napoleon, ”The Foreign Policy of a country is determined
by its geography.”
• Many Geo-political scientists like Moody & Spykman regard
geography as the determinant of International Politics.
• There are several factors which help in analyzing the nature & role of
geography.
Maps
Size Location Climate
Topography Boundary

Maps
• Maps are always geographical in nature and are
sometimes used by nations to justify a particular course of
policy or action, as well as to reject the views of other
nations.
• The controversy between India & Bangladesh over the
issue of ownership of New Moore Island involves a dispute
also involving interpretation of maps.
• Maps are used as instruments for justifying a particular
demand or action of nation.

Size
• The large size of a country can accommodate a large
population, better natural resources and raw materials
can be more helpful in the defense of the country.
• Large area also helps to establish vital industrial
complexes that are far away from frontiers.
• But size can both be a helping & hindering factor.
• A large size with inadequate natural resources,
inaccessible mountains & forests, unhealthy climate and
topography can be a hindrance in the way of the national
power.

Location
• Location determines whether a nation can be a
sea-power or not.
• A favorable geographical location among other
things can help a nation to be powerful and an
unfavorable location can limit the national power.
• England could become a big naval power and
thereby an imperial power because of its loctaion.
• The location of Japan has helped it to be a major
ship-building nation.

Climate
• Climate determines the food production, economy and
even the culture of a on.
• It can be a source of Big hindrances or help for the human
capabilities.
• The cold climate of Arctic Zone and Antarctic and the
excessive heat of the Tropical Zone, and Sahara have kept
the development of life backward in these areas.
• Extreme heat and cold are unfavorable conditions for
national strength.

Topography
• The nature of Terrain along with geographical elements is
an important factor of power.
• Terrain can influence the power of a state and its
potentials for offence, defense & growth.
• A nation with straight pillars and artificial boundaries can
be an easy victim of expansionism on the part of a
powerful nation.
• Terrain determines the decisions concerning physical
security of a state.

Boundaries
• Boundary is also a geographical factor of national power.
• Sharply determined or delimited boundaries are a source
of friendly & cooperative relations among nations of a
region.
• Undefined and disputed boundaries are a potent sources
of conflict which weakens the national power.
• Example: The boundary disputes between India & China
,Israel & Arab States can be quoted.
• Natural boundaries are helpful to national power and
conversely artificial boundaries are a sourced of weakness
& conflict.

Natural Resources
• Natural resources are “Gifts of nature of established
utility.”
• No Nation can be powerful without becoming a developed
industrial nation and the chances of becoming an
industrialized nation are fundamentally linked with the
possession of natural resources, raw materials and
minerals.
• Palmer & Perkins classify the natural resources as
elements of national power into five parts:
Raw
Materials
Means of Industrial
Power
Agriculture
Production
Minerals Food Grains

Raw Material
• Raw Material can further be sub-divided into three
categories:
• A)Minerals- Coal,Petrol,Iron,Copper,Zinc,Tin etc.
• B)Natural Products- Rubber,Jute,Bamboo,Wood,Plants etc.
• C)Animal Products- Milk,Eggs,Meat,Feathers,Silk etc.
• Raw Materials influence Foreign policy.
• Existence of Raw Material is a source of Power.
• Ability to exploit Raw Material is also a factor.

Food
• Food determines Policies.
• The existence of large stocks of food grains and
surplus food production can be a source of vital
strength of a nation.
• A nation deficient in food production can rarely
become a major power.
• Food shortage leads to power shortage.

Population
• Population is another basic element which affects national
power.
• Manpower as a source of National Power.
• Manpower & Military power.
• Large Population can also be a source of Weakness.
• Quantity & Quality of Population as the source of the
National Power.
• Ability to utilize Manpower is a factor of National Power.

Economy
• Economic Power is the means of Military Power & Basis
for the Welfare , Prosperity and Enlightenment of its
people.
• A nation with healthy, developed & growing economy
alone can be a great power in world politics.
• Poverty is always a limitation of Power.
• It is this factor which is forcing most of the developing
countries of the Third World to live with neo-colonialism-
economic dependence on the rich nations.

Technology
• Technology as a key to Economic & Industrial
Development.
• Nuclear Technology & National power.
• Technology as a key to self-development.
• Technological aid as a means of national power.

Military
• Military as one of the basic forms of National
Power.
• Three factors of Military Preparedness:
WAR
TECHNOLOGY
MILITARY
LEADERSHIP
QUANTITY &
QUALITY OF
SOLDIERS

Diplomacy
UNIT - III

• Introduction
• Nature And Purpose Of Diplomacy
• Objectives Of Diplomacy
• Functions Of Diplomacy
• Types Of Diplomacy
CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
• Diplomacy, the established method of influencing the decisions
and behavior of foreign governments and peoples
through dialogue, negotiation, and other measures short of war or
violence.
• Historically, diplomacy meant the conduct of official (usually
bilateral) relations between sovereign states.
•Diplomacy later became identified with international relations, and
the direct tie to documents lapsed (except in diplomatics, which is
the science of authenticating old official documents).

• The term diplomacy is derived via French from the ancient
Greek diplōma, composed of diplo, meaning “folded in two,”
and the suffix -ma, meaning “an object.
• Diplomacy can be described as the core of international
relations.
According to Sir Earnest Satow,
“ The application of intelligence and tact to the conduct of
official relations between government of independent states.

• According to Licoln,
“ The process of representation and negosiation by which
states customarily deal with one another in times of
peace.”
• The Oxford English Dictionary,
“The method by which international relations are adjusted
and managed.”

NATURE AND PURPOSE OF DIPLOMACY
•Diplomacy is often confused with foreign policy, but the terms are
not synonymous. Diplomacy is the chief, but not the only,
instrument of foreign policy, which is set by political leaders,
though diplomats .
•Foreign policy establishes goals, prescribes strategies, and sets
the broad tactics to be used in their accomplishment. It may
employ secret agents, subversion, war, or other forms of violence
as well as diplomacy to achieve its objectives.
•The purpose of foreign policy is to further a state’s interests,
which are derived from geography, history. economics, and the
distribution of international power.

OBJECTIVES OF DIPLOMACY
NON-POLITICAL OBJECTIVEPOLITICAL OBJECTIVE

POLITICAL OBJECTIVES
• Diplomacy always works to secure the goals of the nation
interest as set forth by the foreign policy.
• Primary interest of the nation is to maintain and increase.
• Diplomacy always works for increasing the influence of the
state over other states.

NON-POLITICAL OBJECTIVES
• The interdependence among nations is the fact of
international living.
• Each nation depends upon the other for economic and
industrial links and trades.
• Diplomacy depends upon economic means for promoting
the interest and it is an important non-political objective
of diplomacy.

FUNCTIONS OF DIPLOMACY
• The diplomat of the nation is the symbolic representative
of the state and as such he represents his state and
government in all official ceremonies.
• A diplomat formally represents his country in a foreign
state.
• To conduct negotiations with other states is a substantive
function of diplomacy.
Contd.

• Reporting involves the observation of the
political,economic,military and social conditions of the
host country and the acute transmission of the finding to
the home country.
• Diplomacy is always at work for protecting and promoting
the interests of the nation and its people living abroad.
FUNCTIONS OF DIPLOMACY

TYPES OF DIPLOMACY
NEW DIPLOMACYOLD DIPLOMACY

OLD DIPLOMACY
•Diplomacy actually emerged in 1648 with the
formation of the national state system after the peace
of Westphalia.
ITAIAN SCHOOL OF DIPLOMACY
• No person nominated as ambassador could refuse the
assignment.
• Ambassador was forbidden to discuss politics with
foreigners.
Contd.

OLD DIPLOMACY
FRENCH SCHOOL OF DIPLOMACY
• The diplomats were to observe toleration and
decorum in their dealings with others.
•All the negotiation were to be completely secret.
•The diplomat should not become very close to other
people .
GERMAN SCHOOL OF DIPLOMACY
• A clever statesman should never attempt the
impossible.
•Correct evaluation of the opponent is essential.
•To be strong, diplomacy of alliance should be followed.

NEW DIPLOMACY
By the early 20th centaury the traditional diplomacy
was replaced by a new type of diplomacy which is
categorized as:
1. Democratic
2. Totalitarian
DEMOCRATIC DIPLOMACY
• Diplomacy is influenced by the political system
under which it operates to a large extent.
• Diplomats have to keep in mind the orientations and
interests of the public along with the orientations of
the ruler of the state.
Contd.

NEW DIPLOMACY
TOTALITARIAN DIPLOMACY
• In the early 20th centaury , totalitarian states came into
existence.
•The objective of totalitarian diplomacy is to create and
maintain bad & tense relation.
•The representatives of the totalitarian states were
viewed with suspicion and dislike.

UNIT - IV
PLATO THEORY OF
JUSTICE

• Introduction
• Three Principles of Plato's Justice
• Origin
• Constitution
• Organizational Structure
• Conclusion
CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
• The Organisation of American states deserves special
attention for three basic reasons.
• First, it is the oldest and one of the largest regional
organisations in existence.
• Secondly, its structure is confederal and not
supranational.
• Thirdly , the system has been developing and changing in
accordance with the change in time.

Goals & Purpose
• To strengthen the peace and security of the
continent.
• To provide for common action on the part of those
states in the event of aggression.
• To promote, by cooperative action, their economic,
social, and cultural development.
• To promote and consolidate representative
democracy, with due respect for the principle of
non-intervention.
Contd.

GOALS & PURPOSE
•To prevent possible causes of difficulties and to ensure the
pacific settlement of disputes that may arise among the
member states.
•To eradicate extreme poverty, which constitutes an
obstacle to the full democratic development of the peoples
of the hemisphere.
• To seek the solution of political, judicial, and economic
problems that may arise among them.
• The goal of the OAS's Inter-American Council for Integral
Development is to promote economic development and
combating poverty.

ORIGIN
• The Origin of the OAS can be traced back to 1889 when
the first Pan-American Conference was held.
• Through gradual changes the regional OAS has
developed.
• Today, it is one of the most active and influential
arrangements in international relations.

CONSTITUTION
• Three basic documents comprise the constitution of the
Organisation of American States.
• The OAS Charter provides for the general framework of
organisation.
• The Rio Treaty, also called Inter-American Treaty of
Reciprocal Assistance provides for regional collective
security.

ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE
The OAS is composed of an Organization of American
States General Secretariat, the Permanent Council, the
Inter-American Council for Integral Development, and a
number of committees.
The General Secretariat of the OAS consists of
six secretariats.
•Secretariat for Political Affairs
•Executive Secretariat for Integral Development
•Secretariat for Multidimensional Security
•Secretariat for Administration and Finance
•Secretariat for Legal Affairs
•Secretariat for External Relations

The various committees of the Organization of
American States include:
• The Committee on Juridical and Political Affairs
• The Committee on Administrative and Budgetary
Affairs
• The Committee on Hemispheric Security
• The Committee on Inter-American Summits
Management and Civil Society Participation in OAS
Activities
ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE

• The OAS has been an effective regional arrangement
of the American States.
• It has help the member states to sort and settle their
mutual disputes peacefully.
•It has been an instrument of economic development
and security for the member
• USA Plays a dominant role in the working of
Organisation of American States.
CONCLUSION

THANK YOU

DEMOCRACY

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DEMOCRACY